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Biology Study Guide Final Exam Review Part 5 Chapter 29. Skin, Skeletal and Muscular Systems 1. Correctly label the four body cavities and name the organs that they contain in the provided space. Cranial. -Contains brain. Spinal. -Spinal cord. Thoracic. -Contains the lungs and heart. Abdominal -Contains the digestive, excretory and reproductive systems. 2. Fill the following chart with the appropriate information. Body System Integumentary Muscular Skeletal Excretory Digestive Circulatory Respiratory Immune Reproductive Lymphatic Main function(s) Forms a waterproof protective barrier between the body and its environment. Moves parts of the body and substances throughout internal organs. Provides support and protection for internal organs. Removes wastes from the body. Takes in and breaks down food and absorbs nutrients. Transports essential substances throughout the body. Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide in the air. Defends the body against infectious agents. Enables the body to produce offspring. Transports and cleanses the intercellular fluid, returning it to the blood vessels. 3. Fill with pencil the bones that belong to the axial skeleton. Write to the left side of the diagram the functions of the axial skeleton and to its right the functions of the appendicular skeleton. Axial Skeleton: Protects vital organs. Appendicular Skeleton: Allows a wide array of movements. 4. Use the following diagram to identify: a) compact bone, b) spongy bone, c) marrow and write their function/description. Compact bone: Provides strength and support. Spongy bone: Has many holes, which contain the red marrow. Red marrow: Soft tissue that produces blood cells. 5. What are the similarities and differences between tendons and ligaments? Tendons attach muscle to bone, while ligaments attach bone to bone. 6. What are the similarities and differences between cartilage and bursa? Both protect the bones. Cartilage keeps them from rubbing, while bursa cushions from impact. 7. Fill the following chart with the appropriate information. Muscle Type Smooth Skeletal Cardiac Description Involuntary muscle controlled by the nervous system. Found inside the organs of the body systems. Voluntary muscle that is attached to the bones and works in pairs. Involuntary muscle that can work even without nervous control. Examples (3) Stomach, intestines, esophagus, urethers. Triceps, biceps, gluteus maximus. Heart 8. Identify the following structures and provide their description/function: a) epidermis, b) dermis, c) sebaceous gland, d) sweat gland, e) hair. Made of dead skin cells. Outer skin layer, made of dead skin cells. Produces sebum to keep skin soft and strong. Produces sweat to cool down the body Inner skin layer, made of living cells. 9. How are hair and nails similar? How are they different? They’re both made of dead cells, but the hair’s root is called a follicle, while the nail’s root is called a cuticle. 10. What’s the function of melanin and keratin? Melanin gives skin its color and protects it from the sun rays, while the keratin keeps water and bacteria outside. Chapter 30. Digestive and Excretory Systems 11. On the back of this page, list the organs with their name and function(s). 1. Mouth: chews food and mixes it with saliva. 2. Pharynx: the place where the nose and mouth cavity join. Contains the epiglottis. 3. Epiglottis: closes the path to the trachea. 4. Esophagus: transports food to the stomach. 5. Gallbladder: stores the bile produced by the liver. 6. Liver: produces bile. 7. Stomach: digests food using chemical and mechanical digestion. 8. Pancreas: produces digestive fluids and a sugar-control substance called insulin. 9. Small intestine: absorbs macronutrients. 10. Large intestine: absorbs micronutrients and water. 11. Rectum: Stores the feces and absorbs water. 12. Anus: expels the feces. 12. What is peristalsis? The wave of movements that moves substances through empty, tube-like organs (esophagus, stomach, intestines, etc.) 13. What are villi? Why are they important? Finger-like structures found inside the small intestine, they’re important because they increase the surface of absorption. 14. Correctly identify the organs of the excretory system and provide their function.. Kidneys: Filter the blood to produce urine. Urethers: Transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Urinary bladder: Stores the urine until it must be expelled. Urethra: Transport urine from the bladder to the outside. Chapter 31. Respiratory and Circulatory Systems 15. Write the name of the respiratory system’s structure on the provided line. On the back of this page, list their main function. 1. Diaphragm: makes breathing more efficient 2. Nose cavity: moistens and cleans the air. 3. Epiglottis: closes the path to the trachea. 4. Trachea: cilia in its walls moves the mucus to the pharynx. 5. Bronchi: lead air into the lungs. 6. Lungs: the place where the gas exchange occurs. 7. Alveoli: small sacs that exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide. 8. Larynx: is where the vocal cords are located. 9. Bronchioles: divisions of the bronchi that lead air into the alveoli. 16. What is the epiglottis? Why is it important? A flap of tissue found in the pharynx, that closes the entrance to the trachea so that food and water won’t enter it. 17. How does the diaphragm make breathing more efficient? It causes the lungs to expand towards the abdomen, so it makes a bigger surface for oxygen absorption. 18. Define the three main parts of the circulatory system: heart, blood and blood vessels. Heart: the main organ of the circulatory system, it pumps the blood. Blood: the tissue that transports substances across the body. Blood vessels: the system through which the blood travels the body. 19. How are atria and ventricles different? Atria are smaller and located on the upper part of the heart, they receive the blood from the body into the heart. Ventricles are larger and located on the lower part of the heart, they send the blood from the atria into the body again. 20. What is the function of the heart’s valves? They keep the blood flowing in one direction. 21. How are veins and arteries similar? How are they different? They both transport blood. Arteries transport blood from the heart to the body (usually, oxygen-rich blood). Veins transport the blood back to the heart (usually, oxygen-poor blood). 22. What are the characteristics of blood capillaries? They are very thin, so blood cells pass through it in a single line. This is were nutrients and gases are exchanged with the cells of the body. 23. Name the function of the following components of blood: Plasma Clear liquid that hold the blood cells and transports them. Red blood cells Transport oxygen. White blood cells Fight disease. Platelets Clot to close wounds and prevent blood loss. Chapter 32. Immune System 24. What is a pathogen? Name 3 examples. An organism capable of causing an infectious disease: fungi, bacteria, viruses. 25. What is the difference between specific and nonspecific defenses? Specific defenses need to recognize a pathogen before attacking it, while nonspecific ones attack all pathogens without needing to recognize them. 26. What is the first line of defense composed of? What is its function? The barrier is meant to keep all pathogens outside of the body. It’s composed of the skin, hair, mucus, saliva and tears. 27. Following the figure in page 778, explain the steps of the inflammatory response. a. b. c. d. e. Damaged cells release histamine. Histamine causes the blood vessels to thicken. Plasma and white blood cells leak outside of the vessel. White blood cells attack pathogens that have entered. Platelets close the wound. 28. How are antigen and antibodies related? The antigen is a substance found on the surface of the pathogens, and it is unique for each one of them. Antibodies identify the antigen and attach to it, that way, they mark the pathogen for destruction. 29. What is the function of the following cells? Macrophage Large White blood cells that eat pathogens. Helper T cell They activate the immune response, by commanding the killer T cells to divide. Killer T cell They attack marked pathogens and infected cells. Suppressor T cell They stop the quick multiplication of the killer T cells when the infection has been controlled.