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Unit V: America and World War II Causes of World War II Germany during the Great Depression: selling welfare stamps on the street (Verkauf von Wohlfahrtsmarken, 1931) USS Arizona burning at Pearl Harbor (USS Arizona, 1941) Mussolini and Hitler in Munich (Jugoslavije, 1937) Right: British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain in Munich Sept. 29, 1938 (Münchener Abkommen, Chamberlain, 1938) Sadai Japanese Fighter Pilot (SadaiJapaneseFighterPilot, 1942) TREATY OF VERSAILLES 1. Placed total blame for WWI on Germany 2. Put enormous burden of reparations on Germany 3. Stripped Germany of her colonies and her industrial resources “President Wilson bores me with his 14 Points; God Almighty only had 10!” -Georges Clemenceau (as cited in Roark, 2013, p. 608) PM David Lloyd George, Premier Vittorio Orlando, French Premier Georges Clemenceau, President Woodrow Wilson, May 27, 1919 (Jackson, 1919) Destruction of the German currency and economy TREATY OF VERSAILLES Destruction of Germany’s political stability (allowed major riots and street battles between Communists, Nazis, and others, leading to the successful grab for power by Adolf Hitler) Characteristics of Fascism • personal dictatorship • intense nationalism • Large-scale propaganda • imperialism • para-military support (secret police) • racial intolerance Hitler salutes marching Nazis in Weimar, Oct. 1930 (Pahl, 1930) Personal Dictatorship “Keep ‘em Frying”; Tojo, Hitler, and Mussolini (Hix, ca. 1941-1945) With Benito Mussolini, April 12, 1943 (Baatz, 1943) Large Scale Propaganda Work and Fight Italy: WWII propaganda poster (Coscia, ca. 1940-1944) Nazi propaganda poster used in Ukraine, text reads “Hitler The Liberator”, 1942 (Gitler-vizvolitel , 1942) Japanese propaganda WWII (Japanese propaganda, 1945) IMPERIALISM German/Austria Map (GermanAustriamap, 2014) HITLER’S “GRAB” FOR TERRITORY IN EUROPE JAPAN INVADES MANCHURIA Japanese Flag (Garcia, 2013) Japanese bayonet into map of Manchuria (US Army Pictorial Services, 1944) People deserting their homes in Manchuria during Japanese invasion (Tarter, ca. 1940) HITLER AND STALIN SIGN A NON-AGRESSION PACT They decide to “divide” Poland “Wonder How Long the Honeymoon Will Last?” (StalinHitler, n.d.) Heinrich Himmler & Gestapo (KZ Mauthausen, n.d.) Para-Military or Secret Police the GESTAPO RACIAL INTOLERANCE Kristallnacht: Night of the Broken Glass (Magdeburg, 1938) Left: A Jewish shop in Berlin during the boycot of 4/1/1933 “Defend yourselfs! Don’t buy from Jews” (Boycott Jews, 1933) Star of David “Judenstern” Jews made to wear during WWII (Ullrich, 2005) Capt. Alfred de Grazia, in front of bodies at Dachau camp after liberation by American army (Grazia, 1945) “FINAL SOLUTION” Starved bodies of prisoners who were transported to Dachau from another concentration camp, lie grotesquely as they died enroute. (Starved Bodies, n.d.) FAILURE OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS How did it fail? No movement to sanction Japan’s invasion of Manchuria Policy of appeasement became SOP with dictators, particularly Hitler Chamberlain (left) and Hitler (light jacket) in Munich, Sept. 23, 1938 (Godesberg, Vorbereitung , 1938) Prime Minister Chamberlain appeases Hitler with the Sudentenland bringing “peace in our time.” WHY did the League of Nations fail? American isolationism Series of Neutrality Acts U.S. did not join the League (why was this ironic?) Soviet Union wasn’t invited to join WORLDWIDE ECONOMIC DIFFICULTIES • Great Depression was not confined to the United States • Heavy burden of reparations • High tariff walls • Heavy tax burdens to build up arms and militaries JAPANESE IMPERIALISM • TOJO • EMPIRE OF THE RISING SUN • INVASION OF MANCHURIA 1931 • SCRAP IRON AND OIL • AMERICAN SANCTIONS Map of Japanese Empire, 1942 (Japanese empire2, 2007) World War II Alliances ALLIES AXIS Great Britain Germany France Italy Soviet Union Japan United States Something interesting to consider… • ITALY switches sides AGAIN • The Soviet Union is the U.S.’s ALLY in World War II and their number one ENEMY in the Cold War • Japan is the U.S.’s enemy this time around after being their ally in WWI Nationalism Germany • Excessive or fanatical devotion to a nation, often associated with a belief that one country is superior to all others Hitler speaks, 2/1/1933 (Hoffman, 1933) During the Nuremberg Convention of the NSDAP, Sept. 1934 (Reichsparteitag, Rede, 1934) Parade of SA troops marches past Hitler in Nuremberg- Nov. 1935 (Reichsparteitagnov1935, 1935) New Roman Empire: Italy Rising Sun: Japan Left: Mussolini bei einer Ansprache 1929 (Benito Mussolini, 1929) Right: Japanese soldier of the Imperial Japanese Army (Japanese soldier, n.d.) Japanese Soldier Burma Campaign Right: His Excellency Benito Mussolini, Head of Government, Leader of Fascism, and Founder of the Empire (Mussoliniposter, n.d.) (Tsushinsha, 1944) Below: Japanese humorous postcard depicting the entrance of the Japanese Army in a Chinese town (Earhart, 1938) • Political and/or economic system in which all property is owned by the members of a classless society • A centralized government system in which a single party without opposition rules over political, economic, social, and cultural life Soviet Union Red Army soldiers in the USSR (Soldaten rote armee, 1941) Portrait of Joseph Stalin, 1936 (Filonov, 1936) Italy & Germany SS propaganda: poster with Ordnungspolizei and Sicherheitspolizei for the Day of the German police 1941 (Berlin.Gestapo, 1941) • System of government characterized by dictatorship, centralized control of private enterprise, repression of all opposition, and extreme nationalism Hitler and Mussolini, 1934 in Venice (Istituto Nazionale Luce, 1934) Anti-Semitism Policies, views, or actions that harm or discriminate against Jewish people Map of the Holocaust in Europe during WWII, 1939-1945 (WW2 Holocaust, 2009) Victims of Nazi Terror in the Darnitsa concentration camp, Kiev, Ukraine (Victims of Nazi terror, 1943) References Baatz, G. (1943, April 1). Hitler shaking Mussolini's hand [Photograph]. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183B23938,_Adolf_Hitler,_Benito_Mussolini.jpg#/media/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183B23938,_Adolf_Hitler,_Benito_Mussolini.jpg Benito Mussolini bei einer Ansprache [Photograph]. (1929, August 1). Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-08300,_Benito_Mussolini_bei_einer_Ansprache.jpg Berlin.Gestapo museum 007 [Photograph]. (1941). Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Berlin.Gestapo_Museum_007.JPG#/media/File:Berlin.Gestapo_Museum_007. JPG Boycott Jews April 1 1933 [Photograph]. (1933). Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Boycot_Jews_april_1_1933.jpeg Coscia, D. (ca. 1940-1944). Work and fight, Italy, WWII propaganda poster [Photograph]. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Work_and_Fight,_Italy,_WWII_propaganda_poster.jpg Earhart, D. (1938). Military manga 1938 [Photograph]. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Military_manga_1938.jpg#/media/File:Military_manga_1938.jpg Filonov, P. (1936). Joseph Stalin (Dzhugashvili) [Photograph]. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Joseph_Stalin_(Dzhugashvili).jpg Garcia, M. (2013). Japan maritime self-defense force sailors raise the Japanese flag on the helicopter destroyer JDS Hyuga (DDG 181) during Dawn Blitz 2013 at naval base San Diego, Calif., June 14, 2013 130614-M-BZ222-002 [Photograph]. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Japan_Maritime_SelfDefense_Force_sailors_raise_the_Japanese_flag_on_the_helicopter_destroyer_JDS_Hyuga_%28DDG_181%29_during_ Dawn_Blitz_2013_at_Naval_Base_San_Diego,_Calif.,_June_14,_2013_130614-M-BZ222-002.jpg GermanAustriamap [Photograph]. (2014, February 14). Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:GermanAustriaMap.png Gitler-vizvolitel [Photograph]. (1942). Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gitler-vizvolitel.jpg Godesberg, Vorbereitung Münchener Abkommen [Photograph]. (1938, September 23). Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183H12751,_Godesberg,_Vorbereitung_Münchener_Abkommen.jpg Grazia, A. (1945, May 1). Capt.Alfred de Grazia at Dachau concentration camp, ca May 1st 1945 no border [Photograph]. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Capt.Alfred_de_Grazia_at_Dachau_concentration_camp,_ca_May_1st_1945_ no_border.jpg Hix, Sid. (ca. 1941-1945). Keep ‘em frying [Photograph]. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%22Keep'em_Frying%22_-_NARA_-_514775.jpg Hoffman, H. (1933, February 1). Adolf Hitler vor Rundfunk-Mikrofon [Photograph]. Retrieved, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1987-0703-506,_Adolf_Hitler_vor_RundfunkMikrofon.jpg Istituto Nazionale Luce. (1934). HitlerMussolini1934Venice [Photograph]. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:HitlerMussolini1934Venice.jpg Jackson, E. (1919, May 27). Big four cropped [Photograph]. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Big_Four_cropped.png Japanese empire2 [Photograph]. (2007, July 5). Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Japanese_Empire2.png Japanese propaganda WWII India [Photograph]. (1945). Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Japanese_Propaganda_WWII_India.jpg Japanese soldier of the Imperial Japanese Army [Photograph]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Japanese_soldier_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army.jpg Jugoslavije, M. (1937). Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler [Photograph]. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Benito_Mussolini_and_Adolf_Hitler.jpg KZ Mauthausen, Besuch Heinrich Himmler [Photograph]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_192015,_KZ_Mauthausen,_Besuch_Heinrich_Himmler.jpg#/media/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_192015,_KZ_Mauthausen,_Besuch_Heinrich_Himmler.jpg Magdeburg, zerstörtes jüdisches Geschäft [Photograph]. (1938, November 1). Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1972-03339,_Magdeburg,_zerstörtes_jüdisches_Geschäft.jpg Münchener Abkommen, Chamberlain [Photograph]. (1938, September 29). Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H12967,_Münchener_Abkommen,_Chamberlain.jpg Mussoliniposter [Photograph]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mussoliniposter.jpg Pahl, G. (1930, October 1). Weimar, Aufmarsch der Nationalsozialisten [Photograph]. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_10210541,_Weimar,_Aufmarsch_der_Nationalsozialisten.jpg Reichsparteitag, Rede Adolf Hitlers [Photograph]. (1934). Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-04051A,_Reichsparteitag,_Rede_Adolf_Hitlers.jpg Reichsparteitagnov1935 [Photograph]. (1935). Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Reichsparteitagnov1935.jpg Roark, J. L. (2013). The American promise: A concise history (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin. SadaiJapaneseFighterPilot [Photograph]. (1942). Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SadaiJapaneseFighterPilot.jpg Soldaten rote armee [Photograph]. (1941). Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Soldaten_rote_armee.jpg StalinHitler [Cartoon]. (n.d.) Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:StalinHitler.jpg Starved bodies of prisoners who were transported to Dachau from another concentration camp, lie grotesquely as they died enroute [Photograph]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Starved_bodies_of_prisoners_who_were_transported_to_Dachau_from_anot her_concentration_camp,_lie_grotesquely_as_they_died_enroute.jpg Tarter, A. (ca. 1940). People deserting their homes, in Manchuria [Drawing]. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:People_deserting_their_homes,_in_Manchuria,_as_a_result_of_b_Wellcome_ V0010672.jpg Tsushinsha, D. (1944). Japanese troops on elephant in Burma [Photograph]. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Japanese_troops_on_elephant_in_Burma.jpg Ullrich, D. (2005, February 8). Judenstern JMW [Photograph]. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Judenstern_JMW.jpg#/media/File:Judenstern_JMW.jpg US Army Pictorial Services. (1944). Japanese bayonet into map of Manchuria Why We Fight no. 6[Cartoon]. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Japanese_bayonet_into_map_of_Manchuria_Why_We_Fight_no._6.jpg USS Arizona burning-Pearl Harbor [Photograph]. (1941, December 7). Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Arizona_burning-Pearl_Harbor.jpg Verkauf von Wohlfahrtsmarken auf der Straße [Photograph]. (1931). Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-T0706503,_Verkauf_von_Wohlfahrtsmarken_auf_der_Straße.jpg Victims of Nazi terror in the Darnitsa concentration camp, Kiev, Ukraine [Photograph]. (1943). Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Жертвы_в_Дарницком_концлагере.jpeg WW2 Holocaust Europe map-es [Photograph]. (2009, May 11). Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WW2_Holocaust_Europe_map-es.svg