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Chapter 7
MEMORY
Section 1: Three Kinds of Memory
Section 2: Three Processes of Memory
Section 3: Three Stages of Memory
Section 4: Forgetting and Memory Improvement
Chapter 7
HIPPOCAMPUS
 “Director” of the memory system
 Infantile Amnesia – lack of neurons in the
hippocampus prior to the age of 3
 Memories before age 3 – can happen but not
likely
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Chapter 7
Infantile Amnesia
 Age 3 – My earliest memory is my mom
combing my hair on the kitchen table after I
took a bath
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Chapter 7
My earliest memory – Age 3
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Chapter 7
Memory??
 Do I remember the actual event? (Episodic)
 OR do I remember the picture?
 Activity: Sleep Cards
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Chapter 7
Dan Shachter – Harvard University
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Section 1: Three Kinds of Memory
Question: What are the three kinds of memory?
THREE KINDS OF MEMORY
 Episodic memory – memory of a specific event that
took place in the person’s presence or through
experience
 Semantic memory – general knowledge that people
remember
 Procedural/Implicit memory – a memory that consists
of the skills and procedures one has learned
Chapter 7
Why Do We Remember??
 1. It is important or emotional?
 Broke my arm when I was 5
 2. It is odd or unique
 Gave a quiz in a gorilla suit
 3. It is a “First”
 Riding a bike
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Chapter 7 Section 2
The Process of Memory
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Section 2: Three Processes of Memory
Question: What are the three processes of memory?
THREE PROCESSES OF MEMORY
 Encoding – the translation of information into a form
in which it can be stored
 Storage – the second process of memory and is the
maintenance of encoded information over a period of
time
 Retrieval – third process of memory; consists of
locating stored information and returning it to
conscious thought
Chapter 7
3 Processes of Memory
 1. Encoding – getting information into storage
 We encode in three basic ways
 Visual – see it
 Auditory – hear it
 Semantic – understand it (MEANING)
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Chapter 7
Processes of Memory
 2. Storage
 There are Three storage capacities
 Sensory Memory
 Short Term Memory
 Long Term Memory
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Chapter 7
3 Processes of Memory
 3. Retrieval – getting information from
storage
 Retrieval Failure – cant get info out
 Tip of the Tongue (TOT)
 Retrieval Cues – help to remember (multiple
choice)
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Chapter 7 Section 3
Finding Nemo – Short Term Memory Loss (STM)
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Chapter 7 Section 3
3 Storage Capacites
 Sensory Memory – brief / 1 second
 Driving to school and noticing the cars
 Short Term Memory – 30 seconds
 What we experience right now
 Long Term Memory – infinite
 Remembering some of my ties
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Section 3: Three Stages of Memory
Question: How are the three stages of memory related to
each other?
 Some images held in sensory memory are
transferred to short-term memory.
 Information that is repeated in short-term
memory can be transferred to long-term
memory.
Chapter 7
Remembering & Forgetting
 Serial Position – remember 1st and Last
 Primacy Effect – remember 1st on list
 Recency Effect – remember last(most recent)
on list
 Activity: I am Going on A Picnic -
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Chapter 7
Chunking
 Breaking the material into chunks to help with
your memory
 MTVNATONASA
 MTV NATO NASA
 8675309
 867 5309
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Section 4: Forgetting and Memory Improvement
Question: In what ways can memory be improved?
IMPROVING MEMORY
 Drill and Practice – doing something over and over
again (repetition)
 Relating to Things One Already Knows – elaborative
rehearsal
 Forming Unusual Associations – making an unusual
or humorous association with something else to help
you recall the information
Section 4: Forgetting and Memory Improvement
Question: In what ways can memory be improved?
IMPROVING MEMORY (continued)
 Constructing Links – constructing a meaningful link
between items
 Using Mnemonic Devices – systems for remembering
information
Forgetting
 P - Proactive Interference
 R - Retroactive Interference
 I - Inattention
 M - Motivated Forgetting (Repression)
 E - Elapse of Time
Chapter 7
Clive Wearing
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Chapter 7
Leveling
 Leave out details but got some of the general
ideas down
 Ex. Reading a story to someone and having them
repeat what they heard
 A game of “telephone”
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Amnesia
 Retrograde Amnesia - can’t remember what
happened before the injury
 Anterograde Amnesia - can’t remember what
happened After the injury
 Ask For a Great College Roommate story
Chapter 7
Ebbinghaus
 Ebbinghaus Curve
 Forget within hours and then it levels off
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Chapter 7
Bears & Memory
 Bears
 About
 Talking
 Person

 This
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