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Directed Reading Packet
Botany
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Name: ___________________________
Teacher: _____________ Period: _____
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Chapter 4, Section 1:
What is a Plant?
Pages 78 to 81
1. Why would we run out of food to eat if there were no plants?
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PLANT CHARACTERISTICS
2. What is the green pigment plants use to capture energy from the sun? ______________________
3. Plants use energy from sunlight to convert CO2 and water into food. This process is called ______________________.
4. What does the cuticle of a leaf do? ______________________________________________________
Write the letter in the space to match each definition with the correct term.
______ 5. Rigid structure that surrounds a plant cell.
A. vacuole
______ 6. Structure that contains chlorophyll.
B. cell membrane
______ 7. Structure that stores water inside a cell.
C. cell wall
______ 8. Substance that forms a hard material in cell walls.
D. carbohydrates
______ 9. Structure that lies beneath the cell wall.
E. chloroplast
10. Plants make spores in the ___________________________ stage.
11. When the spores of some plants grow, the new plants are called _________________________.
12. The fertilized egg of a gametophyte grows into a(n) __________________________.
PLANT CLASSIFICATION
Write the letter in the space to match each definition with the correct term.
______ 13. An example of a nonvascular plant.
A. nonvascular plants
______ 14. Plants without specialized conducting tissues.
B.
vascular plants
______ 15. An example of a seedless vascular plant.
C.
gymnosperm
______ 16. Plants with tissues to deliver water and nutrients.
D. angiosperm
______ 17. Vascular seed plant that does not flower.
E.
fern
______ 18. Flowering plant with seeds inside a fruit.
F.
liverwort
19. Scientists think modern green algae and plants are descended from ancient green algae that lived in the oceans.
What are the similarities between modern green algae and plants?
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Chapter 4, Section 2:
Seedless Plants
Pages 82 to 84
1. The two groups of seedless plants are ________________________ and ________________________.
NONVASCULAR PLANTS
2. Nonvascular plants get the water they need from _____________________________________.
3. How are rhizoids like roots? ______________________________________________________________________
4. How do rhizoids help nonvascular plants?
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5. What type of nonvascular plants live in damp places, and have gametophytes that are leafy and mosslike, or broad
and flattened? ______________________________________
6. List three reasons why nonvascular plants are important.
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SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS
7. Ancient ______________________________ grew to 40 m, but are much smaller today.
8. An underground stem from which new leaves and roots grow is called a(n) __________________.
9. Describe the fern gametophyte:
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10. Young fronds are called _____________________ because of how they are coiled.
Write the letter in the space to match each definition with the correct term.
______ 11. Structure where silica is found in horsetails.
A. club mosses
______ 12. Substance that has a gritty texture.
B.
stem
______ 13. Plants that have life cycles similar to horsetails.
C.
horsetails
______ 14. Pioneers used these to scrub pans.
D. vascular tissue
______ 15. Plants that grow in woodlands.
E.
silica
______ 16. Tissue found in club mosses but not in mosses.
F.
ferns
17. What roles do seedless vascular plants play in the environment?
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18. Two kinds of seedless vascular plants that are popular houseplants are
________________________________ and ______________________________________
19. Two kinds of seedless vascular plants that can be eaten by humans are
________________________________ and ______________________________________
20. In what way are fossilized seedless vascular plants that died 300 million years ago important to humans?
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Chapter 4, Section 3:
Seed Plants
Pages 86 to 91
1. How are gymnosperms and angiosperms different?
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CHARACTERISTICS OF SEED PLANTS
Fill in each blank with either “seedless plants” or “seed plants”
2. In ________________________, the gametophytes do not live independently of the sporophytes.
3. The gametophytes of ________________________ form within the reproductive structures of the sporophyte.
4. The sperm of _______________________ need water to swim to the egg of the female gametophytes.
5. The sperm of _______________________ can reach the eggs without the help of water.
6. The sperm of _______________________ form inside of pollen, which is carried by wind or by animals.
7. The most common plants on Earth are _________________________.
Write the letter in the space to match each definition with the correct term.
______ 8. The young plant within a seed.
A. cotyledons
______ 9. Structure that surrounds and protects the young plant.
B. fertilization
______ 10. Seed leaves of a young plant.
C. food storage
______ 11. Joining of sperm and egg.
D. seed coat
______ 12. Often the purpose of the cotyledons.
E. sporophyte
13. What are two advantages of seeds over spores?
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14. Seed plants that do not have flowers or fruit are called _______________________.
15. Gymnosperm seeds are usually protected by ___________________.
16. The most economically important gymnosperms are the ______________________.
17. What are three things conifers are used for?
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Write the letter in the space to match each definition with the correct term.
______ 18. Most are evergreens.
A. ginkgoes
______ 19. Group of gymnosperms that are shrubs that grow in dry areas.
B.
cycads
______ 20. Group of gymnosperms with only one living species.
C.
conifers
______ 21. Gymnosperms that grow in the tropics.
D. gnetophytes
22. During the pine life cycle, sex cells are produced in the ________________________.
23. The male ________________________ of gymnosperms are found in pollen.
24. Pollen is carried from the male cone to the female cone by __________________________.
25. Some pine cones release seeds only after ___________________________.
26. The transfer of pollen from the male to female reproductive structures of seed plants is called ___________________.
27. About how many species of angiosperms can be found today? ___________________________
28. How are angiosperm fruits and seeds transported to new areas?
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Chapter 4, Section 4:
Structures of Seed Plants
Pages 92 to 99
1. Vascular tissue that transports water and minerals through a plant is called _____________________.
2. Vascular tissue that transports food molecules to all parts of a plant is called ____________________.
ROOTS
3. Most root systems are located ____________________________________.
4. What are the three main functions of roots?
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Write the letter in the space to match each definition with the correct term.
______ 5. Cells of the epidermis that extend from the root.
A. fibrous root
______ 6. Group of cells that produces a slimy substance.
B.
root tip
______ 7. Root system with one main root.
C.
epidermis
______ 8. Layer of cells that cover root surfaces.
D. surface area
______ 9. Plants that usually have fibrous roots.
E.
taproot
______ 10. Structure protected by the root cap.
F.
root hairs
______ 11. What root hairs increase.
G. monocots
______ 12. Root system in which roots are usually the same size.
H. root cap
STEMS
13. What are three functions of a plant’s stem?
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14. What does xylem do? _________________________________________________________________________
15. What does phloem do? ________________________________________________________________________
16. Stems that are soft, thin, and flexible are _________________________.
17. Name two examples of plants with herbaceous stems:
___________________________________ and _____________________________________
18. What are growth rings?
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LEAVES
19. What is the main function of leaves?
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20. From top to bottom, list the four layers in a leaf:
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21. Most photosynthesis takes place in the _______________________ in the middle of the leaf.
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Write the letter in the space to match each definition with the correct term.
______ 22. Cells that open and close the stomata.
A. stoma
______ 23. Layer of cells that contains many chloroplasts.
B.
guard cells
______ 24. A single layer of cells beneath the cuticle.
C.
spongy layer
______ 25. Tiny opening that allows carbon dioxide to enter the leaf.
D. epidermis
______ 26. Layer where xylem and phloem are found.
E.
palisade layer
______ 27. Structure that prevents water loss from the leaf.
F.
cuticle
28. Cactus spines are __________________________ that protect the cactus from animals.
29. The leaves of the sundew plant catch ____________________, which are digested to provide the plant with nitrogen.
FLOWERS
30. Why do some plants have flowers?
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31. In a flower, modified leaves called _________________________ protect the bud.
32. The broad, flat, thin leaflike parts of a flower, called _____________________, attract insects and other animals.
33. A male flower’s reproductive structure is a(n) _______________ and the female structure is a(n) _________________.
34. If the egg is fertilized, the _________________________ develops into a fruit, and the ______________________
develops into a seed.
35. What are three ways that humans use flowers?
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37. Write the name of each structure next to the correct letter from the diagram.
A
H
I
B
G
J
C
D
F
E
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A.
___________________________
B.
___________________________
C.
___________________________
D.
___________________________
E.
___________________________
F.
___________________________
G.
___________________________
H.
___________________________
I.
___________________________
J.
___________________________
Chapter 5, Section 1:
Photosynthesis
Pages 110 to 113
1. What gas is most important to plants for photosynthesis? __________________________
2. What is photosynthesis?
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3. Plants make a sugar called ___________________________ from carbon dioxide and water.
CAPTURING LIGHT ENERGY
4. Why are most plants green? _____________________________________________________________
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5. The pigment in plants that absorbs light energy is called ____________________________.
6. Identify the following parts from the diagram:
A
A. _______________
B
B. _______________
MAKING SUGAR
7. What happens to light energy that is captured by chlorophyll?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
8. When photosynthesis takes place, the plant gives off
___________________________ gas.
outer membrane inner membrane stroma
http://www.wellesley.edu/Biology/Courses/Plant/chloro.html
GETTING ENERGY FROM SUGAR
9. Define cellular respiration:
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10. Excess glucose is converted to another type of sugar called _____________________________, or is stored as
_________________________.
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GAS EXCHANGE
Write the letter in the space to match each definition with the correct term.
______ 11. Waxy coating that protects the plant from water loss.
A. stoma
______ 12. Opening in the leaf’s epidermis.
B. transpiration
______ 13. “Double doors” for a stoma.
C. cuticle
______ 14. Loss of water from leaves.
D. guard cells
THE IMPORTANCE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
15. ____________________ organisms make up the base of nearly all food chains on Earth.
16. Besides plants, what other types of organisms can sometimes do photosynthesis?
____________________________ and ______________________________
17. How do some animals get energy from plants indirectly?
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Chap. 5, Sect. 2:
Reproduction of Flowering Plants
Pages 114 to 117
1. The largest and most diverse group of plants is ___________________.
FERTILIZATION
2. When pollen is moved from anthers to stigmas, ______________________ takes place.
3. When sperm fuses with the egg inside the ovule, ______________________ takes place.
Use the diagram on page 114 to answer the following questions.
4. In what particles are the sperm contained? _______________________
5. The __________________ each contain an egg, and these can be found in the flower’s ____________________.
6. Describe how the sperm get to the egg.
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7. Pollination can take place within a single plant, but often pollen is transferred from the flower of one plant to the
flower of another. Based on what you know, how might this happen?
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FROM FLOWER TO FRUIT
8. After fertilization takes place, the ________________________ develops into a seed, while the
_______________________ becomes a fruit.
9. Based on this information, do you think it is accurate for foods like peas, cucumbers and tomatoes to be called fruits?
Explain.
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FROM SEED TO PLANT
10. What is a dormant seed? _________________________________________________________________________
11. What is germination?
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12. What three things do seeds need in order to sprout?
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OTHER METHODS OF REPRODUCTION
Write the letter in the space to match each definition with the correct term.
______ 13. Above-ground stems from which new plants can grow.
A. plantlets
______ 14. Underground stems from which new plants can grow.
B.
runners
______ 15. Tiny plants that grow along the edges of a plant’s leaves and fall
C.
tubers
off and grow on their own.
Chap. 5, Sect. 3:
Plant Responses to the Environment
Pg. 118 to 121
1. Name three stimuli to which plants respond:
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PLANT TROPISMS
2. What is tropism?
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3. What is the difference between positive tropism and negative tropism?
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4. A change in the direction a plant grows that is caused by light is called ____________________.
5. Plant growth that changes in response to the direction of gravity is called __________________.
For each description listed, write whether it is an example of positive tropism or negative tropism.
6. Plant growth in response to light: ____________________
7. Shoot growth in response to gravity: ____________________
8. Root growth in response to gravity: ____________________
SEASONAL RESPONSES
9. What would happen if a plant bloomed during a cold winter?
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10. How do plants living in areas with cold winters detect the change in seasons?
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11. Plants that flower when nights are long are called _________________________, while those that flower when nights
are short are called _____________________________.
12. What are the characteristics of evergreen trees?
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13. What are the characteristics of deciduous trees?
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For each tree listed, write whether it is an evergreen tree or a deciduous tree.
14. Maple: ______________________
15. Oak: ______________________
16. Pine: ______________________
17. Elm: ______________________
18. Holly: ______________________
19. Explain why the leaves of some deciduous trees change color in the fall.
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