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Transcript
1. Endocrine Gland Stimuli … d. *Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Target Feedback Loop When a hormone is the stimulus for the release of another hormone, the Hypothalamus and/or the Pituitary Gland hormones are involved Hypothalamus: has Releasing & Inhibiting Hormones which travel directly to the Anterior Pituitary via special blood vessels affect the release of 4 Anterior Pituitary Hormones Anterior Pituitary: Some of its hormones are Stimulating Hormones which Regulates the secretion of the hormones of many other endocrine glands 1. Endocrine Gland Stimuli … d. *Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Target Feedback Example: Thyroid Releasing hormone of the hypothalamus travels to Anterior Pit. Causing it to release Thyroid Stimulating Hormone. Then TSH travels to Thyroid Gland causing it to release the Thyroid Hormone. Finally the Thyroid Hormone travels to its target organs. Final Hormone of Feedback Loop: As it’s levels Increase it will feeds back to Hypothalamus and Ant. Pituitary causing them to decreases hormone secretion Rhythmic hormone release: levels rise and fall in a pattern SEE OPENSTAX TEXT PP. 696 & 704 Tables MAJOR ENDOCRINE GLANDS III. Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus A. HYPOTHALAMUS - Nervous Sys Control 1. *Hormones that go to the Anterior Pituitary - Releasing & Inhibiting Hormones - Produced and Released in Hypothalamus - Hormones carried by blood in the Hypophyseal Portal System directly to Anterior Pituitary 1st Capillary Plexus Hypophseal Portal Veins 2nd Capillary Plexus A. HYPOTHALAMUS … 2. Hypo. Hormones that go to the Posterior Pituitary - Posterior Pituitary is made of nervous tissue and is really an extension of the hypothalamus - The hormones are made in the hypothalamus and then move down the axons into the axon terminals. - There they are stored and released into the capillaries of the posterior pituitary whenever an action potential travels down the neurons 1 Relationships of Posterior Pituitary & HYPO. 1 Hypothalamas synthesizes oxytocin and ADH. Paraventricular nucleus Supraoptic nucleus Optic chiasma Infundibulum (connecting stalk) Hypothalamichypophyseal tract Axon terminals Posterior lobe of pituitary Hypothalamus 2 Oxytocin and ADH transported along hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract to pituitary. Inferior hypophyseal artery 3 Oxytocin and ADH stored in axon terminals in posterior pituitary. 4 Oxytocin and ADH Oxytocin ADH released into blood when neurons fire. (a) Relationship between the posterior pituitary and the hypothalamus III. Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus… B. Pituitary Gland Location Hormones: 8 Lobes Anterior Lobe: (adenohypophysis) Hypophseal Portal Veins Infundibulum Posterior Lobe: Infundibulum Hypophyseal Tract: Figure 9.3 1. Posterior Pituitary Hormones made by: Hormones released into capillary bed of Post. Pit. Hormones: (Direct Affect) a. ADH: Target: Stimulus Receptors: sense osmolarity nerve impulse to neurons with ADH 1. Posterior Pituitary … a. ADH … Problem: as H2O decreases, Blood Pressure _________ Osmoreceptors send nerve impulse to neurons storing ADH to cause its release Affect of ADH: Inhibition via Neg. Feedback: normal H2O & solute levels b. Oxytocin Target: Stimulus: Occurs during Child Birth. Occurs during child birth. 1. Posterior Pituitary… Hormones … b. Oxytocin … Information is sent to hypothalamus via nervous system and Oxytocin is released. Regulation: Regulation: Inhibition: Birth ends the stretching and stops + cycle 2. Anterior Pituitary a. Overview: i) Biochemical: All 6 are proteins (or peptides) ii) Hormone Mechanism: second-messenger systems iii) Stimulus: iv) 2 of the Ant. Pit Hormones go directly to target organs = Non-stimulating Hormones • Hypothalamus Hormone Ant. Pit. Hormones (2 hormones) Target Organ v) 4 of the Anterior Pituitary Hormones: act as the hormonal stimulus for other Endocrine Glands = Stimulating hormones • Hypothalamus Hormone Ant. Pit. Stimulating Hormones Endocrine Gland Target Organ & Cells • Regulation: Via Neg. Feedback– usually the last hormone in the chain inhibits production of the other hormones Anterior Pituitary Hormones Non-stimulating Hormones Stimulating Hormones b. Non-stimulating Hormones i) Growth Hormone Hypothalmic hormone non-stimulating hormone target Target: Action: Protein synthesis & tissue building: growth of Metabolic Effects: Regulation: Stimulation: Inhibition GH feeds back to Hypothalamus Synergism: Thyroid Hormone • Growth hormone disorders ** Students Do ** p. 708 Pituitary dwarfism Gigantism Acromegaly age 9 age 16 age 33 age 52 2. Anterior Pituitary … e. Non-stimulating Hormone … ii) Prolactin (PRL) Target: Action: Stimulus: Regulation: Hormonal Inhibition: PIH = Dopamine 2. Anterior Pituitary … c. Stimulating Hormones = Tropic Hormones Function: i) Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone = Thyrotropin Target: Stimulus: Action: Regulation: Hormonal Stimulation: Inhibition: increasing Thyroid Hormone feed back to Hyp. & Pituitary ii) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (corticotrophin)= ACTH Target: Action: Regulationn: Stimulation: CRH = Stress: Inhibition: increasing Cortisol iii) Gonadotropins: FSH and LH FSH = Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Target: Action: Synergism w/ LH: Ovarian Follicle maturation f. Stimulating Hormones iii) Gonadotropins: FSH … Regulation: Stimulation:H Inhibition: Gonadal Hormones LH = Lutenizing Hormone Target: Stimulus: Action: Synergism w/ FSH: Hormone secretion and Ovulation Regulation: Stimulation: Inhibition: Gonadal Hormones IV. Thyroid Gland A. Overview 1. Location & Structure: 2. Microscopic: a) Follicles b)Parafollicular cells: B. Thyroxine 1. Active forms: T4 & T3 2. Production Important: Iodine deficiencey IV. Thyroid Gland … B. Thyroxine … 3. Actions: ↑ ↑ Growth 4. Regulation: Release: Inhibition: increasing Thyroid H. on Pit & Hy Histology of the Thyroid Gland Follicle Colloid C. Thyroxine … D. Thyroid Hormone Disorders Students Do 1. Goiters: 2. Hypothyroidism 3. Hyperthyroidism Grave”s Disease: IV. Thyroid Gland … E. Calcitonin (insignificant) 1. Production at: 2. Target: 3. Actions: a. Inhibits: b. ↑ c. Antagonistic to 3. Regulation: a. Stimulation: b. Inhibition: decreasing blood levels of Ca+2 V. Parathyroid Glands & Parathyroid hormone A. Location: B. Antagonistic to C. Histology & Production Site: Parathyroid Gland Thyroid Gland D. Target: Thyroid and Parathyroid V. Parathyroid Gland & Hormone … E. Actions 1. Activates 2. Stimulate 3. Vitamin D: F. Regulation: Humoral Release: Inhibition: increasing Ca+2 blood levels G. Importance: VI. Adrenal Glands A. Overview 1. Location: 2. Parts a. Adrenal Cortex Tissue: Hormones: Aldosterone (Mineralocorticoids), Cortisol (Glucocorticoids), Sex hormones Layers: 3 (next slide) b. Adrenal Medulla Tissue: Hormones: Epinephrine & Norepinephrine Parts & Layers of Adrenal Gland Hormones Layers = Capsule = Zona Glomerulosa = Zona Fasiculata Adrenal Cortex = Zona Reticularis Round clusters Columns Irregular Columns with white spaces Round clusters, blood vessels Lab Tips: Appearance of cells Adrenal Cortex (Glomerulosa and fasciculata) B. ADRENAL CORTEX 1. Mineralocorticoids a. Target: b. Aldosterone i) Layer: iii) Target: Juxtaglomerular Complex iv) Stimulus: 1) increasing 2) low blood b. Aldosterone … v) Actions: Direct Indirectly: vi) Regulation: Multiple Factors Release: Humoral: decreased Na+ and increased K+ Stress Hormonal: CRH ATCH Aldosterone b. Aldosterone … iv) Regulation … Release … Kidney: Renin-AngiotensinAldosterone Mechanism Juxtaglomerular Complex: angiotensin II formed Stimulates: Inhibition: when decreasing K+ and increasing blood volume and BP Most common stimuli 2. Glucocorticoids a. Layer: b. Cortisol (significant amounts) i) Target: II) Stimulus: Hormonal Long-term Stress CRH ACTH iii) Actions: Break-down of: Decrease Immune System Activity Adrenal Cortex – zona fasciculata 2. Glucocorticoids … iv) Regulation: CRH (hypo) ACTH (ant. pit.) Cortisol Inhibition: Hormonal via rising Cortisol levels - 3. Gonadocorticoids Layer: Hormone: Androgens–levels normally low Females: sex drive maybe 4. Adrenal cortex disorders Masculinization– hypersecretion of sex hormones Beard and male distribution of hair growth Students Do Cushing’s syndrome– C. Adrenal Medulla 1. Cells of: Chromaffin Cells = Modified Sympathetic Ganglionic neurons 2. Hormones: Catecholamines epinephrine & norepinephrine 3. Target: 4. Actions: - “Fight or Flight” - brief response Adrenal Medulla … ‘fight or flight’ … Short term Stress Hypothalamus Nerve impulses Spinal cord Preganglionic sympathetic fibers Adrenal medulla Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) Short-term stress response 1. Increased heart rate 2. Increased blood pressure 3. Liver converts glycogen to glucose and releases glucose to blood 4. Dilation of bronchioles 5. Changes in blood flow patterns, leading to increased alertness and decreased digestive and kidney activity 6. Increased metabolic rate Figure 9.13, step 5 Zona reticularis and medulla VII. Pancreas A. Location: B. Hormones/Cells: β and α cells Insulin producers Glucagon producers VII. Pancreas … C. Regulation: D. Target: E. Insulin 1. Regulation: Humoral Stimulation: Inhibition: Low blood glucose 2. Actions: Enhances membrane transport Inhibits glycogen breakdown Once glucose is in cells Energy needs met: Excess Glycogen and then fat 2. Actions … Other Actions: Fat storage & Protein synthesis Insulin Action Insulin-secreting cells of the pancreas activated; release insulin into the blood Elevated blood sugar levels Stimulus: rising blood glucose levels (e.g., after eating four jelly doughnuts) Uptake of glucose from blood is enhanced in most body cells Liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen Homeostasis: Normal blood glucose levels (90 mg/100ml) Blood glucose levels decline to set point; stimulus for insulin release diminishes Figure 9.15, step 7 F. Glucagon - Actions Homeostasis: Normal blood glucose levels (90 mg/100ml) Stimulus: declining blood glucose levels (e.g., after skipping a meal) Low blood sugar levels Rising blood glucose levels return blood sugar to homeostatic set point; stimulus for glucagon release diminishes Liver breaks down glycogen stores and releases glucose to the blood Glucagon-releasing cells of pancreas activated; release glucagon into blood; target is the liver Figure 9.15, step 12 G. Disorders of the Pancreas STUDENTS DO 1. Diabetes mellitus (Hyperglycemia) Type 1– Type 2 – Effects: VIII. Pineal Gland Location: Secretes: Stimulus: Actions: Depression in the dark IX. Gonads & Placenta A. Ovaries – produce: steroid hormone Estrogens Progesterone B. Testes – produce: Produce androgens (testosterone) C. Placenta – hormones produced (like hCG) to maintain pregnancy and manage delivery X. Hormone Secretion By Other Organs Parts of small intestine, stomach, kidneys, heart Nearly all cells release hormones if damaged A. Kidneys 1. Erythropoietin 2. Renin Angiotensin II Normal blood oxygen levels Reduced O2 levels in blood More RBCs Kidney releases erythropoietin Enhanced erythropoiesis Erythropoietin stimulates Red bone marrow X. Hormone Secretion By Other Organs … B. HEART 1. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) C. Gastrointestinal Tract 3 D. Thymus Gland Produces thymosin Helps develop immune system E. Liver 1. Thriombopoetin END of PPT Extra Slides Review Questions