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Crusades
Indiana World History Standards
SS.WH.4.8
Explain the causes of the Crusades and their consequences for Europe and Southwest Asia, including the growth in
power of the monarchies in Europe.
SS.WH.4.9
Describe the rise, achievements, decline and demise of the Byzantine Empire; the relationships of Byzantine and Western
Civilizations; the conquest of Constantinople by the Turks in 1453; and the impact on European peoples living in the
Turkish (Ottoman) Empire.
Today’s Objectives
- To understand the early Muslim threats to Europe
-To understand the causes & events of the Crusades
- To understand the impact of the Crusades on Europe
4
• Call to War
Dark Ages: “Crusades”
→ Byzantine emperor, Alexius I, asks Pope Urban II for knights
to help him fight Muslim Turks in 1095
…although they have been rivals (Great Schism), Urban agrees
→ Pope Urban II uses this as an opportunity to reclaim
Jerusalem & the Holy Land
…not to necessarily aid the Byzantines
…calls for all Europeans to unite at the Council of Clermont
…demonstrates the power of the pope & the church
…Jerusalem was sacred to Christianity, Judaism & Islam
Pope Urban II
• “God Wills It”
→ There will be a total of 4 major Crusades ordered by the
church to reclaim the Holy Land over a span of 200 years
→ Ultimately the Crusades were unsuccessful as the Christian
knights were unable to permanently reclaim the Holy Land
…only the 1st Crusade in 1099 had any success
-1099-1187 AD: Jerusalem was controlled by the
Crusaders
• Impact
Dark Ages: “Conclusion”
→ Feudalism started to break down in Europe
→ The power of Monarchs in Europe is increasing
→ Church & Pope gained even more influence and power
→ Cultural diffusion: opens new parts of the world for trade,
exchanges of culture & ideas
…travel & migration between Western Europe, Byzantine
Empire & the Islamic World
…which in turn reintroduced “lost” knowledge from Greece
& Rome
Crusaders in Jerusalem
• Reconquista
→ In 1063, three decades before the call for a crusade to the
Holy Land
…Pope Alexander II called for a Reconquista of Iberia (Spain)
…Muslim Moors had been in Iberia since the 7th century
…led to the Spanish Inquisition that forced Muslims & Jews
to decide between conversion or exile
→ By 1450, four Christian Kingdoms
had been established in Iberia
…eventually consolidating into
Spain and Portugal
Essential Question
Describe the impact of the Crusades on Europe (4)
Target Questions
• What was the goal of the Crusades?
• How many major Crusades were sent to the Holy Land?
• How did the Crusades promote cultural diffusion?
• What was the Reconquista?
Required Reading Question(s)
1) How successful were the Crusades?