Download amory Practice Test

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Multiple Choice
IdentifY the letter o/the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
I. The three basic processes in memory are
a. encoding, storage, and retrieval
b. acoustic, semantic, and eidetic
c. recall, recognition, and relearning
d. sensation, perception, and cognition
2. In order for a memory to be stored it must first be
a. ablated
b. modeled
c. retrieved
d. encoded
3. If you were attempting to recall a memory, the memory process you would be using is
a. encoding
b. storage
c. retrieval
d. acquisition
4.
involves focusing awareness on a narrow range of stimuli or events.
a. Encoding
b. Attention
c. Elaboration
d. Clustering
5. Most theories of attention
a. emphasize the nonselective nature of the process
b. propose that our attention is distributed equally among all stimulus inputs
c. liken it to a filter that screens out most potential stimuli while allowing a select few to
pass through
d. .assume that the vast majority of potential stimuli reach conscious awareness
6. "Early-selection" theories of attention propose that
a. stimuli are screened out before the brain processes the meaning of sensory input
b. stimuli are screened out after the brain processes the meaning of sensory input
c. attention is distributed equally among all stimulus inputs that are above threshold
d. stimuli are screened out before they reach the sense organs
7. Which statement best represents current thinking about early- versus late-selection theories of attention?
a. The preponderance of evidence supports early selection.
b. The preponderance of evidence supports late selection.
c. The preponderance of evidence supports intermediate selection.
d. The location of the attention filter may be flexible.
8. A memory code that emphasizes the physical structure of the stimulus is called a(n)
code.
a. structural
b. phonemic
c. semantic
d. episodic
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code is a memory code that emphasizes the meaning of verbal input.
9. _____
a. A structural
b. A phonemic
c. A semantic
d. An episodic
10. Which of the following sequences represents progressively deeper levels of processing?
a. phonemic, semantic, structural
b. structural, semantic, phonemic
c. semantic, phonemic, structural
d. structural, phonemic, semantic
Kiana
was given a list of words as part of a memory test that included: "dog, pail, and hate." Later, she'
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recalled these words as: "dig, paint, and hard." Kiana's errors in recall suggest that she had encoded the
original word list
a. phonemically
b. semantically
c. implicitly
d. structurally
12. The deepest level of processing of information in memory, emphasizing the meaning of the information being
processed, is
a. the triarchic level of encoding
b. the semantic level of encoding
c. attentional encoding
d. dyadic encoding
13. Visual imagery may facilitate memory because it
a. provides a second kind of memory code and two codes are better than one
b. increases the personal meaningfulness of the material to be remembered
c. increases the complexity of the material to be remembered
d. is easier to recall visual images than words
14. Self-referent encoding involves
a. the creation of visual images to represent the words to be remembered
b. making the material to be remembered personally meaningful
c. forming two kinds of memory codes for each word
d. linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding
15. The type of memory where information is stored for the shortest period of time is
a. sensory memory
b. short-term memory
c. long-term memory
d. working memory
16. Which of the following statements regarding sensory memory is not accurate?
a. Information can be stored in sensory memory for only a fraction of a second.
b. Sensory memory is the first component of the memory system.
c. Sensory memory preserves information according to the acoustic properties of the
stimulus.
d. Sensory memory can preserve information from a variety of sensory modalities (e.g.,
visual, auditory).
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17. Which of the following statements regarding short-term memOlY(STM) isnot accurate?
a. The capacity of STM is limited to about 30 items of information.
b. STM can maintain unrehearsed information for about 20 seconds.
c. STM is the second component of the memory system.
d. Through rehearsal, information in STM can be stored indefinitely.
18. When you listen to a lecture, the information is held in
memory until you write it in your notes.
a. trace
b. sensory
c. short-term
d. long-term
19. Information can be maintained indefinitely in short-term memOlYthrough the process of
a. retrieval
b. rehearsal
c. encoding
d. chunking
20. With rehearsal, information in short-term memory can be maintained for some time. Without rehearsal, the
duration of short-term memory is
a. no longer than I second
b. about 5 seconds
c. about 20 seconds
d. 1-2 minutes
21. You are absorbed in reading your psychology text when the phone rings. After talking on the phone, you can't
remember the last thing you read. This information was lost from
memory, because the phone
conversation distracted you from
the information.
a. sensory; perceiving
b. short-term; rehearsing
c. long-term; rehearsing
d. long-term; retrieving
22. Mark is listening as his roommate lists 14 things that they need to buy for their apartment before the end of
the week. Based on George Miller's research into the capacity of short-term memory, if Mark doesn't write
the items down as he hears them, he is most likely to remember
a. less than 5 of the items from the list
b. approximately 10 to 12 items from the list
c. the entire list
d. between 5 and 9 items from the list
23. The "magic number seven" describes the
a. duration of STM
b. number of units that may be encoded in LTM at one time
c. most frequently occurring number on a set of dice
d. capacity of STM
24. Which memory system is referred to in your text as "working memory"?
a. sensory memory
b. short-term memory
c. long-term memory
d. all of these collectively
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25. The memory system that has an almost unlimited storage capacity is
a. time-based memory
b. long-term memory
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c. working memory
d. auditory sensory memory
26. Flashbulb memories are
a. memories for information
b. memories for actions, skills, and operations
c. chronological recollections of personal experiences
d. unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events
27. In Serena's law class they are discussing high-profile cases and when they get to the O. J. Simpson case,
Serena suddenly has a vivid memory of watching the white Bronco driving slowly down the freeway. She
feels like she can recall every detail of that night, right down to the snacks she and her roommate were eating.
This would be an example of
a. a flashbulb memory
b. sensory memory
c. procedural memory
d. an implicit memory
28. Which of the following statements regarding the storage of information in long-term memory is notaccurate?
a. Flashbulb memories tend to become less detailed and complete with time.
b. Electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB) can elicit descriptions of past events.
c. Hypnosis-aided recollections of age-regressed subjects are remarkably accurate.
d. Psychologists cannot absolutely rule out the possibility that all memories are stored
permanently in long-term memory.
29. Clustering occurs when one
a. remembers similar or related items in groups
"b. uses a semantic network to encode new information
c. recalls information based on the use of related schemata or scripts
d. associates various stimuli in order to maintain a greater quantity of information in
short-term memory
30. One of the notable features ofL1M is that it is organized according to a clustering principle, which means
a. grouping items in L1M that occurred close together in time
b. the tendency to remember related items in groups or categories
c. grouping words that look alike in LTM
d. making a network of items in LTM
31. A multilevel classification system based on common properties among items is called
a. a script
b. a schema
c. a conceptual hierarchy
d. a mnemonic device
32. A student's organized set of expectations about how a college professor is supposed to act is an example of a
a. schema
b. chunk
c. semantic network
d. script
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33. Brock was describing the inside of his doctor's office to one of his friends. In his description he mentions that
there were two diplomas on the wall, even though this doctor does not have any diplomas displayed on the
wall. Brock's error in recall illustrates
a. the role of semantic networks in long-term memory
b. the need for conceptual hierarchies in long-term memOlY
c. the need for a good executive control system in short-term memory
d. the role of schemas in long-term memory
34. Scripts are
a. storage locations for memories
b. schemata about procedures we use in daily life
c. the associations we have with the denotative meaning of a word
d. long-term sequences of actions that result from effective decision making
35. Nodes representing concepts joined together by pathways that link related concepts is referred to as a(n)
a. clustering hierarchy
b. organizational schema
c. lexical ordering
d. semantic network
36. According to the notion of semantic networks, which pair of words would be linked most closely?
a.
car-nose
b. boat-goat
c. fill-feed
d. tree-bird
37. The idea that when you think about a word it triggers related words is referred to as
a. a conceptual hierarchy response
b. clustering
c. elaborative'rehearsal
d. spreading activation within a semantic network
38. The "tip of the tongue" phenomenon refers to
a. saying something before you've had a chance to think about it
b. dreamlike material that you recall during alpha-wave presleep
c. a mnemonic device to help you store information in long-term memory
d. feeling like you know something but are unable to recall it
39.. Which of the following statements regarding the role of context in memory is accurate?
a. Context cues often facilitate the retrieval of information.
b. Context cues generally facilitate the retrieval of visual information, but interfere with the
ability to recall auditory information.
c. Context cues generally facilitate the retrieval of auditory information, but interfere with
the ability to recall visual information.
d. Context exerts no systematic influence on the encoding and retrieval of information.
40. We can probably attribute the failing memory of senior citizens who move from a home they've lived in for
an extended time into another residence to
a. a protein deficiency
b. the lack of retrieval cues
c. a lack of elaboration
d. the confusion associated with a decaying memory
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41.
Which of the following statements regarding hypnosis and memory is not accurate?
a. Reinstatement of context can facilitate recall of information even without hypnosis.
b. Research suggests that hypnosis generally increases subjects' ability to recall correct
information.
c. Courts tend to be very cautious about allowing hypnosis-aided recollections as
admissible testimony.
d. All of these statements are accurate.
42.
Ty ler witnessed an automobile accident and heard one of the bystanders casually mention that the driver was
probably intoxicated. Even though the driver had not been drinking, and had never crossed the center line,
Tyler tells the police officer who is investigating the accident that the car had been "weaving all over the
road." Tyler's faulty recall illustrates
a. proactive interference
b. implicit memory readjustment
c. the misinformation effect
d. mood-dependent memory
43.
Which of the following has been offered as an explanation for the misinformation effect?
a. The new misinformation destroys and replaces the original memory of the event.
b. The new misinformation interferes with the retrieval of the original memory.
c. Individuals can access both the original memory and the altered memory, but they have
difficulty distinguishing the original.
d. All of these have been offered as explanations.
44.
The process of making attributions about the origins of memories is referred to as
a. reality monitoring
b. source monitoring
c. buffering
d. a contraindication
The process of deciding on whether a memory is based on an external source or an internal source is referred
to as
a. reality monitoring
b. transmogrification
c. either an internal or external attribution
d. the locus of causality
45.
46.
Jeannie believes her research idea was original with her, but it was really one she had heard from a colleague
in an earlier discussion. Jeannie's belief is referred to as an example of
a. cryptomnesia
b. anterograde amnesia
c. retrograde amnesia
d. plagiarasmia
47.
This
a.
b.
c.
d.
multiple-choice
recall
recognition
relearning
reiteration
question is an example of a
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48. LeAnn had her purse snatched as she walked out to her caL The police who are investigating the crime ask
LeAnn to try to pick the purse snatcher out of a line-up of eight suspects. The police are basically using
a. a recognition task to recover information from LeAIUl'smemory
b. a recall task to recover information from LeAnn's memory
c. transfer-appropriate encoding to recover information from LeAnn's memory
d. a misinformation task to recover information from LeAlUl'smemory
49. If you are asked what your grandmother's maiden name was, this is a
question.
a. recall
b. recognition
c. relearning
d. reiteration
50, Which of the following statements regarding recall and recognition is not accurate?
a. Research conducted in the 1920s indicated that subjects' performance on recognition
measures was far superior to their performance on recall measures.
b. The difficulty of a recognition task can vary greatly, depending on the number,
similarity, and plausibility of the options provided.
c. Some researchers have suggested that recognition tasks are especially sensitive measures
of retention.
d. The fmdings from recent research suggest that college students actually perform better
on recall tasks than they do on recognition tasks.
51. A relearning measure requires subjects to
a. memorize information a second time to determine how much time or effort is saved
b. select previously learned information from an array of options
c. reproduce information on their own without any cues
d, indicate whether a given piece of information is familiar
52. Generally, which type of test should be easiest?
a. a short-answer test
b. an essay test
c. a multiple-choice test
d. an oral test
53. Pseudoforgetting is viewed as a function of
a. interference effects
b. lack of attention
c. hippocampal damage
d. insufficient retrieval cues
54. Pseudoforgetting is information loss due to ineffective
a. encoding only
b. storage only
c. retrieval only
d. encoding, storage, and retrieval
55. If you're thinking about your plans for the weekend while you are reading your psychology textbook, the
reason you will probably forget most of what you read is that you've used
encoding, which is
inferior to
encoding for retention of verbal material.
a. phonemic; semantic
b. semantic; reconstructive
c. phonemic; proactive
d. proactive; semantic
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56. Decay theory suggests that forgetting is due to
a. ineffective encoding
b. impermanent storage
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c. retrieval failure
d. interference effects
57. Imagine that researchers find some memories are lost very quickly from memory while other memories are
much longer lasting. This evidence would create the most problems for
a. the decay theory of forgetting
b. the interference theory of forgetting
c. the repression theory of forgetting
d. the neurochemical theory of forgetting
58. In studies oflong-term memory, researchers have found that
a. the mere passage of time is the sole cause of forgetting
b. the passage of time is more influential than what happens during the time interval
c. the passage oftime is not as influential as what happens during the time interval
d. subjects who sleep during the retention interval forget more than those who remain
awake
59. You have an exam at 8 a.m. and it is now 8 p.m. the night before. You have studied well. The best thing to do
now is
a.
b.
c.
d.
60.
61.
62.
63.
study some other similar topic
study some other very different topic
play cards with others in the dorm
sleep all night
occurs when new information impairs the retention of previously learned information.
a. Retroactive interference
b. Proactive interference
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c. Retrograde amnesia
d. Anterograde amnesia
You move to a new house and memorize your new phone number. Now, you can't remember your old phone
number. This is an example of
a. retroactive interference
b. proactive interference
c. retrograde amnesia
d. motivated forgetting
Proactive interference occurs when
a. new information impairs the retention of previously learned information
b. previously learned information interferes with the retention of new information
c. a person loses memories of events that occurred prior to a head injury
d. a person loses memories of events that occur after a head injury
your female friend recently got married and changed her last' name to that of her husband's. You have
difficulty remembering her new last name because of
a. . proactive interference
b. retroactive interference
c. memory decay
d. response inhibition
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64. Interference effects on retention are greatest when the interfering learning is
a. similar to the material to be remembered
b. dissimilar to the material to be remembered
c. unrelated to the material to be remembered
d. similarity of the materials does not seem to affect retention
65. The encoding specificity principle states that
a. forgetting is due only to the passage oftime
b. forgetting is usually due to interference from competing memories
c. retrieval failure is often due to a mismatch between the available retrieval cues and the
memory code
d. forgetting involves purposeful suppression of memories
66. To be most effective, a retrieval cue should be
a. congruent with the original encoding of material
b. similar in meaning to the material
c. similar in sensory appearance to the material
d. very distinctive in character
67. You meet a man at a party and carefully store his name along with an image of his face. The next day, he
calls you on the phone, but you can't remember his name. According to the encoding specificity principle,
this is because
a. the sound of his voice is an inappropriate retrieval cue
b. you never paid attention to his name in the first place
c. the name is no longer in your long-term memory
d. the name is in your sensory store only
68. The concept of motivated forgetting is based largely on the work of which of the following early
psychologists?
a. Hermann Ebbinghaus
b. Sigmund Freud
c. John Watson
d. Wilhelm Wundt
69. Which of the following terms is synonymous with "motivated forgetting"?
a. regression
b. repression
c. sublimation
d. rationalization
70. Which of the following statements regarding the repressed memories of childhood abuse is not accurate?
a. Some accused parents have argued that their children's recollections are false memories
created by therapists.
b. Many clinical psychologists accept recovered memories of abuse at face value.
c. Many psychologists involved in research on memory have expressed skepticism about
the recent upsurge of recovered memories of abuse.
d. All of these statements are accurate.
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Which of the following arguments is least likely to be made by psychologists who doubt the authenticity of
repressed memories of childhood abuse?
a. Self-assessments of memory are often distOlied.
b. People are probably lying about their previously repressed memories.
c. Therapists sometimes operate under the assumption that virtually all psychological
problems are attributable to childhood sexual abuse.
d. There have been a number of cases in which recovered memories of childhood abuse
have been discredited.
72. Those who question the accuracy of repressed memories are most likely to cite research on which of the
following?
a. the misinformation effect
b. flashbulb memories
c. retroactive interference
d. connectionist models of memory
Which
of the following statements best reflects the current view of the repressed memories controversy?
73.
a. It seems likely that most cases of recovered memories are authentic.
b. It appears that many therapists are deliberately creating false memories in their patients.
c. Recovered memories of childhood abuse can be summarily dismissed.
d. We should be extremely careful about accepting recovered memories of abuse in the
absence of convincing corroboration.
Research
has related which of the following physiological processes to memory functioning?
74.
a. alterations in synaptic transmission
b. the creation of localized neural circuits in the brain
c. hormonal fluctuations
d. All of these physiological processes have been related to memory functioning.
71.
75.
Based on studies of the biochemistry of memory in animals, which of the following conclusions is not
accurate?
a. Hormonal changes can either facilitate or impair memory.
b. Memories can be chemically transferred from one ,animal to another.
c. The administration of drugs that interfere with protein synthesis impairs long-term
memory in some animals.
d. Memory formation may result in alterations in synaptic transmission at specific sites.
Thompson's work with the conditioned eye blink in rabbits suggest that
a. learning may depend on very specific and localized brain circuits
b. there is little hope of finding localized brain changes in learning
c. brain action in learning is too diffuse to map out
d. none of these statements is accurate
77. The long-lasting increase in neural excitability at synapses of a specific neural pathway is referred to as
a. spreading cortical activation
b. long-term potentiation
c. transfer-appropriate
excitation
d. an engram process
Evidence
from studies of which of the following most clearly supports the idea that memory traces consist of
78.
specific neural circuits?
a. long-term potentiation
b. retrograde amnesia
c. electrical stimulation of the brain
d. the transfer of RNA from one animal to another
76.
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79. Retrograde amnesia refers to an inability to •
a. form or recall new memories
b. recall old memories
c. recall events about oneself
d. do all of these things
80. Dave is thrown from his motorcycle and suffers a severe blow to the head, resulting in loss of memory for
events that occurred before the accident. This is an example of
a. retrograde amnesia
b. anterograde amnesia
c. motivated forgetting
d. retroactive interference
81. Damage to which of the following is most likely to canse deficits in long-term memory?
a. limbic system
b. hippocampal region
c. sympathetic nervous system
d. Broca's area
82. Which of the following areas of the brain is associated with the severe memory impairment that occurs in
Alzheimer's disease?
a. limbic system
b. hippocampal region
c. sympathetic nervous system
d. Broca's area
83. The gradual conversion of information into durable long-term memory codes is called
a. long-term potentiation
b. postsynaptic conversion
c. elaboration
d. consolidation
84. The current thinking is that memories are consolidated in the
and stored in the
_
a. limbic system; cerebellum
b. hippocampal region; cortex
c. cortex; limbic system
d. cerebellum; hippocampus
85. According to the notion of consolidation, memories of visual information are most likely to be stored in
a. the limbic system
b. areas of the visual cortex
c. the hippocampal region
d. the cerebellum
86. Implicit memory is
, is accessed
, and can be best assessed with _ .
_
measures of retention.
a. unconscious; indirectly; releaming
b. unconscious; indirectly; recognition
c. conscious; indirectly; relearning
d. conscious; directly; recall
87. Which type of memory is reasonably unaffected by amnesia?
a. explicit memory
b. implicit memory
c. episodic memory
d. generative memory
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88. The memory system that contains words, definitions, events, and ideas is the
a. episodic memory system
b. declarative memory system
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c. procedural memory system
d. assimilative memory system
89. Your birth date and your mother's maiden name are most likely to be contained in your
memory
system.
a. procedural
b. declarative
c. episodic
d. independent
90. Procedural memory
a. is memory for factual information
b. is memory for actions, skills, and operations
c. is made up of chronological recollections of personal experiences
d. contains general knowledge that is not temporally dated
91. Some theorists believe that implicit memory is handled by the
memory system.
a. episodic
b. state-dependent
c. semantic
d. procedural
92. Some theorists believe that the
memory system may handle implicit remembering, while the
_____
memory system handles explicit remembering.
a. procedural; declarative
b. declarative; procedural
c. independent; procedural
~d. declarative; independent
93. The memory system that contains the memory for how to type on a typewriter or drive an automobile is the
_____
memory system.
a. cerebellum
b. schematic
c. procedural
d. episodic
94. Declarative memory appears to be handled by the
and the areas of the cortex with which it
communicates.
a. cerebellum
b. medulla
c. limbic system
d. hippocampal complex
95. The subdivision of the declarative memory system made up of chronological recollections of personal
experiences is referred to as
a. network memory
b. nodal memory
c. episodic memory
d. event-evoked memory
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96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
memory is made up of temporally dated recollections of personal experiences.
a. Episodic
b. Declarative
c. Semantic
d. Explicit
General knowledge that is not tied to the time when the information was leamed is contained in
memory.
a. episodic
b. semantic
c. implicit
d. procedural
Dave is reminiscing about the first car he owned in high school and how he felt the first time he drove it
through town. This is an example of
memory.
a. procedural
b. declarative
c. episodic
d. semantic
Practicing material already leamed in order to improve retention is referred to as
a. chunking
b. memorization
c. elaboration
d. overlearning
Overlearning material will
a. not improve retention
b. improve retention
c. improve retention for nonsense syllables but not much else
d.
_
results in "burnout"
101. The
effect occurs when subjects show better recall for items at the beginning and end of a list
than for items in the middle.
a. clustering
b. elaboration
c. serial-position
d. consolidation
102. According to the serial-position effect, subjects tend to show better recall for items
of a list than
for items
_
a. at the beginning and end; in the middle
b. in the middle; at the beginning and end
c. at the end; at the beginning
d. in the middle; at the beginning
103. Distributed practice refers to learning
a. through several different senses
b. over several sessions
c. all at once
d. from several different sources
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104. Massed practice refers to learning material
a. across several large sessions
b. all at once
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c. in a qniet place with no distractions
d. with large numbers of people (masses)
105. A good strategy for minimizing interference with retention of course material is to
a. conduct a last, thorough review of material as close to exam time as possible
b. engage in massed practice
c. overlearn the material
d. spend less time on rote repetition of the material
106. The empirical finding that outlining material from textbooks can enhance retention of the material is most
consistent with which of the following approaches for improving memory?
a. massed practice
b. distributed practice
c. organization
d. deep processing
107. ROY G ElV is a fictitious name people use to help them remember the order of colors in the color spectrum.
ROY G BIV is an example of
a. the method ofloci
b. a mnemonic
c. Aristotle's method of memory
d. memoranda
108. Which one of the three levels of processing would probably be employed when attempting to memorize the
following three-letter sequences WAB WAC WAD?
a. structural
b. semantic
\.
c. phonemic
d. chunking
109. Retrieval from long-term memory is usually best when the information has been stored at which level of
processing?
a. structural
b. semantic
c. phonemic
d. chunking
110. When you attempt to recall the name ofa high school classmate by imagining yourself back in the English
class with her, you are making use of
a. retrieval cues
b. context cues
c. schemas
d. recognition cues
Ill. Ineffective encoding of information may result in
a. the primacy effect
b. the recency effect
c. pseudoforgetting
d. chunking
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112. Chunking is the
a. elaboration of information in short-term memory for storage into long- term memory
b. process of passing information from sensOlYmemory to shoJi-term memory
c. actual storage process of information in long-term memory
d. method used to increase the amount of information one can hold in shoJi-term memory
113. According to interference theory
a. people forget infolmation because of competition from other material
b. forgetting is due to ineffective encoding
c. the principal cause of forgetting should be the passage of time
d. the events that occur during the retention interval do not affect forgetting
114. In anterograde amnesia
a. new information impairs the retention of previously learned information
b. previously learned infornlation interferes with the retention of new information
c. a person loses memories of events that occurred prior to a head injury
d. a person loses memories of events that occur after a head injury
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