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http://www.herbalextractsplus.com/ Directed Reading Packet Botany http://www.molecularexpressions.com/ http://www.flowerfeats.com/ Name: ___________________________ Teacher: _____________ Period: _____ 0 Chapter 4, Section 1: What is a Plant? Pages 78 to 81 1. Why would we run out of food to eat if there were no plants? _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ PLANT CHARACTERISTICS 2. What is the green pigment plants use to capture energy from the sun? ______________________ 3. Plants use energy from sunlight to convert CO2 and water into food. This process is called ______________________. 4. What does the cuticle of a leaf do? ______________________________________________________ Write the letter in the space to match each definition with the correct term. ______ 5. Rigid structure that surrounds a plant cell. A. vacuole ______ 6. Structure that contains chlorophyll. B. cell membrane ______ 7. Structure that stores water inside a cell. C. cell wall ______ 8. Substance that forms a hard material in cell walls. D. carbohydrates ______ 9. Structure that lies beneath the cell wall. E. chloroplast 10. Plants make spores in the ___________________________ stage. 11. When the spores of some plants grow, the new plants are called _________________________. 12. The fertilized egg of a gametophyte grows into a(n) __________________________. PLANT CLASSIFICATION Write the letter in the space to match each definition with the correct term. ______ 13. An example of a nonvascular plant. A. nonvascular plants ______ 14. Plants without specialized conducting tissues. B. vascular plants ______ 15. An example of a seedless vascular plant. C. gymnosperm ______ 16. Plants with tissues to deliver water and nutrients. D. angiosperm ______ 17. Vascular seed plant that does not flower. E. fern ______ 18. Flowering plant with seeds inside a fruit. F. liverwort 19. Scientists think modern green algae and plants are descended from ancient green algae that lived in the oceans. What are the similarities between modern green algae and plants? _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ 1 Chapter 4, Section 2: Seedless Plants Pages 82 to 84 1. The two groups of seedless plants are ________________________ and ________________________. NONVASCULAR PLANTS 2. Nonvascular plants get the water they need from _____________________________________. 3. How are rhizoids like roots? ______________________________________________________________________ 4. How do rhizoids help nonvascular plants? _________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. What type of nonvascular plants live in damp places, and have gametophytes that are leafy and mosslike, or broad and flattened? ______________________________________ 6. List three reasons why nonvascular plants are important. _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS 7. Ancient ______________________________ grew to 40 m, but are much smaller today. 8. An underground stem from which new leaves and roots grow is called a(n) __________________. 9. Describe the fern gametophyte: _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ 10. Young fronds are called _____________________ because of how they are coiled. Write the letter in the space to match each definition with the correct term. ______ 11. Structure where silica is found in horsetails. A. club mosses ______ 12. Substance that has a gritty texture. B. stem ______ 13. Plants that have life cycles similar to horsetails. C. horsetails ______ 14. Pioneers used these to scrub pans. D. vascular tissue ______ 15. Plants that grow in woodlands. E. silica ______ 16. Tissue found in club mosses but not in mosses. F. ferns 17. What roles do seedless vascular plants play in the environment? _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ 2 18. Two kinds of seedless vascular plants that are popular houseplants are ________________________________ and ______________________________________ 19. Two kinds of seedless vascular plants that can be eaten by humans are ________________________________ and ______________________________________ 20. In what way are fossilized seedless vascular plants that died 300 million years ago important to humans? _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 4, Section 3: Seed Plants Pages 86 to 91 1. How are gymnosperms and angiosperms different? _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ CHARACTERISTICS OF SEED PLANTS Fill in each blank with either “seedless plants” or “seed plants” 2. In ________________________, the gametophytes do not live independently of the sporophytes. 3. The gametophytes of ________________________ form within the reproductive structures of the sporophyte. 4. The sperm of _______________________ need water to swim to the egg of the female gametophytes. 5. The sperm of _______________________ can reach the eggs without the help of water. 6. The sperm of _______________________ form inside of pollen, which is carried by wind or by animals. 7. The most common plants on Earth are _________________________. Write the letter in the space to match each definition with the correct term. ______ 8. The young plant within a seed. A. cotyledons ______ 9. Structure that surrounds and protects the young plant. B. fertilization ______ 10. Seed leaves of a young plant. C. food storage ______ 11. Joining of sperm and egg. D. seed coat ______ 12. Often the purpose of the cotyledons. E. sporophyte 13. What are two advantages of seeds over spores? _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ 3 14. Seed plants that do not have flowers or fruit are called _______________________. 15. Gymnosperm seeds are usually protected by ___________________. 16. The most economically important gymnosperms are the ______________________. 17. What are three things conifers are used for? _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ Write the letter in the space to match each definition with the correct term. ______ 18. Most are evergreens. A. ginkgoes ______ 19. Group of gymnosperms that are shrubs that grow in dry areas. B. cycads ______ 20. Group of gymnosperms with only one living species. C. conifers ______ 21. Gymnosperms that grow in the tropics. D. gnetophytes 22. During the pine life cycle, sex cells are produced in the ________________________. 23. The male ________________________ of gymnosperms are found in pollen. 24. Pollen is carried from the male cone to the female cone by __________________________. 25. Some pine cones release seeds only after ___________________________. 26. The transfer of pollen from the male to female reproductive structures of seed plants is called ___________________. 27. About how many species of angiosperms can be found today? ___________________________ 28. How are angiosperm fruits and seeds transported to new areas? _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 4, Section 4: Structures of Seed Plants Pages 92 to 99 1. Vascular tissue that transports water and minerals through a plant is called _____________________. 2. Vascular tissue that transports food molecules to all parts of a plant is called ____________________. ROOTS 3. Most root systems are located ____________________________________. 4. What are the three main functions of roots? _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ 4 Write the letter in the space to match each definition with the correct term. ______ 5. Cells of the epidermis that extend from the root. A. fibrous root ______ 6. Group of cells that produces a slimy substance. B. root tip ______ 7. Root system with one main root. C. epidermis ______ 8. Layer of cells that cover root surfaces. D. surface area ______ 9. Plants that usually have fibrous roots. E. taproot ______ 10. Structure protected by the root cap. F. root hairs ______ 11. What root hairs increase. G. monocots ______ 12. Root system in which roots are usually the same size. H. root cap STEMS 13. What are three functions of a plant’s stem? _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ 14. What does xylem do? _________________________________________________________________________ 15. What does phloem do? ________________________________________________________________________ 16. Stems that are soft, thin, and flexible are _________________________. 17. Name two examples of plants with herbaceous stems: ___________________________________ and _____________________________________ 18. What are growth rings? _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ LEAVES 19. What is the main function of leaves? _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ 20. From top to bottom, list the four layers in a leaf: _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ 21. Most photosynthesis takes place in the _______________________ in the middle of the leaf. 5 Write the letter in the space to match each definition with the correct term. ______ 22. Cells that open and close the stomata. A. stoma ______ 23. Layer of cells that contains many chloroplasts. B. guard cells ______ 24. A single layer of cells beneath the cuticle. C. spongy layer ______ 25. Tiny opening that allows carbon dioxide to enter the leaf. D. epidermis ______ 26. Layer where xylem and phloem are found. E. palisade layer ______ 27. Structure that prevents water loss from the leaf. F. cuticle 28. Cactus spines are __________________________ that protect the cactus from animals. 29. The leaves of the sundew plant catch ____________________, which are digested to provide the plant with nitrogen. FLOWERS 30. Why do some plants have flowers? _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ 31. In a flower, modified leaves called _________________________ protect the bud. 32. The broad, flat, thin leaflike parts of a flower, called _____________________, attract insects and other animals. 33. A male flower’s reproductive structure is a(n) _______________ and the female structure is a(n) _________________. 34. If the egg is fertilized, the _________________________ develops into a fruit, and the ______________________ develops into a seed. 35. What are three ways that humans use flowers? _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ 37. Write the name of each structure next to the correct letter from the diagram. A H I B G J C D F E 6 A. ___________________________ B. ___________________________ C. ___________________________ D. ___________________________ E. ___________________________ F. ___________________________ G. ___________________________ H. ___________________________ I. ___________________________ J. ___________________________ Chapter 5, Section 1: Photosynthesis Pages 110 to 113 1. What gas is most important to plants for photosynthesis? __________________________ 2. What is photosynthesis? _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Plants make a sugar called ___________________________ from carbon dioxide and water. CAPTURING LIGHT ENERGY 4. Why are most plants green? _____________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. The pigment in plants that absorbs light energy is called ____________________________. 6. Identify the following parts from the diagram: A A. _______________ B B. _______________ MAKING SUGAR 7. What happens to light energy that is captured by chlorophyll? ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 8. When photosynthesis takes place, the plant gives off ___________________________ gas. outer membrane inner membrane stroma http://www.wellesley.edu/Biology/Courses/Plant/chloro.html GETTING ENERGY FROM SUGAR 9. Define cellular respiration: _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ 10. Excess glucose is converted to another type of sugar called _____________________________, or is stored as _________________________. 7 GAS EXCHANGE Write the letter in the space to match each definition with the correct term. ______ 11. Waxy coating that protects the plant from water loss. A. stoma ______ 12. Opening in the leaf’s epidermis. B. transpiration ______ 13. “Double doors” for a stoma. C. cuticle ______ 14. Loss of water from leaves. D. guard cells THE IMPORTANCE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS 15. ____________________ organisms make up the base of nearly all food chains on Earth. 16. Besides plants, what other types of organisms can sometimes do photosynthesis? ____________________________ and ______________________________ 17. How do some animals get energy from plants indirectly? _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ Chap. 5, Sect. 2: Reproduction of Flowering Plants Pages 114 to 117 1. The largest and most diverse group of plants is ___________________. FERTILIZATION 2. When pollen is moved from anthers to stigmas, ______________________ takes place. 3. When sperm fuses with the egg inside the ovule, ______________________ takes place. Use the diagram on page 114 to answer the following questions. 4. In what particles are the sperm contained? _______________________ 5. The __________________ each contain an egg, and these can be found in the flower’s ____________________. 6. Describe how the sperm get to the egg. _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ 7. Pollination can take place within a single plant, but often pollen is transferred from the flower of one plant to the flower of another. Based on what you know, how might this happen? _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ 8 FROM FLOWER TO FRUIT 8. After fertilization takes place, the ________________________ develops into a seed, while the _______________________ becomes a fruit. 9. Based on this information, do you think it is accurate for foods like peas, cucumbers and tomatoes to be called fruits? Explain. _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ FROM SEED TO PLANT 10. What is a dormant seed? _________________________________________________________________________ 11. What is germination? _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ 12. What three things do seeds need in order to sprout? _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ OTHER METHODS OF REPRODUCTION Write the letter in the space to match each definition with the correct term. ______ 13. Above-ground stems from which new plants can grow. A. plantlets ______ 14. Underground stems from which new plants can grow. B. runners ______ 15. Tiny plants that grow along the edges of a plant’s leaves and fall C. tubers off and grow on their own. Chap. 5, Sect. 3: Plant Responses to the Environment Pg. 118 to 121 1. Name three stimuli to which plants respond: _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ PLANT TROPISMS 2. What is tropism? _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ 9 3. What is the difference between positive tropism and negative tropism? _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. A change in the direction a plant grows that is caused by light is called ____________________. 5. Plant growth that changes in response to the direction of gravity is called __________________. For each description listed, write whether it is an example of positive tropism or negative tropism. 6. Plant growth in response to light: ____________________ 7. Shoot growth in response to gravity: ____________________ 8. Root growth in response to gravity: ____________________ SEASONAL RESPONSES 9. What would happen if a plant bloomed during a cold winter? _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ 10. How do plants living in areas with cold winters detect the change in seasons? _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ 11. Plants that flower when nights are long are called _________________________, while those that flower when nights are short are called _____________________________. 12. What are the characteristics of evergreen trees? _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ 13. What are the characteristics of deciduous trees? _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ 10 For each tree listed, write whether it is an evergreen tree or a deciduous tree. 14. Maple: ______________________ 15. Oak: ______________________ 16. Pine: ______________________ 17. Elm: ______________________ 18. Holly: ______________________ 19. Explain why the leaves of some deciduous trees change color in the fall. _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ 11