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TEXT FIG. 28.29 Life cycle of Plasmodial slime mold TEXT FIG. 28.30—Life cycle of Dictyostelium, cellular slime mold Text Fig. 28.8 Text Fig. 29.1 TEXT FIG. 29.14 Alternative groupings for green algae and land plants TEXT FIG. 29.2 Two Charophytes Chara (top) Coleochaete (bottom) TEXT FIG. 35.29 Rosettes of cellulose synthesis enzymes in plant and Charophycean cell membranes BIOLOGY 2010. Cellulose synthesizing enzymes in green algae vs. plants vs. bacteria plants and charophycean green algae non-charophycean green algae Acetic acid bacteria, synthesize cellulose to form extra-cellular matrix outside of wall Cruciate (cross-shaped) flagellar roots non-charophyte green algae Asymmetric sperm of Charophytes and land plants Flagellar roots in Viridiplantae Asymmetric flagellar root Charophyte green algae + land plants Cell division characters in Viridiplantae Phragmoplast: Phycoplast: microtubules parallel to new wall daughter nuclei close together new wall growth centripetal (from periphery to center) non-charophyte green algae “Closed” spindle: non-charophyte greens microtubules perpendicular to new wall daughter nuclei well separated new wall growth centripetal and centrifugal charophyte green algae + land plants “Open” spindle: charophytes + land plants Text Fig. 29.1 Apical meristems Tip of shoot Tip of root TEXT FIG. 29.4 SPOROPHYTE EMBRYOS IN PLANTS Archegonium Antheridium sperm egg sterile multicellular jacket Fossil spores and sporophyte tissue Text Fig. 29.12 TEXT FIG. 29.13 Hypothesis for evolution of diplohaplontic life cycle in plants from haplontic life cycle of Charophycean algae. Text Fig. 29.10 epidermis waxy cuticle BIOL 2010. Thalloid liverwort with air pore air pore: permanent opening in epidermis--facilitates CO2 uptake but cannot regulate water loss internal air space for distribution of CO2 upper epidermis with cuticle Stomata on leaf surface Lignin Phloem Xylem vascular bundles Fern stem cross-section Text Fig. 29.11 Fossil spores and sporophyte tissue Text Fig. 29.12 Text Fig. 29.1