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The Endocrine System What the Endocrine System Does • The Endocrine System sends signals and hormones throughout the body to the specific place they’re supposed to go to. What is the Endocrine System? • The body’s hormones , and the glands that produce them , make up the Endocrine System. Hormones and glands • The foundation of the endocrine system is the glands and hormones. • As the body’s chemical messengers , hormones transfer information and instructions from one set of cells to another. • Hormone levels can be influenced by factors such as stress , infection , and changes in the balance of fluid and minerals in the blood. Important organs/glands of endocrine system • The hypothalamus- Secretes chemicals that either suppress or stimulate hormones from the pituitary. • Pituitary gland-Located at the base of the brain. Considered the most important gland of the endocrine system. • Pituitary gland produces 1. Growth hormone-Stimulates bone growth and growth for other body tissues and plays an important role in the body’s handling of nutrients and minerals. 2. Prolactin-Activates milk production in women who are breastfeeding. 3. Thyrotropin-Stimulates thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones. 4. Corticotropin-Stimulates the adrenal gland to produce certain hormones. Thyroid and Parathyroid • The thyroid is located in the lower front of the neck shaped like a bowtie/butterfly and produces the hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine. These hormones determine at what rate cells burn fuels from food for energy. • Thyroid hormones also play an important role in the bone growth,brain development,and nervous system in children. Adrenal Glands • The body has two adrenal glands,one on top of each kidney. • The outterpart of the glands,called the adrenal cortex, produces hormones called corticosteroids that influence or regulate salt and water balance in the body, the body's response to stress, metabolism, the immune system, and sexual development and function. • The inner part, the adrenal medulla, produces catecholamines, such as epinephrine. Also called adrenaline, epinephrine increases blood pressure and heart rate when the body experiences stress. The Pineal Gland and Gonads • The pineal body, also called the pineal gland, is located in the middle of the brain. It secretes melatonin, a hormone that may help regulate the wake-sleep cycle. • The female gonads, the ovaries, are located in the pelvis. They produce eggs and secrete the female hormones estrogen and progesterone. • The gonads are the main source of sex hormones. In males, they are located in the scrotum. Male gonads, or testes, secrete hormones called androgens, the most important of which is testosterone. The Pancreas • The pancreas produces (in addition to others) two important hormones, insulin and glucagon. They work together to maintain a steady level of glucose, or sugar, in the blood and to keep the body supplied with fuel to produce and maintain stores of energy.