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Remembering and Forgetting
Remembering
• Network Theory
– We store ideas in separate categories called
nodes
– As we make associations, we create links
among thousands of nodes
• Cognitive map
– Personal associations that are followed in
order to remember something
Remembering
• Network Hierarchy
• Arrangement of nodes in a certain order
• Top- Abstract information
– Animal
• Middle- More specific information
– Bird or fish
• Bottom- concrete information
– Blue jay, rooster, shark or guppy
Forgetting
• Four major reasons for forgetting
– Repression
– Poor retrieval cues
– Amnesia
– Interference
Forgetting
• Repression
– Emotional process that automatically
hides emotionally threatening or anxietyproducing information in the
unconscious
• Comes out in therapy
• Not always correct
–Sexual abuse
Forgetting
• Poor retrieval cues
– Mental reminders that we create by forming
vivid mental images or creating associations
between new information and information we
already know
• Amnesia
– Loss of memory that may occur after a blow
or damage to the brain, after drug use, or
after severe psychological stress
Forgetting
• Interference
– The recall of some particular memory is blocked or
prevented by other related memories
– Proactive- old info. (learned earlier) blocks or disrupts
the remembering of related new info. (learned) later
– Retroactive- new info. (learned later) blocks or
disrupts the retrieval of related old info. (learned
earlier)
–
Forgetting
• Biological Bases of Memory
– Cortex- where you store words, facts, or
events
• Used in both short-term and long-term
memory
– Amygdala- emotional memories, associations
– Hippocampus- transfers short-term into longterm memory
• Declarative only
Memorization
• Mnemonic devices
– Ways to improve encoding and create better retrieval
cues by forming vivid associations or images, which
improve recall
• Method of Loci- creating visual associations
between already memorized places and new
items to be memorized
• Peg Method- associations between numberword rhymes and items to be memorized