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AP Biology: Ecology Goals At the completion of this 5-chapter unit of Ecology, students should be able to do the following: CHAPTER 34: The Biosphere 1. Define Ecology. Discuss the approaches taken by biologists who focus at each of these levels: organism, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere. 2. Identify the abiotic and biotic factors that control ecological relationships, stressing the role of natural selection in shaping the adaptations of each organism that allow it to function well in its environment. 3. Explain how climate determines the distribution of biological communities. 4. Name the 2 types of aquatic ecosystems. Describe how these ecosystems are similar and how they are different. 5. Identify the 9 types of terrestrial biomes, indicating for each of the defining abiotic characteristics, the location of each on Earth, characteristic features of the organisms, and any particular sensitivity to human disturbance. 34 Vocabulary abiotic factor aphotic zone benthic zone biome biotic factor biosphere chaparral community coniferous forest desert desertification ecology ecosystem estuary habitat intertidal zone organism pelagic zone permafrost photic zone population savanna temperate deciduous forest temperate grassland tropical forest tundra wetland CHAPTER 35: Population Dynamics 1. Define population in the sense used by population ecologists, and in contrast to the traditional biological definition of population. Explain how density and dispersion describe populations and how each of these variables is measured. 2. Distinguish between exponential and logistic models of population growth, explaining the effects of existing population size and carrying capacity on growth rate. 3. Differentiate between density-dependent and density-independent factors that limit population growth. 4. Describe the interrelationships among predator, prey, and prey food that cause mixed populations to cycle. 5. Outline the history of the growth of the human population, including factors affecting that growth. 35 Vocabulary age structure boom-and-bust cycle carrying capacity clumped pattern density-dependent factor density-independent factor dispersion pattern exponential growth life history life table limiting factors k-selection & r-selection logistic growth niche random pattern uniform pattern CHAPTER 36: Communities & Ecosystems 1. Distinguish between the terms in the following pairs: community & ecosystem, habitat & niche, coevolution & symbiosis, and energy flow & chemical cycle. 2. Distinguish the forces that tie populations together into communities: competition, predation, and symbiosis. Give an example of each, and explain why it is difficult to assess these forces fully in natural communities. 3. Describe the process of succession by tracing the changes that occur in a community during the process. Demonstrate how disturbance, on various levels, is a characteristic of many communities. 4. Define the trophic levels that occur in most ecosystems, and discuss how energy flow through trophic level structure results in an energy pyramid. 5. Outline the dominant pathways of the cyclic movement between organic matter and abiotic reservoirs of water, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. 36 Vocabulary biodiversity carbon cycle chemical cycling coevolution commensalism decomposition eutrophication primary consumer secondary consumer tertiary consumer quaternary consumer detritivores detritus keystone predator food chain food web mimicry mutualism nitrogen cycle parasitism predator phosphorus cycle prey producer trophic structure water cycle competitive exclusion principle interspecific competition ecological succession primary succession secondary succession symbiotic relationship CHAPTER 37: Behavioral Adaptations to the Environment 1. Differentiate between the interests of, and approaches taken by, behavioral biologists, behavioral ecologists, and sociobiologists. Outline controversies surrounding sociobiology, particularly nature versus nurture. 2. Describe the early experiments of von Frisch, Lorenz, and Tingergen, indicating in which contexts of behavioral biology each playing a founding role. 3. Explain the relative roles of genes and environment on the following types of behavior: pattern recognition, fixed action pattern (FAP), habituation, imprinting, association, imitation, and innovation. 4. Describe the evolutionary context of examples of the following types of individual behavior: biologic rhythms, kinesis and orientation behaviors, migration and feeding behavior. 5. Describe the evolutionary context of the following types of social behavior: agonistic behavior, dominance hierarchy, territoriality, mating behavior, signaling and altruism. 37 Vocabulary agonistic behavior altruism association cognitive map innate behavior circadian rhythms classical conditioning dominance hierarchy orientation behavior mating behavior habituation imitation imprinting innovation kinesis learning proximate cause seasonal migration sign stimulus social behavior territory ultimate cause fixed action pattern (FAP) trial-and-error learning CHAPTER 38: Conservation Biology 1. Explain the roles that technology, population growth and resource utilization play in the following threats to global environments: acid precipitation, ozone depletion, chemical toxicity, global warming, and loss of biodiversity. 2. Describe the science of conservation biology and its sub-discipline, restoration ecology. Discuss the tools of restoration ecology, including bioremediation and augmentation of ecosystem processes. 3. State why biodiversity is important and why its loss is such a serious problem. Discuss the roles of habitat destruction, introduction of exotic species, and overexploitation of resources in bringing about loss of biodiversity. 4. Define and describe the following terms: biological magnification, biodiversity hot spots, endemic species, and sustainable development. 5. Describe the impact of habitual fragmentation on a population. Distinguish between source and sink habitats. Discuss both the benefit and harm that can be caused by movement corridors. 38 Vocabulary augmentation of ecosystem processes biodiversity crisis biodiversity hot spot biological magnification bioremediation conservation biology endemic species population fragmentation sink habitat source habitat sustainable development