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[102] INTELLECTUAL DISCOURSE 1963). 5. Leonard Binder et. aI., Crise~ and Consequences in Political Development (Princeton, N.J.: PrincetonUniversity Press, 1971). Hasan al-Banna and his Vision Hasan al-Banna: Vision and Mission, by TharneemUshama. Kuala Lumpur: A.S. Noordeen, 1995. pp. 176. ISBN 967 9963 93 4. The need for a book with sympatheticunderstandingand analysis of the contributions of l:Iasan ai-BanDaand al-Ikhwan al-Muslimun in English has beenfulfilled by ThameemUshama'swork, which portrays the vision, mission, personality, and efforts of al-Banna. The book is iiiformative and provides a detailed review of the history of this great movement. The first chapterprovides a brief overview of Islamic revivalism from 18th century onwards, with particular referenceto the efforts of Shah Wall-Allah, Muhammad ibn CAbdal-Wahhab, JamaluddInaI-AfghanI, Mu~ammadcAbduhand M. RashidRi~a. This is followed in Chapter2 by a discussionon the emergenceof Islamic organizationsin Egypt as part of attempts at promoting pan-Islamism.The author discusseshow al-Ikhwan al-Muslimun tried to maintainpurity in doctrine and ideology with the aim of founding an Islamic state. Cherishing its multifarious aims, ambitions, and aspirations, the author regards al-Ikhwan alMuslimun as an examplefor Islamic movementsthroughoutthe world. This view can, however, be challenged by critics who say that the movementfailed to establish an Islamic state despite opportunities of working with successivegovernmentsin Egypt. Chapters3 and 4 are concernedwith the life and educationof l:Iasan aI-BanDa.It also analyseshis backgroundand organizationalexperiences -factors that provided him with extraordinary ability to supervisethe vast activities of his movement. It is interestingto readthe detailsof the IsmaCJIlyah meeting of March 1928 betweenl:Iasanai-BanDaand six of his followers which later led to the establishmentof al-Ikhwan alMuslimun. Chapter 5 discussesthe participation of al-Ikhwan al-Muslimun in Egyptianpolitics. AI-Ikhwan, accordingto the author, rejectedany form BOOK REVIEW [103] of compromisewith the British and stood opposedto several Egyptia~ governments.The author appearsto be sympatheticto this uncompromising attitude of the al-Ikhwan, as well as their inability to utilize to their maximumopportunitiesfor cooperationwith Egyptiangovernments at the time. It seemsthat internal differencesin the movement,discussed in Chapter 6, could also be attributed to the hardline position of its leaders.The author has chosento discussonly two instancesof discord inside the movement.Furthermore,he hasmadeno attemptat a critical analysisof standstakenby opposingsidesand of the possibleideological and intellectual factors that might have causedthem. Differences in the postrevolution Ikhwan are not discussedeither. In Chapter7, a detailed accountis presentedon al-Ikhwan's involvement in Palestinejihad and its campaign for the declaration of jihad againstthe British occupationof Eygpt. As a result, the movementwas subjected to various types of harrassment, restriction and eventual dissolution in 1948. The discussionwould have beengreatly enriched if the author had analysedal-Ikhwan's views of various types of jihad. Chapter8 dealswith the martyrdomof Hasanal-Banna,while Chapter 9 considersthe re-establishmentof his movementand its participation in the Egyptian revolution of 1952. The author claims to have unearthed some hiddenfacts in his account,but the facts recordedin thesechapters are not unknown as they have been widely discussedin the writings of al-Ikhwan. Chapter 10 contains valuable information about various reforms advocatedand implementedby this movement. It outlines the Ikhwan's aim of drafting a constitutionbasedon the Qur'an and Sunnahfor Egypt. It discussesthe Ikhwan's educational,economic, social, political, and welfare reforms and contributions. However, the author refrains from discussingthe spiritual reforms and training, one of the distinguishing contributions of al-Ikhwan. Chapter11 looks at the impact of al-Ikhwan on other countries such as Sudan, Pakistan, India, Iraq, and some Europeancountries. This chaptersuffers from two weaknesses.First, the discussionis very brief and hencecould not do justice to the topic underconsideration.Second, the author claims that all Islamic organizations that fought against exploitation acceptedthe methodologyand conceptsof al-Ikhwan. This howevercotradictshis recognitin of the difference in methodologyof alIkhwan and the JamaCat-i-IslamI of Pakistan. There should have been specific reference in this chapter to organizations that were directly influenced by al-Ikhwan so as to gaugethe extent of its impact. Political 104] INTELLECTUAL DISCOURSE The organizationalstructure and membershipof al-Ikhwan are dealt with in chaptertwelve. Very little is said about usrah organizationand activities. lawlah training and its organizationalstructureandthe impact of Sufism on aI-BanDaare also not attendedto. The book, as rightly described by the author, provides an insight about the shortcomings that many movementscould face during the course of their struggle. It suffers from various typographical errors, especiallyin the references.The bibliographyalsoneedsto be rearranged according to bibliographic rules. Ahmad ShehuAbdussalam Departmentof Arabic Languageand Literature, IIUM Systemof Islam Political System of Islam, by Lukrnan Thaib. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Amal, 1994. pp. 184. Lukman Thaib's book addressesa variety of topics, including political legitimacy, the Islamic state,the position of non-Muslimsand women in public offices, political parties, electoralpolitics and nationalism. Thus this book, is a collection of essayson various aspectsof Islamic political system. The first chapterdeals with the legitimacy of state in Islam. Most of the discussion, however, deals with the migration of the Prophet (SAS) and his companionsto al-MadInahand the consequentestablishmentof the first Islamic state there. Curiously absentfrom this discussion, as from the whole book, is any mention of the Constitution of al-Madlnah. The second chapteris devotedto the objectives of the Islamic state. It needsto be emphasizedthat the objectivesof Islamic stateconstitutethe basis of its legitimacy. In the two succeedingchapters,the authordiscussesthe legitimacyof political authority and sovereignty in Islam. He uses theseconceptsto meanthe "right to rule," but at times they are used.to refer to "those in authority." This conceptualconfusion is compoundedby the author's interchangeableuse of "political authority," "political power," and