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Study Guide Exam #2 1) What are the 2 stages of food consumption in animals? What is the difference between them? - Ingestion (the consumption of a substance) Digestion (the breakdown of large molecules so they can be absorbed by the digestive system) o Chemical Digestion – Breaking down of food through the use of acids and enzymes in the digestive system o Mechanical Digestion – Physically breaking food into smaller substances 2) Where does chemical digestion begin? - Mouth 3) Define peristalsis. - Involuntary wave like contractions that move food through the digestive system 4) What is the function of the epiglottis? - It lowers to cover the opening of the trachea when swallowing 5) What are 3 functions of the stomach? - Food storage, Disinfects food (HCl), digestion 6) What is the function of the gallbladder? - Stores bile 7) What is the function of the pancreas? - Secretes digestive enzymes and hormones 8) What does bile do? - Emulsifies fat 9) Where does most digestion take place? - Small intestine 10) What does the enzyme amylase do? - Amylase digests starch 11) What does the enzyme pepsin do? - Pepsin digests proteins 12) What is the function of the liver? - Produces bile 13) What are villi? What are microvilli? - Villi – finger like projections or folds in the lining of the small intestine that increase surface area of the small intestine to maximize nutrient absorption Microvilli – fingerlike projections or folds on the villi 14) What are 2 functions of the small intestine? - Chemical digestion & Nutrient Absorption 15) What are the 3 sections of the small intestine called? - Duodenum, Jejunum, & Ileum 16) In what organ are most nutrients absorbed in the digestive system? - Small intestine 17) What is the function of the large intestine? - Water absorption 18) What are the 2 categories of vitamins? - Water soluble vitamins & fat soluble vitamins 19) What vitamin can your body obtain through sunlight exposure? - Vitamin D 20) Where is most of the calcium in your body stored? - Bones 21) What is an autotroph? - Organisms that produce their own energy through the conversion of solar energy. 22) What is a heterotroph? - Organisms that get their energy from eating other organisms. 23) What are the inputs and outputs of photosynthesis? - CO2 + H2O + sunlight à Glucose + O2 24) What are the 4 biological macromolecules? - Fats/Lipids Nucleic Acids Proteins Carbohydrates 25) What are the building blocks for carbohydrates? Fats? Proteins? Nucleic acids? - Fats/Lipids – Fatty acids Nucleic Acids – Nucleotides Proteins – Amino acids Carbohydrates – Simple sugars (monosaccharides) 26) What are the differences between a monosaccharide, a polysaccharide, and a disaccharide? - Monosaccharide – Simple sugar, small molecule, easily digestible Disaccharide – Two monosaccharides joined together by a covalent bond Polysaccharide – Polymers consisting of a few hundred or a few thousand monosaccharides covalently bonded together 27) The exoskeletons of arthropods are made of chitin, which is a ______________. - Polysaccharide 28) What is the primary function of lipids? - Energy storage 29) What are the differences between saturated and unsaturated fats? - Unsaturated Fats – Double or triple carbon to carbon bonds, Few hydrogen atoms, Liquid at room temperature, Found in plant products Saturated Fats – Single carbon to carbon bonds, Lots of hydrogen atoms, Solid at room temperature, Found in animal products 30) What are the 2 types of nucleic acids? - DNA & RNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid & Ribonucleic acid) 31) What are enzymes? - Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions 32) Describe the 2 enzyme action models. - Lock and Key Model – The substrate and the enzyme fit together perfectly Induced Fit Model – Enzymes change shape slightly to accommodate the substrate 33) What are the functions of stomata? - They are the sites of gas exchange (Where CO2 enters the plants and where O2 and H2O exit the plant). 34) Why are plants green? - Plants reflect green light waves. 35) What is a chloroplast? - Double membrane photosynthetic organelle of plants. 36) What is stroma? - The fluid filled interior of chloroplasts 37) What colors of light does chlorophyll best absorb? - Blue-violet & red 38) What is the difference between a polymer and a monomer? - Polymer – a large molecule consisting of many smaller subunits bonded together Monomer – a subunit of a polymer 39) What are stomata? - Small pores on plant photosynthetic organs that are the sites of gas exchange. 40) What are guard cells? - Specialized cells that surround stomata and regulate transpiration by opening or closing the stomata. 41) What is the difference between a frog and a human heart? - A frog’s heart has 3 chamber (only 1 ventricle). Human hearts have 4 chambers (both a left and right ventricle) 42) What are the functions of buffers in the digestive system? - Buffers neutralize stomach acids