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Endocrine System Word parts Acr/o: extremities Calc/o: calcium Chrom/o: color Phys/o: air, gas Toxic/o: poison Adrenal/o, adren/o: adrenal gland Gluc/o, glyc/o: sugar, sweetness Parathyroid/o: parathyroid gland Pituitar/o: pituitary gland Sphen/o: wedge, sphenoid bone Thym/o: thymus gland Thyr/o, thyroid/o: thyroid gland Phe/o: dusky, dark Pan-: all Overview • Endocrinologist: a medical doctor that deals with disease of the endocrine system • Endocrinology: the branch of medicine concerned with hormone imbalances • Parts: ducts, glands, hormones • Functions: to regulate various body functions and keep the internal environment of the body stable • Regulates mood, controls metabolism and growth and development • Influences sexual and reproductive functions Overview Homeostasis: the ability of the body to maintain a stable internal environment Hormone: a chemical substance produced by the body that affects growth and development, sexual function, mood, metabolism and many other processes Metabolism: the sum of all chemical and physical processes occurring within living cells Diseases and Conditions • Addison disease: decreased function of the adrenal gland that results in muscle weakness and atrophy, loss of fluids and electrolytes, low blood pressure, hypoglycemia and hyperpigmentation of the skin • Cushing syndrome: excessive cortisol hormones due to tumors or medications • Blood-glucose balances Diseases and Conditions • Diabetes Mellitus: a group of diseases characterized by high blood-glucose levels due to defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both • Type 1: childhood diabetes with abrupt onset caused by destruction of pancreatic cells and insufficient insulin absorption • Type 2: adult diabetes with gradual onset caused by lowered insulin production Diseases and Conditions • Insulinoma: a tumor of pancreatic cells • Pancreatitis: inflammation of the pancreas when pancreatic enzymes that digest food are activated in the pancreas instead of the duodenum • Panhypopituitarism: total pituitary impairment that causes loss of hormone activity • Pheochromocytoma: a rare adrenal gland tumor that causes excessive release of epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (hormone that regulate heartrate and blood pressure) Diseases and Conditions • Hypothyroidism: thyroid hormone deficiency that is the result of a developmental problem, injury, disease or dietary deficiency • Cretinism: hypothyroidism in infants • Can lead to mental retardation, growth impairment, low body temperature and abnormal bone formation • Myxedema: hypothyroidism in adults • Characterized by edema, weight gain, cold intolerance, fatigue, depression, and muscle and joint pain Diseases and Conditions • Hyperthyroidism: excessive secretion of thyroid hormones resulting from a developmental problem, injury, disease or dietary deficiency • Graves disease: an autoimmune disease that causes goiters (enlarged thyroid gland), exophthalmos (bulging eyes) elevated metabolic rate, weight loss, excessive perspiration, muscle weakness and emotional instability Diseases and Conditions • Hypopituitarism: a deficiency of growth hormone resulting in a short stature with normal body proportions “pituitary dwarfism” • Gigantism: excessive secretion of growth hormone in children causing an abnormal increase in the length of long bones • Acromegaly: excessive secretion of growth hormone in adults causing the overgrowth of bones in the face, hands and feet Diagnostic Procedures • Fasting blood glucose: measures blood glucose after the patient fasts for 8 hours • Glucose tolerance test: the patient fasts for 8-12 hours then ingests glucose and blood samples are taken to measure the metabolic rate of glucose • Radioactive iodine uptake test: determines thyroid function by monitoring the ability of the thyroid to metabolize iodine Diagnostic Procedures • Thyroid function test: a blood test that measures thyroid hormone levels • Total calcium: a blood test that measures calcium to detect parathyroid and bone disorders Medical and Surgical Procedures • Lobectomy: removal of one lobe of the thyroid gland in treatment of endocrine diseases • Thymectomy: excision of the thymus gland • Transsphenoidal hypophysectomy: endoscopic surgery that removes pituitary tumors through the nasal cavity via the sinus without affecting the brain Pharmacology • Insulins: replace insulin in patients with diabetes • Oral antidiabetics: treat type 2 diabetes by stimulating the pancreas to produce insulin or they lower blood glucose levels Abbreviations • ADH: antidiuretic hormone • BS: blood sugar • DM: diabetes mellitus • FBG: fasting blood glucose • FBS: fasting blood sugar • GH: growth hormone Abbreviations • GTT: glucose tolerance test • HRT: hormone replacement therapy • IV: intravenously • RAIU: radioactive iodine uptake • TFT: thyroid function test • TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone