Download Study Guide Exam #2 1) What are the 2 stages of

Study Guide Exam #2
1) What are the 2 stages of food consumption in animals? What is the difference
between them?
-
Ingestion (the consumption of a substance)
Digestion (the breakdown of large molecules so they can be absorbed by the
digestive system)
o Chemical Digestion – Breaking down of food through the use of acids
and enzymes in the digestive system
o Mechanical Digestion – Physically breaking food into smaller
substances
2) Where does chemical digestion begin?
- Mouth
3) Define peristalsis.
- Involuntary wave like contractions that move food through the digestive system
4) What is the function of the epiglottis?
- It lowers to cover the opening of the trachea when swallowing
5) What are 3 functions of the stomach?
- Food storage, Disinfects food (HCl), digestion
6) What is the function of the gallbladder?
- Stores bile
7) What is the function of the pancreas?
- Secretes digestive enzymes and hormones
8) What does bile do?
- Emulsifies fat
9) Where does most digestion take place?
- Small intestine
10) What does the enzyme amylase do?
- Amylase digests starch
11) What does the enzyme pepsin do?
- Pepsin digests proteins
12) What is the function of the liver?
- Produces bile
13) What are villi? What are microvilli?
-
Villi – finger like projections or folds in the lining of the small intestine that
increase surface area of the small intestine to maximize nutrient absorption
Microvilli – fingerlike projections or folds on the villi
14) What are 2 functions of the small intestine?
- Chemical digestion & Nutrient Absorption
15) What are the 3 sections of the small intestine called?
- Duodenum, Jejunum, & Ileum
16) In what organ are most nutrients absorbed in the digestive system?
- Small intestine
17) What is the function of the large intestine?
- Water absorption
18) What are the 2 categories of vitamins?
-
Water soluble vitamins & fat soluble vitamins
19) What vitamin can your body obtain through sunlight exposure?
- Vitamin D
20) Where is most of the calcium in your body stored?
- Bones
21) What is an autotroph?
- Organisms that produce their own energy through the conversion of solar
energy.
22) What is a heterotroph?
- Organisms that get their energy from eating other organisms.
23) What are the inputs and outputs of photosynthesis?
- CO2 + H2O + sunlight à Glucose + O2
24) What are the 4 biological macromolecules?
-
Fats/Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Proteins
Carbohydrates
25) What are the building blocks for carbohydrates? Fats? Proteins? Nucleic acids?
-
Fats/Lipids – Fatty acids
Nucleic Acids – Nucleotides
Proteins – Amino acids
Carbohydrates – Simple sugars (monosaccharides)
26) What are the differences between a monosaccharide, a polysaccharide, and a
disaccharide?
-
Monosaccharide – Simple sugar, small molecule, easily digestible
Disaccharide – Two monosaccharides joined together by a covalent bond
Polysaccharide – Polymers consisting of a few hundred or a few thousand
monosaccharides covalently bonded together
27) The exoskeletons of arthropods are made of chitin, which is a ______________.
-
Polysaccharide
28) What is the primary function of lipids?
- Energy storage
29) What are the differences between saturated and unsaturated fats?
-
Unsaturated Fats – Double or triple carbon to carbon bonds, Few hydrogen
atoms, Liquid at room temperature, Found in plant products
Saturated Fats – Single carbon to carbon bonds, Lots of hydrogen atoms, Solid
at room temperature, Found in animal products
30) What are the 2 types of nucleic acids?
- DNA & RNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid & Ribonucleic acid)
31) What are enzymes?
- Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions
32) Describe the 2 enzyme action models.
-
Lock and Key Model – The substrate and the enzyme fit together perfectly
Induced Fit Model – Enzymes change shape slightly to accommodate the
substrate
33) What are the functions of stomata?
- They are the sites of gas exchange (Where CO2 enters the plants and where O2
and H2O exit the plant).
34) Why are plants green?
- Plants reflect green light waves.
35) What is a chloroplast?
- Double membrane photosynthetic organelle of plants.
36) What is stroma?
- The fluid filled interior of chloroplasts
37) What colors of light does chlorophyll best absorb?
- Blue-violet & red
38) What is the difference between a polymer and a monomer?
-
Polymer – a large molecule consisting of many smaller subunits bonded
together
Monomer – a subunit of a polymer
39) What are stomata?
- Small pores on plant photosynthetic organs that are the sites of gas exchange.
40) What are guard cells?
- Specialized cells that surround stomata and regulate transpiration by opening or
closing the stomata.
41) What is the difference between a frog and a human heart?
- A frog’s heart has 3 chamber (only 1 ventricle). Human hearts have 4 chambers
(both a left and right ventricle)
42) What are the functions of buffers in the digestive system?
- Buffers neutralize stomach acids