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Transcript
Weed Identification Roger Ashley Area Extension Agronomist Dickinson Research Extension Center Objectives Today 1. Review State and County Listed Noxious Weed Identification a) Different growth stages 2.. New Invasive Weeds Cotyledons Page 1 Page 2 Identification and Control of Invasive and Troublesome Weeds in North Daktoa Extension Bulletin 1411 (Revised April 2010) Rod Lym, Professor of Weed Science, NDSU Andrea Travnicek Natural Resources Specialist NDSU Extension Service NDSU Agricultural Experiment Station North Dakota Department of Agriculture USDA-Forest Service Photo Credits are given on Page 2 Noxious Weeds State Absinth wormwood Canada thistle Dalmatian toadflax Diffuse Knapweed Leafy spurge Musk thistle Purple loosestrife Russian knapweed Saltcedar Spotted knapweed Yellow toadflax Absinth wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) Habitat: Open fields, roadsides and waste areas Origin: Eurasia Seedling: Cotyledons ovate to orbicular Mature Plant: Taproot and short rhizomes, erect stems 15 to 40 inches, pubescence gray woolly sticky leaves alternate , flower heads nodding Special ID Features: odor strong, sour, sage-like Toxic Properties: None reported Page 4 Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) Habitat: Fields , open areas, pastures, roadsides, bottomlands, and waste sites Origin: Eurasia Seedling : First leaves club-shaped, coarse, margins serrate with spines on tips of serations Mature Plant : Taproot, extensive creeping horizontal growth, erect stems branching toward top, grooved, pubescent with maturity, leaves alternate, sessile, slightly clasping, oblong to lanceolate, margins crinkled and spiny Male Special ID Features: Flowers rose-purple, about 1 inch dia; plants forming patches. Toxic Properties: Nitrate accumulation and mechanical injury. Female Page 56 Leafy spruge (Euphorbia esula) Habitat: Pastures, rangeland, meadow, open fields, roadsides, railroads, and waste places. Origin: Europe Seedling: Leaves alternate, appearing opposite at first, linear, glabrous. Mature Plant: Taproot, rhizomes, Stems erect, glabrous, sap milky; Leaves alternate, glabrous, sap milky; Flowers open umbels, greenish yellow. Special ID Features: milky sap, flowers in terminal umbel, greeish yellow. Toxic Properties: white sap is irritant Page 34 Musk thistle Page 62 (Carduus nutans) Habitat: Open areas, pastures and roadsides Origin: Europe and western Asia Seedling: Basal rosette, leaves waxy coarsely lobed, 3-5 points per lobe Mature Plant: Roots fleshy taproot; Stems erect, branched, spiny, lobed leaves extending down stem; Leaves alternate; Flowers are 1.2 to 2 in wide. Special ID Features: Stem winged, leaflike, spiny Toxic Properties: Nitrate accumulation, mechanical injury Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) Habitat: Wet lands Origin: Eurasia Seedling: First true leaves up to ¾ in long, opposite, oblong sessile, prominent venation Mature Plant: Roots fibrous from single or branched taproot; Stems erect, glabrous to fine pubescent, round to angular; Leaves opposite or whorled, alternate and small near infloresence; Flower whorl-like cymes Special ID Features: Flowers numerous very showy. Toxic Properties: None reported. Page 44 Russian knapweed (Acroptilon repens) Habitat: Open fields, pastures, roadsides waste sites and disturbed areas. Origin: Asia Seedling: Leaves narrow, entire, margin toothed by third or fourth leaf. Mature Plant: Root fibrous from taproot, rhizomes; Stems erect, branching at base, cover with soft grey trichomes becoming glabrous with age; Leaves alternate, variable pinnateifid or margins lobed; Flower laveder blue to rose pink or purple. Special ID Features: Erect, tall bushy plants Toxic Properties: None but mechanical injury Page 28 Diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa) Habitat: disturbed fields, grasslands, woodlands, roadsides Origin: Mediterranean Seedling: Lower leaves oblanceolate to obovate, pinnately lobed sessile or with short petiole. Mature Plant: Roots fibrous from taproot; Stem erect to ascending, tall heavily branched above midpoint, pubescence or nearly glabrous; Leaves are alternate, basal, and lower leaves oblanceolate to obovate, soft to stiff pubescence; Flowers, solitary heads at tips of panicle-like branches. Special ID Features: Erect to ascending, spiny bracts Toxic Properties: None reported, mechanical injury. Page 30 Spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe) Habitat: Sandy soils, pastures, open areas, railroads, roadsides and waste sites. Origin: Europe Seedling: Cotyledons spatulate to obovate Mature Plant: Roots fibrous from taproot; Stem erect, spreading or ascendign freely branching, rough pubescent; Leaves alternate, pinnatifid with long narrow divisions, gray-green to gray, rough pubescent; Flowers numerous terminal and axillary heads lavender to pinkish. Special ID Features: Erect, bracts not spiny but tips of bracts are dark. Toxic Properties: None reported, mechanical injury. Page 30 Dalmation toadflax (Linaria genistifolia ssp. dalmatica) Habitat: Pasture, range, disturbed areas and roadsides Origin: Mediterranean Seedling: Stem emerges which may be joined by one to three adventitious stems from hypocotyl Mature Plant: Roots rhizomatous root system; Stems rough and woody at base, smooth, waxy at top: Leaves waxy, ovate to heart shape but sometiems lanceolate, alternate and clasping on upper portion of stem: Flowers snapdragon like. Special ID Feature: Erect stems broad heart-shaped leaves Toxic Properties: None reported Page 70 Yellow toadflax (Linaria vulgaris) Habitat: Similar to Dalmation toadflax Origin: Eurasia Seedling: Similar to Dalmation toadflax Mature Plant: Leaves narrow, linear, 2 in long pointed at both ends, opposite or whorled; Flowers Special ID Features: Narrow leaves, flower have “butter and eggs” appearance. Toxic Properties: None reported Page 71 Saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) Habitat: Riparian and moist areas. Origin: Eurasia Seedling: Mature Plant: Roots taproot; Stem woody herbacious reddish brown bark; Leaves are small, flat; Flowers pink. Special ID Features: Woody large taproot, reddish brown bark, pink flowers Toxic Properties: None reported. Page 46 State Noxious Weeds Absinth wormwood Canada thistle Diffuse knapweed Leafy spruge Musk thistle Purple loosestrife Russian knapweed Spotted knapweed Yellow toadflax Dalmation toadflax Salt cedar County Annual sowthistle Baby’s breath Black hanbane Bull thistle Common burdock Common Milkweed Common tansy Downy brome False chamomile Halogeton Hoary cress Houndstongue Kochia Marsh sowthistle Orange hawkweed Perennial sowthistle Scotch thistle Baby’s breath (Gypsophila paniculata) Habitat: Pasture, rangeland, dry areas, coarse soils Origin: Eurasia Seedling: Emerge in early May and attain an average height of five to six inches. Only one shoot with no lateral branches develops during first year. Flowers do not appear until the third year of growth. Mature Plant: Root deep taproot; Stem branching glaborous; Leaves 4 inches long and end with a point; Flowers 1/8 in dia white and five lobed. Special ID Features: Small white flowers with purple midstripe. Toxic Properties: None reported. Page 6 Black henbane (Hyocyamus niger) Habitat: pastures, disturbed areas Origin: Europe Seedling: Rossette leaves are alternate and have petioles Mature Plant: Roots large taproot: Stem erect, leafy, thick, coarse and widely branched; Leaves alternate, oblong to ovate coarsely toothed to shallowly lobed, covered with fine hairs, foul odor; Flowers funnel-shaped, five lobed, brownish yellow with dark purple veins. Special ID Features: Foul odor sticky hairs on leaves Toxic Properties: Toxic to humans and livestock. Page 8 Common burdock (Arctium minus) Habitat: disturbed sites, stream valleys, pastures, field, feedlots, fencerows, roadsides. Origin: Europe Seedling: First leaves long broadly ovate, pubescent, with hollow petiole Mature Plant: Roots fibrous from large fleshy taproot; Stems erect, branched ridged pubescent; Leaves alternate, broadly ovate, margins serrate to dentate, pubescent on underside; Flower head ¾ to 1 ½ inch diameter purple to lavender or occasionally white. Special ID Features: Erect, hollow lower petioles, stems bitter tasting Toxic Properties: None reported. Page 12 Common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) Habitat: waterways, floodplains, pastures, roadsides and waste sites. Origin: North America Seedlings: Sprout emerges with opposite leaves and prominent midveins Mature Plant: Roots fibrous lateral; Stems erect, usually single, containing milky sap; Leaves opposite simple margins entire oblog oval or ovate, fine pubescent below; Flower umbelate, greenish purple to greenish white. Special ID Features: Erect sout stems, mily sap, rhizomes. Toxic Properties: Produces cardiotoxins Page 38 Common tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) Habitat: disturbed fields, roadsides, waste sites Origin: Eurasia Seedling: Hypocotyl with leaves resembling mature plants though smaller. Mature Plant: Roots fibrous from taproot, producing rhizomes; Stems erect, coarse branchless except for flowering portion, glabrous to slightly pubescent; Leaves alternate, forming large dense clumps pinnate or deeply lobed; Flower yellow densely packed. Special ID Features: Erect perennial with creeping roots, showy button-like yellow flowers Toxic Properties: produce neurotoxins and cardiotoxins. Page 14 Downy brome (Bromus tectorum) Habitat: fields, pastures, roadsides, railroads and waste areas Origin: Europe Seedling: Soft pubescent leaves and sheath, prominent membranous ligule Mature Plant: Roots fibrous; Stems erect, internodes glabrous; Leaves flat, bubescent on both surfaces; Flowers loose panicle, glumes pubescent or glabrous. Special ID Features: Flexuous, dropping panicle, pubescent sheath, leaves. Toxic Properties: Awns can injure grazing animals. Page 19 False chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) Habitat: fields, roadsides, waste places Origin: Eurasia Seedling: Cotyledons broadley oblong to ovate glabrous Mature Plant: Roots fibrous from taproot; Leaves alternate, linear; Flower solitary heads terminating from branches. Special ID Features: Erect, oderless, daisy like flowers. Toxic Properties: None reported. Page 10 Halogeton Page 22 (Halogeton glomeratus) Habitat: disturbed areas, overgrazed pastures, alkaline soils and semiarid regions. Origin: Eurasia Mature Plant: Resembles Russian thistle blue green leaves are small sausage shaped and have a short bristle or spine; Flowers in leaf axiles, greenish in color. Special ID Features: Mature plants have red stems. Toxic Properties: sodium oxalates poisonous to sheep and cattle Hoary cress (Cardaria draba) Habitat: roadsides, open fields, waste areas disturbed sites, pastures. Origin: Eurasia Seedling: Cotyledons spatulate to ovate, smooth covered with small bumps, leaves long petiolate ovate to oblong with toothed margins. Mature Plant: Roots fibrous from taproot; Stems erect simple below, branched above; Leaves alternate, variable, lowest ones basal, oblong to ovate, upper leaves clasping margins uneven or toothed; Flowers numerous dense white. Special ID Features: Erect perennial flowers showy and white. Toxic Properties None reported. Page 24 Houndstongue (Cynoglossum officinale) Habitat: fields, pastures, and rocky waste areas. Origin: Eurasia Seedling: Cotyledons linear to oblanceolate; leaves opposite, forming rosette, pubescent Mature Plant: Roots fibrous from thick woody taproot; Stems erect, herbaccious, pubescent, single stemmed; Leaves alternate, pubescent, margins entire, lower leaves in rosette; Flowers dull reddish purple. Special ID Features: Erect biennial, flowers reddish purple with musty odor. Toxic Properties: Plants and seeds contain toxins that cause liver damage. Page 26 Kochia (Kochia scoparia) Habitat: fields, pastures, roadsides, waste areas. Origin: Eurasia Seedling: Rossette small, gray green, first true leaves lanceolate, sessil, pubescent Mature Plant: Roots fibrous from much branched taproot; Stem erect spreading bushy; Leaves alternate simple, lanceolate or narrowly linear pubescent; Flowers in axils of upper leaves, small, greenish changing to reddish. Special ID Features: Erect, plant more or less round, mature plant breaks off at soil line. Toxic Properties: Plants contain toxins that can cause weight lose, liver disease, and photosensitivity. Page 32 Orange hawkweed (Hieracium aurantiacum) Habitat: gardens, lawns, rangeland, fields, meadows, rock outcrops, stream banks, shorelines, railroads, roadsides, disturbed areas. Origin: Europe Seedling: Cotyledons broadly elliptic, first true leaves forming a rosette. Mature Plant: Roots fibrous from rhizome and slender stolons; Stems erect, pubescent, milky white sap; Leaves rosette, pubescent, margin entire; Flowers compact head, red orange. Special ID Features: Erect perennial basal rosette leaves spatulate to oblanceolate pubescent. Toxic Properties: None reported. Page 40 Annual sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus) Habitat: cultivated, disturbed areas, roadsides. Origin: Europe Seedling: First true leaves form rosette, slightly lobed, bluish gray, paler on underside. Mature Plant: Roots fibrous from short taproot; Stem erect, hollow, milky sap; Leaves alternate pinnately lobed, occasionally toothed, margins with scarce to numerous pricles; Flowers numerous small heads ray florets pale yellow. Special ID Features: Erect, milky sap, weakly prickly Toxic Properties: None reported mechanical injury Page 48 Perennial sowthistle (Sonchus arvensis) Habitat: cultivated areas, disturbed sites, fields, pastures, roadsides, waste areas. Origin: Europe and western Africa Seedling: First ture leaves with glaucous underside and spine-tipped edges. Mature Plants: Roots fibrous taproot, horizontally branched; Stems erect, stout, hollow, milky sap; Leaves alternate, shiny green, lobes, spiny edges, base sessile and clasping; Flowers yellow. Special ID Features: Erect stem, hollow milky stem, branches producing new plants, yellow daisy-like flowers. Toxic Properties: None reported, mechanical injury. Page 50 Marsh sowthistle (Sonchus arvensis ssp. uliginosus) Habitat: wet areas Origin: Europe Seedling: Mature Plant: Roots extensive, creeping; Stems erect with milky sap; Leaves lower are prickly on margins, lower and middle pinnately lobed, upper less lobed and become clasping; Flower yellow, heads grow in teminal flat to domelike cluster Special ID Features: Toxic Properties: None reported. Page 50 Bull thistle (Cirsium vulgare) Habitat: Open areas, pastures, roadsides, waste sites Origin: Europe Seedling: Leaves form rosette, first leaves oblong, fringed with spines. Mature Plants: Roots fibrous from fleshy taproot; Stems erect, often branched, comspicuously spiny winged by decurrent leaf bases, pubescent; Leaves wide, eleptic to oblanceolate; Flower ¾ to 1 ½ inch diameter whiterose to reddish purple. Special ID Features: Erect biennial stem spiny-winged, marins long spined Toxic Properties: None reported mechanical ijury. Page 54 Scotch thistle (Onopordum acanthium) Habitat: pastures, rangelands, roadsides, railroads, waste places. Origin: Eurasia Seedling: first leaves densely pubescent, silvery gray. Mature Plant: Roots fibrous from stout fleshy taproot; Stems erect couarse, winged by decurrent leaf bases; Leaves basal rosette, alternate sessile and decurrent above; Flowers heads globose, solitary or 2 to 5 in loose cluster, purplish or pinkish white. Special ID Features: Erect, stems winged, leaves decurrent, margins with long spines. Toxic Properties: None reported. Page 66 http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/swagronomynotes Roger Ashley Area Extension Specialist/Cropping Systems Email: [email protected] Phone: 701-690-7616 http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/swagronomynotes