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From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 17, 2017. For personal use only. Iron Absorption By SIMEON : Effects POLLACK, LTHOUGH the increases substances mechanism iron depends on and to metabolic in’estigae substrates its in ability to this and chelate Reducing AND been action rats, and KAUFMAN have of absorption Sugars NI. RICHARD many tion, of iron.4 shown to CROSBY increase iron Fructose, been We possible relationships and reducing agents H. WILLIAM is obscure. it has Agents suggested proposed to example, that test between the on iron absorption. ahsorp- for its this effect hypothesis, effects of various METHOD Iron jug absorption 200-350 The animals, ferric ion except 250 of ng. to for with needle contained 1.6 pg. ascorbic ferrous the in \VRCF repeated overnight, feeding solution studied utilizing fasted esophageal and was Giis., of ion. addition as the fcrric niolar 0.4 of solutions mM of the of the counting to with were amounts of assured being tested through iil. of iron’ the reduction control except an control chloride, total with ) weigh- absorption.” (losed Etch identical substance and tested. acid strain iron ether tracer ascorbic \Vistar estimate to be chloride, excess Experimental of botly were lightly anesthetized 1 ml. of the solutions iron acid; rats#{176}( a derivative total of solution, where otherwise pH of the control solution was 2.4. \Vhen the test material in the experimental solotion changed the pH ( always iore acid ) , tho control solutli)n for that experiment was brought to the same pH with HCI. Niaterials tested included fructose, glucose, gahictose, )yruvate, lactate, cysteine and hydnoquinone. noted. RESULTS Fructose has periments ( table its the 1 ) The . ability port to to of iron the unlike lactate complex and from #{176}Theprinciples Medical Research of were of Hematology, 1963; accepted laboratory per animal cent products into while cxto facilitating the trans- unique in its ability with iron,7 to the hut as of absorbed in of fructose, glucose and 60 Reed for publication metabolism being per cent Army Feb. 25, promulgated of Institute It lactate, the increase the vivo. absorbed or in perfused rat appearing largely of glycolysis, Walter care our magnitude attributed combine are absorbed in vivo in mucosal metabolism, changed ir the portal blood.91#{176} Pyruvate and lactate, the final From the Department iflgt()fl, D. C. Submitted Dec. 20, enters extent as a mixture 2 and galactose participation been is not also In in 2). galactose, blood thereby galactose a variable portal comprising Glucose or no and to iron, rats.4 variable has Fructose ( table in was absorption with Glucose glucose absorption but iron mucosa. absorption tissues rat’s on intestinal iron. on iron in the fructose.8 with little the iron consistently fructose a stable with intestinal appears of DISCUSSION to increase occurred effect form no effect Fructose, rat’s shown across combine have been increase AND iron gut tin- absorp- of Research, Wash- 1964. by the National Society for observed. 577 BLooo, VOL. 24, No. 5 ( NOVEMBER ) , 1964 From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 17, 2017. For personal use only. 578 POLLACK, Table 1.-The Effect of Fructose on Group Mean 10 18.5 ± 7.9 Experimental 10 19.6 ± 5.8 two tailed not two = fThese groups “t” in made P 10.1 ± 3.7 15.7 ± 5.7 between control and <.05f N.S.f experimental group was consistently using the test. significant experiments receiving significant is _______ SD ± Control comparison CROSBY Absorption 10 10 standard in Rats AND Absorption Control Experimental #{176}Stafistical N.S. No. iron’9 Fe’ (; KAUFMAN at the are .05 level. representative. fructose in 4 Iron separate absorption experiments. The increase increased was statistically two. Table 2.-The Effect of Glucose Group No. and Galactose Rats % Fe” on iron59 Absorption Absorption P Glucose Control 20 14.2 ± 4.6 Experimental 20 12.2 ± 5.2 N.S. 20 20 14.9 15.8 ± 7.2 ± 5.8 N.S. Galactose Control Experimental -- tion ( table its metabolism, 3) tion. ATP and shown to gested that must insure lactate act state separate loci form.11 proved) was effect creasing iron hydroquinone proteins absorption reducing on in absorption (table 5). iron effect in reducing the then sug- membranes of DPNH, the ferric ion, or sites of their a strong of lactate of both actiois separate is rendered further and is on must loci of ( but plausible reducing a maximally Howadequate hydroquinone effect of of a reducing in a dose that concept cysteine, presence been been lactate. absorption,14 If the the The absorption of iron suggesting absorption. iron have metabolism dose agent, system. the effective as the of intramucosal of absorp- If lactate affected iron absorption acted as an intracellular reduc- used in substances the administered iron transport that by generating intramucosal a maximally 4), has through simultaneously ir increasing iron Both It or conceivable products on metabolism. of ( table absorption by is iron by or the of fructose trarisfers.’12’13 from It that effect independently of reducing during iron transfer anticipated the the effect state of ferrous iron.14 DPNH, and if DPNH maximum iron valence means we of fructose, the biological of reduced mask its for generated in hydroquinone increased metabolism or pyruvate affects iron absorption then might when both in a state the the responsible are the reduced of generating agent, agent that be important iron in DPNH to DPNH lactate, facilitating preserving by virtue ever, may be be fructose, ing suggesting agent, effective the be at action by no in in- dose of From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 17, 2017. For personal use only. IRON 579 ABSORPTION 3.-The Table Effect of Lactate Group No. and Pyruvate Rats % Fe” on Iron_Absorption Absorption P Lactate0 Control 20 10.6 ± 6.3 Experimental 20 14.3 ± 7.4 20 11.7 ± .05 < p < .1 Pyruvatef Control Experimental 20 #{176}Lactic acid and control fSodium mental was used solutions to make was 1.8. pyruvate was used control solutions and Table the to was 4.-The make the pH Effect Lactate was of the 35 experimental control Table and of experimental 5.-The 35.0 solutions Effect of was solutions In by Iron + Cysteine by 1 iron or DPNH relation 2 ) absorption. of its dose. during mucosa or without ± 7.0 P <.001 given lactate and received 0.8 iri\l. without Absorption P 24.5 ± 10.5 34.3 ± 6.0 pH of <.05 control locus Lactate or \Vhile chelating of and experimental gut sacs ( or loci ) fructose properties, it unifying be both, would the imply rate is de- produced these findings. extent to that iron which iron transport could be not seem to affect these quantity the of in vivo. these This in an abundance If fructose-generated absorption must system responsible lactate of changing absorption generation se in the constantly in vivo. increasing generate explanations involved of iron bathed fluid DPNH does with variable as of the does the may per absorption is consistent or for by iron entertained or pyruvate in its absorption. limits ATP absorption perhaps, this responsible locus to the mucosa vivo since the cells are in the extracellular were the be DPNH, in vivo; gut iron increase in the absorption in the cell. 7.7 with each that reflects, ATP to accept substrate that ± % Fe” The pyruvate may ) is difficult metabolic likely shown of fructose speculations compounds ATP and effect observations: of and Absorption Rats in metabolism.’5 lactate it is metabolized rate given have cellular variable Several expeni- 1.7. 11 was experiments on fructose, The was 10 hydroquinone of the 1.1. vitro pendent rats Hydroquinone on No. of pH experimental Absorption 20.2 Those Hydroquinone#{176} Hydroquinone0 of the The with % Fe” Rats hydroquinone. Cysteine mg. solution. 10 mg. pH The of Hydroquinane on Iron Absorption + Lactate given -- 035 solution. 10 Hydroquinone#{176} .01 1.8. No. The 5.6 experimental Hydroquinone #{176}Each rat 5.2 12± it would bear within for iron and seem some special the mucosal increasing absorption probably of iron by virtue pyruvate From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 17, 2017. For personal use only. 580 POLLACK, within the mucosa. the generation of in these ) experiments passage The of iron additive consistent during effects with agent Pyruvate can a red complex absorption in so absorption. of cysteine either at a locus itself combine with on mixing pyruvate Perhaps . of these separate by functioning doing and it that of hydroquinone, CROSBY evidenced by ferrous chloride facilitates Cysteine AND ( as iron and hydroquinorie hypotheses. from KAUFMAN the on iron may act transcellular absorption as or it may is a reducing influence iron as a carrier. SUMMARY The iron effect of the absorption ing iron These iron-chelating in rats absorption. suggest Pyruvate and in are additive, hydroquinone tion and actions The two are it is metabolized products of agents in increasing of these le augmentar le absorption fructosa IN effecto del le absorption le absorption de ferro. es responsabile Pyruvato e lactato, sorption de ferro de Iste ferro. Glucosa constatationes pro alterar le absorption Le de effectos ferro de cysteina actiones independente in explication de lo que etiam pro observationes iste increase on iron iron ahsorp- absorption. Alternative ferro es in rattos, durante etiam lactato e de indicar etiam le effecto super de viste que que isto augmenta non le ab- hydroquinona actiones super independente. additive, agentes de reduction. es presentate. de nulle effecto le metabolismo que de pare ha ha glycolysis, de glucosa, Fructosa sti absorption, e hydroquinona del tive also absorp- of cysteine independent e galactosa suggere effectos es additive, for its ferro-chelatori-fructose, in rattos. de final Le during The effects suggesting iron le absorption le productos in le ratto. absorption. responsible INTERLINGUA ferro illo es metabolisate durante le processo es le caso pro glucosa e galactosa. on increas- observations. sucros de in iron is hydroquinone actions. additive, are galactose, effect on fructose glycolysis, and independent absorption in explanation examinate Esseva of lactate an effect since not. SuMxARIo e galactosa-super no of final reducing offered have and has metabolism rat are effects suggesting on iron of these hypotheses the rat. glucose Fructose galactose the in the galactose lactate, the fructose, examined. and that iron absorption glucose and absorption sugars, been Glucose findings changing tion, while has lo que suggere Hypotheses alterna- REFERENCES 1. NIoore, C. Welch, On iron Iv. 2. Arrowsmith, and from Chin. Cheney, inosine Minnich, transportation Observations iron j. F., J., the Invest. B., the Finch, iron R., Proc. Studies 3. of C. Bnise, H., sorption tract. acid 1939. absorption Soc. on scandinav. A. : Effect in Exper. Biol. Med. 103:37, 1960. metabolism. absorption gastrointestinal 18:553, and on and on W. V. : of rats. 4. Stitt, C., Saitman, and Hallberg, L. : studies. II. iron absorption. ( suppl. Chantey, P. P. : Rapid Effect Butt, induction at)- succinic Acta ) 376:59, J., Iron of Med. 1962. E. M., and of iron From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 17, 2017. For personal use only. IRON 581 ABSORPTION deposition an in Exper. 5. spleen iron-fructose Biol. Jacobi, H., liver with chelate. and Proc. Soc. 110:70, 1962. Med. Pfieger, K., Komplexhildner and und transport Rummel, die Exp. 1956. 6. W.: Eisen- und Pharmak. f#{252}r Crosby, body R. H., W. H. : Measurement mona9 body Conrad, in liquid Proc. Soc. NI. animals E., and of total using scintillation Exper. Saltman, P. : The 13. 111:115, J. Y., manner Katz, J. J., the C’4 fructose. of portal tion et C., of biophys. and iron acta by -, 14. 1)klSfl)1 of C14 Captain Walter and Chaikoff, I. transport Biol. Cheni. and Chaikoff, of 224:935, recovered enteral glucose. 15. et Sirneon Pollack, Reed Army Institute hio- haem biosynthesis. and hepatic Carleton, iron S., and J. ferritin. of plasma Chem. R., Crosby, Kaufman, J. E. and I)owdle, Department Research, Army Institute MC, of of Research, Director, Hematology, Washington, A.: to into 236: absorption of \V. : Reducing iron. Nature 1963. E. B., Schachter, H. : everted Am. Active I)., transport segments J. Physiol. of Henwtolgy, Washington, D. C. of HematolWashington, Division of Walter D. C. and of of rat duo198:609, D.C. H. Crosby, Department Biol. iron J. Biol. Butkiewicz, Captain Richard Al. Kaufman, MC, Department ogy, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Colonel William cine and Chief, A.: incorpora- 1960. MC, of protein- 1960. Pollack, Fe59 by denum. administra- Biochim. A.: of 1963. S., in vivo. Schenker, in Goldberg, transfer of plasma 199:384, 1957. and incorporation agents I. L. : Nature compounds after L. : On absorbed et 1960. the Green, into 1109, 69: 42:325, C., Intestinal Biochim. Chem. 235:595, 1960. Carleton, A., and Carlsen, Relation of oxidative metabolism H., of A., B. : galactose. in fernitin 1963. Kiyasu, , B., Stitt, chelation Biochim. 313, 9. J., Sarkar, P. the A. the Charley, sugars. 8. Lockhead, tion 1962. 7. acta Mazur, whole- Mcdl. biophys. 1956. Shapiro, of Mechanism detectors. Biol. 21:286, and bound iron for Clin. Sc. 24:229, 229: 198, 12. Forrester, R., Mechanisms Archiv. Path. 11. Darmwant. Naunyn-Schmeidebergs acta Tzur, absorption aktiver d#{252}rch phys. 10. McdiReed From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 17, 2017. For personal use only. 1964 24: 577-581 Iron Absorption: Effects of Sugars and Reducing Agents SIMEON POLLACK, RICHARD M. KAUFMAN and WILLIAM H. 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