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Cells-Study guide
A cell is the basic unit of life. All living things are made up of cells. Cells come from cells that already exist. Microscopes
must be used to study most cells.
DIFFERENCES IN A PLANT AND ANIMAL CELL:
Plants usually have: 1. ONE vacuole that is LARGE 2. Cell walls and chloroplasts 3. a RECTANGLE shape 4. Outer layer is
cell wall
Animals usually have: 1. MANY vacuoles that are smaller 2. NO cell walls, NO chloroplasts 3. a SQUARE shape 4. Outer
layer is cell membrane
Cell parts in an animal cell: nucleus, mitochondria, vacuole, cell membrane, cytoplasm, Golgi bodies, ER, ribosomes
Cell parts in a plant cell: nucleus, mitochondria, vacuole, cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, ER, Golgi bodies, CELL
WALL, and CHLOROPLAST
(Notice: Cell wall and chloroplast are in plant cells and NOT in animal cells!!)
Organelles are cell parts that have a specific job or function in the cell. EX. Vacuole, nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast
CELL PARTS AND THEIR JOBS:
Cell membrane- “GATEKEEPER”-controls what enters and leaves the cell; surrounds the cell
Nucleus- “THE BOSS” controls most of the cell’s activities; contains chromosomes and DNA which determine which traits
you inherit (heredity)
Vacuole- “STORAGE” stores food, water, minerals, and wastes until the cell needs them or gets rid of them
Mitochondria- “POWERHOUSE” turns food into energy; cellular respiration takes place here; food (sugar) and oxygen
combine to produce energy in cellular respiration and carbon dioxide and water are waste products Food+oxygen =
energy, carbon dioxide, water
Cytoplasm- a gelatin-like substance that contains many chemicals that the cell needs
Chromosomes- contain DNA and controls heredity –located in the nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum-transports materials from cell into nucleus
Golgi bodies-packages proteins and other chemicals for the cell
Ribosomes-makes proteins
PLANT CELL PARTS ONLY:
Cell wall – provides support and protection in the plant cell
Chloroplast- captures energy from sunlight and uses it to change carbon dioxide and water into food (photosynthesis
occurs here)-gives plant leaves their green color-mostly located in leaf cells
DIFFERENT TYPES OF CELLS:--Different types of cells can have different jobs to do in an organism.
HUMAN CELLS-the size and shape can be related to its function—different types are: Nerve cells, muscle cells, and skin
cells (they all look very different due to their jobs) (know what they look like and what they do)
PLANT CELLS-leaf,stem and root cells (know what they look like and what they do
PHOTOSYNTHESIS VS. CELLULAR RESPIRATION:
Photosynthesis- process in chloroplasts in which plants make food. In plants, sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide are
combined to make food Sunlight+water+carbon dioxide = sugar, oxygen (see below)
chloroplast
mitochondria
Above right-cellular respiration-occurs in both plants AND animals; the mitochondria changes food into energy; food
and oxygen combine to make energy, water, and carbon dioxide ( the water and carbon dioxide are waste products )
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION IN AN ORGANISM:
Order of least to most complex (smallest to largest): organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism
Animals have cells that are alike and plants will have cells that are similar too.
Tissues are groups of similar cells that all do the same sort of work. For example, nerve tissue is made up of nerve cells
and bone tissue is made up of bone cells; blood is also a tissue-it is made up of many types of blood cells
Organs are different types of tissues working together can form a structure. For example, the stomach is an organ that
includes muscle tissue, nerve tissue, and blood tissue. All of these tissues work together and allow the stomach to
perform digestion.
Other examples of organs are: heart, kidneys, lungs, brain
Organ systems are a group of organs that work together to do a certain job –for example, the stomach, mouth,
intestines, and liver are involved in digestion and are called the digestive system which is responsible for breaking down
and absorbing nutrients Other examples of organ systems are: respiratory system, circulatory system, nervous system,
UNICELLULAR VS. MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS:
Unicellular- one celled; usually the smallest organisms; no nucleus; examples are bacteria, amoeba, yeast
Bacteria are the smallest organisms known in the world
Multicellular-many cells; usually larger organisms; has a nucleus in their cells; examples are humans, dogs, trees
PROKARYOTE VS. EUKARYOTE
Prokaryote-organism with no nucleus or organelles in its cells; bacteria, archaea; cells tend to be smaller; unicellular
Eukaryote-organism with a nucleus and organelles in its cells; human, animals, plants, protists, fungi; cells tend to be
larger; can be unicellular or multicellular