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AP Biology Survey of the Kingdoms Name: ____________________________________________ Date: ________________ # _________ CHAPTER 27 – Bacteria and Archaea 1. Identify the three domains. _________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Which of these domains include bacteria? _____________________________________________________ 3. One of the ways bacteria are classified is based on their shape. List the scientific and common name for each shape and make a sketch of what it looks like. (1) _________________________________________________________________________________ (2) _________________________________________________________________________________ (3) _________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Contrast the cellular structure of prokaryotes with eukaryotes. Characteristic Prokaryote Eukaryote Unicellular / Mulitcellular Presence of membrane bound organelle Presence of internal compartmentalization DNA contained in a membrane bound nucleus DNA is linear or circular May contain small independent pieces of DNA called plasmids 5. Why do almost all prokaryotes have some type of cell wall? _______________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 6. One of the ways to distinguish between types of bacteria in the lab is be performing a Gram stain. Distinguish between the cell wall structure of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Gram positive - __________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ Gram negative - _________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ AP Biology / M. Eberhard Survey of the Kingdoms Page 1 of 21 7. Gram stains are often performed in medical labs, generally what are the differences in the effects Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria have on the human body? ___________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 8. What is a capsule and what advantages are gained by bacteria that produce a capsule? ________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 9. Discuss the role of fimbriae (pilli) and flagella in the life of bacteria. ________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 10. How do almost all bacteria reproduce? _______________________________________________________ 11. Discuss the advantages of bacteria being able to produce endospores. _____________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 12. The downside to binary fission is the lack of genetic variation created. However, bacteria have three different mechanisms they use to create genetic variation. Explain how each of the following mechanisms help bacteria create genetic variation. Transformation _________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ Transduction ___________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ Conjugation & Plasmids __________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 13. Identify the major source of variation in bacteria. ________________________________________________ 14. Bacteria can be classified into one of four groups based on how they take in carbon and obtain energy. Distinguish between these four groups: Photoautotroph _________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ Chemoautotroph ________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ Photoheterotrophs ______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ Chemoheterotroph ______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ AP Biology / M. Eberhard Survey of the Kingdoms Page 2 of 21 15. Bacteria also vary in their use of oxygen to produce energy. Distinguish between the three types of bacteria based on oxygen use: Obligate aerobes ________________________________________________________________________ Obligate anaerobes ______________________________________________________________________ Facultative anaerobes ___________________________________________________________________ 16. Some bacteria carry out a key metabolic pathway known as nitrogen fixation. Describe what happens during nitrogen fixation. _________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 17. Archae are known as extermophiles. Explain what this means. ___________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 18. Discuss the crucial roles bacteria play in the biosphere. __________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 19. Some bacteria are pathogenic because they produce either exotoxins or endotoxins. a. What does it mean to be pathogenic? _______________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ b. Distinguish between exotoxins and endotoxins. _______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 20. Describe at least THREE beneficial uses of bacteria in research and technology _______________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ AP Biology / M. Eberhard Survey of the Kingdoms Page 3 of 21 CHAPTER 28.1 & 28.7 – Protists 1. Why did the kingdom Protista fall apart? _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Many biologists still use the term protist. What does the term protist refer to today? ____________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Some protists are animal-like, some are plant-like, and some are fungi-like. Identify a few characteristics that most all protists share. ____________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Discuss how endosymbiosis has contributed to protist diversity. ____________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Protists play several key roles in ecological relationships. Discuss their key roles as symbiont and producer. Symbiont - ______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ Producers - _____________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 6. Justify the claim that photosynthetic protists are among the most important organisms in the biosphere? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ CHAPTER 31.1, 31.3, & 31.4 – Fungi 1. Fungi are eukaryotes that feed by absorption. Describe how fungi accomplish the absorption of their nutrients. _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Distinguish between the various modes of nutrition fond in the Fungi kingdom Decomposer ____________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ Parasitic _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ Mutualistic ______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ AP Biology / M. Eberhard Survey of the Kingdoms Page 4 of 21 3. How does the cell wall of fungi differ from the cell wall of bacteria? __________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Use the following terms to explain the basic structure of fungi: hyphae, mycelium, and septa. ____________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Fungi reproduce using what type of cells that they produce either sexually or asexually? _________________ 6. What are mycorrhizal fungi? What key ecological relationship do they participate in? __________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 7. Distinguish between the following phyla of Fungi: Phyla of Fungi Key Characteristics / Distinguishing Features Examples Chytrids Zygomycetes Glomeromycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes 8. Discuss the role some fungi play as decomposers. ______________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 9. Discuss the role some fungi play as mutualists. _________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 10. Discuss the role fungi play in the lichens. _____________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 11. What is the importance of lichens in the environment? ____________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 12. Discuss the role some Fungi play as pathogens. Provide a few examples of fungi that negatively affect plants and a few examples that negatively affect animals. ______________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 13. Discuss at least THREE practical uses humans have found for fungi. (1) ____________________________________________________________________________________ (2) ____________________________________________________________________________________ (3) ____________________________________________________________________________________ AP Biology / M. Eberhard Survey of the Kingdoms Page 5 of 21 CHAPTER 32.1, 32.3, & 32.4 – Introduction to Animal Diversity 1. Constructing a good definition of an animal is not straightforward. However, several characteristics of animals, when taken together, may sufficiently define the group. Define animals in the following areas: a. Nutritional Mode _______________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ b. Cell Structure __________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ c. Cell Specialization ______________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ d. Reproduction __________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ e. Developmental Stages __________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ f. Hox genes ____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 2. Animals can be characterized by “body plans”. What is a body plan? ______________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Distinguish between radial and bilateral symmetry. _____________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Define the following anatomical terms: a. Dorsal - ______________________________________________________________________ b. Ventral - ______________________________________________________________________ c. Anterior - _____________________________________________________________________ d. Posterior - ____________________________________________________________________ 5. What is cephalization and which type of body symmetry is it associated with? ________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ AP Biology / M. Eberhard Survey of the Kingdoms Page 6 of 21 6. Describe how an animal’s symmetry matches its life style (form follows function). ______________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 7. What is meant by true tissues? Which animal(s) groups lack true tissues? ___________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 8. Distinguish between the three types of germ layers: endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. Endoderm - _____________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ Mesoderm ______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ Ectoderm _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 9. Distinguish between animals that are diploblastic and those that are triploblastic. ____________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 10. Define body cavity. ______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 11. Distinguish between coelomates, pseudocoelomates, and acoelomates. __________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 12. Identify a few functions of the body cavity. Function #1 _____________________________________________________________________________ Function #2 _____________________________________________________________________________ Function #3 _____________________________________________________________________________ AP Biology / M. Eberhard Survey of the Kingdoms Page 7 of 21 13. Animals can be categorized based on developmental modes: protostome or deuterostome. Distinguish between these two developmental modes in each of the following areas: a. Cleavage patterns – ____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ b. Coelom formation – _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ c. Fate of the blastopore – __________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 14. If you compare the morphological and molecular trees for animal phylogeny there are a number of differences. However there are also key points of agreement. Discuss FIVE key points of agreement that key be found when comparing the morphological and molecular trees. Discuss TWO differences found between the two trees. Agreement #1 ___________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ Agreement # 2 ___________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ Agreement #3 ___________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ Agreement # 4 ___________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ Agreement #5 ___________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ Disagreement # 1 ________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ Disagreement #2 _________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ AP Biology / M. Eberhard Survey of the Kingdoms Page 8 of 21 CHAPTER 33 – Invertebrates Phyla - Calcarea and Silicea (formerly Porifera): Sponges 1. Sponges are sedentary. Define sedentary – _______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Sponges are suspension feeders. Define suspension feeders – _______________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Sponges are considered basal animals. What does it mean to be a basal animal? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Sponges consist of how many layers of cells? _______________________________________________ 5. Most sponges are hermaphrodites. Define hermaphrodites – _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 6. Almost all sponges exhibit sequential hermaphroditism. Explain what this means. __________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Phyla - Cnidarians: Jellyfish, Corals, Sea, Anemones, Hydra 7. Except sponges, all animals belong to the clade Eumetazoa. What is the unifying characteristic of the clade Eumetazoa? _____________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 8. Cnidarians have diversified into a wide range of sessile and motile forms. Distinguish between sessile and motile. ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 9. Are Cnidarians diploblastic or triploblastic? _________________________________________________ 10. What type of symmetry do Cnidarians have? ________________________________________________ 11. Cnidarians have a gastrovascular cavity. Explain what gastrovascular cavity is and describe how it works. ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 12. Some Cnidarians exist only as polyps or only as medusae, others have both a polyp stage and a medusa stage in their life cycle. Distinguish between the polyp stage and the medusa stage. _______________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ AP Biology / M. Eberhard Survey of the Kingdoms Page 9 of 21 13. Describe the structure and function of the stinging cells for which Cnidarians are named. _____________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 14. Cnidarians have not brain, instead they have a nerve net. What capabilities does the nerve net give the Cnidarians. __________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Clade - Lophotrochozoans: 15. The vast majority of animals belong to the clade Bilateria. What two characteristics do all members of the clade Bilateria share? ____________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 16. Identify the three major clades of Bilateria. (1) ______________________________________________________________________________ (2) ______________________________________________________________________________ (3) ______________________________________________________________________________ 17. What characteristics do members of the clade lophotrochozoans share? _______________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ Phyla - Platyhelminthes (flaworms, flukes, tapeworms) 18. What does platyhelminthes mean? ____________________________________________________ 19. List three examples of organisms classified as platyhelminthes. ______________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 20. Are platyhelminthes diploblastic or triploblastic? __________________________________________ 21. Identify the type of coelom found in platyhelminthes? Explain how this type of coelom benefits the phylum. _______________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 22. Discuss the role of protonephridia and flame bulbs in platyhelminthes. ________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 23. Describe the digestive structures of most platyhelminthes __________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ AP Biology / M. Eberhard Survey of the Kingdoms Page 10 of 21 Phyla - Rotifers 24. Contrast rotifers with protists. _________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 25. Contrast the rotifers digestive tract with cnidarians and platyhelminthes. _______________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 26. Identify the type of coelom found in rotifers. _____________________________________________ 27. Rotifers use a type of reproduction known as parthenogenesis. Explain how parthenogenesis works. ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ Phyla - Ectoprocts 28. Organisms in the phyla ectoprocts and brachiopods are among those know as lophophorates. Discuss two characteristics that lophophorate phyla share. _____________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 29. Describe organisms that make up the phyla ectoprocts. ____________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ Phyla - Brachiopods 30. Describe members of the phyla brachiopods. ____________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ AP Biology / M. Eberhard Survey of the Kingdoms Page 11 of 21 Phyla - Molluscs Gastropods, Bivalves, Cephalopods, Annelids 31. What is the unifying characteristic of molluscs? ___________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 32. All molluscs also share a simple body plan. a. Type of coelom is ___________________________________________________________ b. They share three common body parts. Explain the role each plays. i. Foot _________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ ii. Visceral mass _________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ iii. Mantle _______________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ c. Many molluscs have a mantle cavity. Identify what is typically found in the mantle cavity. __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ d. Most molluscs have a trocophore stage. What is a trochophore? _____________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 33. Distinguish between the four major classes of mollusca. Mollusca Class Key Characteristics (Distinguishes Class From the Others) Examples (minimum of 3) Gastropods Bivalves Cephalopods AP Biology / M. Eberhard Survey of the Kingdoms Page 12 of 21 Phyla - Annelids 34. What does Annelida mean? How does this name fit the organisms’ body plan? ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 35. Annelids have what type of body cavity? ________________________________________________ 36. Describe the following characteristics found in Annelids: a. Digestive system _______________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ b. Nervous system ________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ c. Circulatory system ______________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Clade – Ecdysozoans 37. What is the unifying characteristic that all ecdysozoan organisms share? ______________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ Phyla - Nematodes (roundworms) 38. Contrast the body plan of nematodes with annelids. _______________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 39. Describe how most nematodes reproduce. ______________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 40. Identify the two major ecological roles that nematodes play in our environment. _________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ Phyla - Arthropods Cheliceriforms, Myriapods, Insects, Crustaceans 41. Arthropods must be regarded as the most successful of all animal phyla. All arthropods share a number of common characteristics. Discuss SIX characteristics almost all arthropods share. (1) ______________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ (2) ______________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ (3) ______________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ (4) ______________________________________________________________________________ (5) ______________________________________________________________________________ (6) ______________________________________________________________________________ AP Biology / M. Eberhard Survey of the Kingdoms Page 13 of 21 42. Distinguish between the four major subphyla of arthropods. Arthropod Subphylum Key Characteristics (Distinguishes Class From the Others) Examples (minimum of 3) Cheliceriforms Myriapods Insects Crustaceans 43. Discuss the disadvantages arthropods face when they are molting. __________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 44. Distinguish between incomplete metamorphosis and complete metamorphosis. __________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ Clade - Deuterostomes 45. What characteristics are shared by echinoderms and chordates. _____________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 46. What type of criteria is primarily used to define the clade deuterostomia? ______________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ AP Biology / M. Eberhard Survey of the Kingdoms Page 14 of 21 Phyla - Echinoderms (sea stars, sea cucumbers, & sea urchins) 47. Describe the outer covering of most echinoderms. ________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 48. A unique feature to echinoderms is the water vascular system. Explain what a water vascular system is and what it does. _________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 49. Describe the reproductive mechanisms used by echinoderms. _______________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ Phyla - Chordates (lancets, tunicates, & vertebrates) 50. Identify three characteristic shared by chordates. _________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 51. Describe the evolutionary relationship between echinoderms and chordates. ___________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ AP Biology / M. Eberhard Survey of the Kingdoms Page 15 of 21 CHAPTER 34 – Vertebrates Chordates 1. All chordates share a set of derived characters, though some species possess some of these traits only during embryonic development. Discuss each of the following shared characters and the role they play in organisms: Notochord ___________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Dorsal, hollow nerve cord _______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Pharyngeal slits or clefts ________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Muscular, post-anal tail _________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Lancets and tunicates are early chordates that contributed to the formation of another chordate group known as the vertebrates. Discuss a few contributions lancets and tunicates may have made to the vertebrates. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Vertebrates (Vertebrates are craniates that have a backbone.) 3. Explain where the name vertebrate is derived from. ___________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 4. Vertebrate are craniates with vertebrate. What does craniate mean? ______________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 5. Indentify the oldest living lineage of vertebrates. _______________________________________ AP Biology / M. Eberhard Survey of the Kingdoms Page 16 of 21 Gnathostomes (Gnathostomes are vertebrates that have a jaw.) 6. What does gnathostome mean? __________________________________________________ 7. Biologists think vertebrates evolved their jaws from what source? _________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 8. Besides having a jaw, identify three other derived characteristics that members of the clade gnathostomes share. (1) __________________________________________________________________________ (2) __________________________________________________________________________ (3) __________________________________________________________________________ Class Chondrichthyes 9. What does chondrichthyes mean? __________________________________________ 10. Identify three living examples that belong to the class chondrichthyes. (1) ____________________________________________________________________ (2) ____________________________________________________________________ (3) ____________________________________________________________________ 11. Members of this class have streamlined bodies. Explain streamlined. ____________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 12. Explain how sharks gain buoyancy. __________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 13. What happens if sharks stop swimming? ______________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 14. Explain how and why the shark’s digestive tract has been modified. _________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 15. Distinguish between oviparous, ovoviviparous, and viviparous. __________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Class Osteichthyes 16. What does osteichthyes mean? ____________________________________________ 17. What is characteristic of the endoskeleton of members of osteichthyes. ______________ _______________________________________________________________________ 18. Explain the role of the operculum. ___________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ AP Biology / M. Eberhard Survey of the Kingdoms Page 17 of 21 19. Explain the role of the swim bladder. Biologists believe the swim bladder evolved from what other structure? ______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 20. Describe their body coverings. ______________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 21. Members of osteichthyes have a lateral line. What is the role of the lateral line? ______ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Tetrapods (Tetrapods are gnathostomes that have limbs and feet.) 22. What does tetrapod mean? ______________________________________________________ 23. Identify THREE other derived characters shared by most tetrapods. (1) __________________________________________________________________________ (2) __________________________________________________________________________ (3) __________________________________________________________________________ Class Amphibia 24. List a few living examples of animals that are considered amphibians. ____________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 25. Explain how amphibians exchange gases. _____________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 26. Contrast the larval stage and adult stage found in most frogs. ______________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 27. Describe the type of fertilization and development used by most amphibians. _________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 28. Describe the egg of the amphibians. What limitations does this egg present? _________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ AP Biology / M. Eberhard Survey of the Kingdoms Page 18 of 21 Amniotes (Amniotes are tetrapods that have a terrestrially adapted egg.) 29. Indentify four extraembryonic membranes found in amniotic eggs and explain their role. (1) __________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ (2) __________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ (3) __________________________________________________________________________ (4) __________________________________________________________________________ 30. Contrast the amniotic egg with the amphibians’ egg? Contrast the amniotic egg of the reptiles with that of the birds. ________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 31. Explain why the amniotic egg is considered an important evolutionary development. _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 32. In addition to the amniotic egg, discuss other key adaptations amniotes made to life on land. _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Reptiles 33. List a few living examples of animals classified as reptiles. ________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 34. Describe the body covering of reptiles. Contrast it with the body covering found in fish. _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 35. How does fertilization in reptiles differ from fertilization in amphibians? _______________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 36. Reptiles are ectothermic. Explain what ectothermic means. ______________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 37. How do reptiles regulate their body temperature? _______________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ AP Biology / M. Eberhard Survey of the Kingdoms Page 19 of 21 Birds 38. Compare the body covering of birds with the body covering of reptiles. ______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 39. Most birds’ bodies are constructed for flight. Describe THREE modifications to the body of birds that improve flight. (1) ____________________________________________________________________ (2) ____________________________________________________________________ (3) ____________________________________________________________________ 40. Birds are endothermic. Explain what endothermic means. ________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 41. Compare the brain of a bird to that of a typical amphibian or reptile. _________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Mammals (Mammals are amniotes that have hair and produce milk.) 42. Identify FIVE derived characters that are shared by most mammals. (1) __________________________________________________________________________ (2) __________________________________________________________________________ (3) __________________________________________________________________________ (4) __________________________________________________________________________ (5) __________________________________________________________________________ 43. Distinguish between the three groups of mammals. Mollusca Class Key Characteristics (Distinguishes Class From the Others) Examples (minimum of 2) Monotremes Marsupials Eutherians (Placental mammals) AP Biology / M. Eberhard Survey of the Kingdoms Page 20 of 21 44. Humans belong to the order Primates. Identify FIVE derived characters that are shared by most primates. (1) __________________________________________________________________________ (2) __________________________________________________________________________ (3) __________________________________________________________________________ (4) __________________________________________________________________________ (5) __________________________________________________________________________ 45. Identify FOUR derived characters shared by humans, but not all primates. (1) __________________________________________________________________________ (2) __________________________________________________________________________ (3) __________________________________________________________________________ (4) __________________________________________________________________________ (5) __________________________________________________________________________ AP Biology / M. Eberhard Survey of the Kingdoms Page 21 of 21
