Download Part 2 - Hewlett

Part 2: Astronomy
Name: Answer Key
Earth Science
Date:
Period:
ANSWER KEY
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Part 2: Astronomy
Earth’s Rotation
From west to east
1. In which direction does Earth rotate? _______________________________________________
2. What is Earth’s hourly rate of rotation?15°/hour
______________________________________________
One time each day (every 24 hours)
3. How often does Earth rotate once? _________________________________________________
4. The diagrams below represent two pieces of evidence that Earth rotates. Identify the evidence
represented by each diagram.
Diagram A
Diagram B
Coriolis Effect
_____________________________
Foucault Pendulum
_________________________________
5. Toward which direction do wind and water currents deflect towards in the Northern Hemisphere?
To the right
______________________________________________________________________________
6. Toward which direction do wind and water currents deflect towards in the Southern Hemisphere?
To the left
______________________________________________________________________________
7. The photograph of star trails was taken by an observer in New York State facing north.
a. Which star is in the middle of the diagram? ___________________
Polaris
b. The star trail is measured to have an angular distance of 120 degrees. How many hours did
it take to create this photograph?
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120° ÷ 15°/hour = 8 hours
ANSWER KEY
Part 2: Astronomy
Seasons
The diagram shows Earth revolving around the Sun. Letters A, B, C, and D represent Earth’s location
in its orbit on the first day of the four seasons. First, label the dates of A, B, C, and D on the diagram
below. Use this information to help you fill in the table below.
3/21
12/21
6/21
9/23
Description
Position
Description
Position
March 21
A
24 hours of darkness at
North Pole
D
December 21
D
24 hours of darkness at
South Pole
B
September 23
C
B
June 21
B
24 hours of daylight at North
Pole
24 hours of daylight at
South Pole
Winter in N. Hemisphere
D
Earth is at aphelion
B
Summer in N. Hemisphere
B
Earth is at perihelion
D
Spring in N. Hemisphere
A
Sun is overhead at
Tropic of Capricorn
D
Fall in N. Hemisphere
C
Sun is overhead at
Tropic of Cancer
B
Winter in S. Hemisphere
B
Sun is overhead at Equator
A, C
Summer in S. Hemisphere
D
Earth has greatest orbital
velocity
D
Spring in S. Hemisphere
C
Earth has the lowest orbital
velocity
B
Fall in S. Hemisphere
A
9 hours of daylight in NY
D
Earth is closest to Sun
D
15 hours of daylight in NY
B
Earth is farthest from Sun
B
12 hours of daylight in NY
A, C
ANSWER KEY
D
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Part 2: Astronomy
Seasons
The diagram below represents the Earth on the first day of a season as viewed from space. The
shaded area represents nighttime.
12/21
1. What is the date represented in the diagram above? ____________________________________
Winter
2. What season is beginning on this date in New York State? _______________________________
9 hours
3. What is the duration of insolation in New York State on this day? __________________________
23.5°S (Tropic of Capricorn)
4. What latitude is receiving the most direct rays of insolation? ______________________________
5. In three months, how will the intensity of insolation change for New York?
In three months (March 21), the intensity of insolation will increase.
6. In six months, how will the duration of insolation for New York compare to the date shown by the
diagram above?
Over the next six months, the duration of insolation will increase.
7. The model of Earth provided below represents Earth in its orbit 6 months later. On the model
shown:
A. Draw the position of Earth’s axis and label the axis
B. Label the North Pole
C. Draw the position of Earth’s Equator and label the Equator.
Axis
NP
Equator
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ANSWER KEY
Part 2: Astronomy
Eccentricity
The diagram below represents the orbital path of a planet around the Sun.
X
Sun
1. Calculate the eccentricity of the ellipse above. Show all work. Round your answer to the nearest
thousandth.
e = d = 1.7 cm = 0.2535211 = 0.254
L
6.7 cm
2. How does the shape of the orbit above compare to the shape of the orbit of Mercury? __________
Mercury’s orbit is less elliptical than the orbit above.
______________________________________________________________________________
Slightly eccentric ellipse
3. Describe the shape of Earth’s orbit. _________________________________________________
4. How does the gravitational attraction between the planet and Sun change as the planet moves
farther from the Sun? ____________________________________________________________
As a planet gets farther from the Sun, the gravitational attraction decreases.
______________________________________________________________________________
5. How does the orbital velocity change as a planet gets closer to the Sun? ____________________
As a planet gets closer to the Sun, the orbital velocity increases (gets faster).
______________________________________________________________________________
6. On the orbital path above, place an X where the planet’s fastest orbital speed will be.
7. As an ellipse gets more elliptical, what happens to the value of its orbit’s eccentricity? __________
As an ellipse gets more elliptical, the value of the orbit’s eccentricity
______________________________________________________________________________
increases (gets closer to 1).
______________________________________________________________________________
ANSWER KEY
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Part 2: Astronomy
Moon Phases
The diagram below represents the Moon in 8 positions in its orbit around the Earth.
Draw the Phase!
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1. Draw the phase of the Moon, as seen from Earth, for each numbered position in the space above.
27.3 days
2. How long is one revolution of the Moon around Earth? __________________________________
29.5 days
3. How many days does it take for the Moon to complete one complete cycle of phases? _________
Moon’s revolution around the Earth
4. What causes the phases of the Moon? ______________________________________________
New moon (1)
5. Which phase (name and number) causes a solar eclipse? _______________________________
Full moon (5)
6. Which phase (name and number) causes a lunar eclipse? _______________________________
7. Why do we see the same side of the moon every day? __________________________________
The Moon’s period of revolution equals the Moon’s period of rotation.
______________________________________________________________________________
8. Describe the height of high tide and low tide of spring tides. ______________________________
Highest high tide & lowest low tide
______________________________________________________________________________
New (1) & Full (5)
9. Which two phases (name and number) cause spring tides? ______________________________
10. Describe the height of high tide and low tide of neap tides. _______________________________
Lowest high tide & highest low tide
______________________________________________________________________________
st
rd
1 Quarter (3) & 3 Quarter (7)
11. Which two phases (name and number) cause neap tides? _______________________________
12. Why does the Moon have more influence on the tides than the Sun? _______________________
Moon is closer to Earth than Sun.
______________________________________________________________________________
13. Approximately how much time is there between consecutive high tides? ____________________
12 hours 26 min
14. Why are there so many more impact craters on the Moon than on Earth? ___________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Earth’s atmosphere has destroyed craters.
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ANSWER KEY
Part 2: Astronomy
New York State Celestial Sphere
The diagram below represents the path of the Sun on different three dates, A, B, and C, as viewed
from New York State at 45°N. The position of the Sun is indicated by the circle on each path.
Polaris (45°)
1. Identify one possible date the Sun will travel across each path shown above. Explain your answer.
December 21. Sun rises SE and sets SW.
A: _________________________________________________________________________
March 21/September 23. Sun rises due East and sets due West.
B: _________________________________________________________________________
June 21. Sun rises NE and sets NW.
C: _________________________________________________________________________
2. On each path of the Sun, draw two arrows to show the direction the Sun appears to move.
3. Draw and label the position of Polaris on the diagram.
Massena
4. State one city in New York State that this observer could be located. ______________________
Zenith
5. What is the name given to point D? _________________________________________________
Never
6. When is the Sun directly overhead in New York State? _________________________________
Noon (12 pm)
7. What time of day is shown by the position of the Sun on each path? _______________________
Summer
8. Which season has the greatest angle of insolation? _____________________________________
Winter
9. Which season has the lowest angle of insolation? ______________________________________
Gets shorter
10. What happens to the length of a shadow from sunrise to noon? ___________________________
Gets longer
11. What happens to the length of a shadow from noon to sunset? ____________________________
Winter
12. Which season has the longest noontime shadow? ______________________________________
Summer
13. Which season has the shortest noontime shadow? _____________________________________
ANSWER KEY
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Part 2: Astronomy
Celestial Spheres from Around the World
The diagrams below show the apparent path and solar noon positions of the Sun on specific dates at
three different locations on Earth.
Earth’s rotation
1. Identify the cause of the apparent daily motion of the Sun through the sky. __________________
24 hours
2. How many hours of daylight is the observer at location C experiencing on June 21? ___________
3. What is the latitude of location C? Explain how you determined this using the diagram. _________
______________________________________________________________________________
North Pole – all directions are south
4. Explain how you know location A is at the equator. _____________________________________
Sun is directly overhead at noon on equinox
______________________________________________________________________________
5. How do you know location B is in the Northern Hemisphere? _____________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Sun is due South at noon each day
Celestial Spheres: Time & Shadows
Locations of the Sun along an apparent path for an observer in NYS on March 21 are shown on the
diagram below. Determine the approximate time of day and shadow direction for each location of the
Sun. Record your answers in the table below.
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Letter
Time
Shadow Direction
A
9 am
Northwest
B
12 pm
Due north
C
3 pm
Northeast
D
6 pm
Due east
ANSWER KEY
Part 2: Astronomy
Our Solar System
The diagram below represents a model of our solar system.
1. Does this model represent the geocentric model or heliocentric model? Explain your answer.
Heliocentric model because the Sun is in the center.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
4.6 billion years
2. What is the age of our solar system (including our Sun & all planets)? ______________________
Inner 4 – Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars
3. Which planets are terrestrial? ______________________________________________________
Small & rocky
4. What are the characteristics of these planets? _________________________________________
Outer 4 – Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
5. Which planets are Jovian? ________________________________________________________
Large & gaseous
6. What are the characteristics of these planets? _________________________________________
Venus
7. Which planet is most similar in size to Earth? __________________________________________
Venus
8. Which planet has a longer day than year? ____________________________________________
Saturn
9. Which planet would float in water (if you had a container large enough)? ____________________
11 times larger
10. How many times larger is Jupiter than the Earth? ______________________________________
Mars & Jupiter
11. Between which two planets is the Asteroid Belt located? ________________________________
12. Why does Venus have the highest surface temperatures, even though it is not the closest planet
Runaway greenhouse effect – Venus’ atmosphere is 95% CO2. This
to the Sun? ___________________________________________________________________
greenhouse gas allows short-wave visible sunlight to pass through,
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
but traps long-wave infrared heat near surface.
Comets have very elliptical orbits
13. Describe the eccentricity of comets. ________________________________________________
ANSWER KEY
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Part 2: Astronomy
Stars
Diagram A: The diagram below shows the
constellation Orion which is visible in the
winter months in the Northern Hemisphere.
Diagram B: The diagram below shows two possible
sequences in the life cycles of stars, beginning with
their formation from nebular gas cloud in space.
Earth revolves around the Sun
1. Why can we see Orion in December, but not in June? ___________________________________
2. Fill in the missing information in the chart below using the “Characteristics of Stars” chart.
Star Name
Temperature
Color
Luminosity
Star Type
Betelgeuse
3,300 K
Orange
100,000 x
Supergiant
Procyon B
8,900 K
White
0.0007 x
White Dwarf
Aldebaran
4,000 K
Orange
700 x
Giant
Sirius
9,500 K
White
30x
Main Sequence
3. What is the process by which stars produce energy? ____________________________________
Nuclear fusion
Hydrogen
4. What is the “fuel” of the Sun? ______________________________________________________
Main sequence
5. Which category does a majority of the stars fit into? ____________________________________
Main sequence
6. Our Sun is classified in which group of stars? _________________________________________
Red giant
7. In 5 billion years, our sun will reach its intermediate stage and become a ___________________.
How will the temperature and luminosity change in this intermediate stage? _________________
Temperature will decrease and luminosity will increase.
____________________________________________________________________________
8. What is the ultimate fate of our sun in the late stage? __________________________________
White dwarf
How will the temperature and luminosity change in this late stage? _______________________
Temperature will increase and luminosity will decrease.
____________________________________________________________________________
9. According to Diagram B, what factor determines the life-cycle path of a star? _______________
Mass or size
Gravity
10. Which force is responsible for changing a nebula into a protostar? ________________________
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ANSWER KEY
Part 2: Astronomy
Deep Space & the Origins of Our Universe
Diagram A below represents a timeline of the big bang theory. Diagram B below shows spectral lines
of hydrogen gas observed in a laboratory compared to spectral lines of hydrogen gas produced by a
distant galaxy.
Diagram A
Diagram B
13.7 billion years ago
1. How long ago did the Big Bang occur? ______________________________________________
2. State two pieces of evidence of that support the big bang theory.
Red shift of light from distant galaxies
1) ____________________________________________________________________________
Cosmic microwave background radiation
2) ____________________________________________________________________________
3. Astronomers viewing light from a distant galaxy observe a shift of spectral lines toward the red
end of the visible spectrum. Describe the movement of this galaxy. ________________________
A red shifted galaxy is moving away from the Earth.
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. Astronomers viewing light from a distant galaxy observe a shift of spectral lines toward the blue
end of the visible spectrum. Describe the movement of this galaxy. ________________________
A blue shifted galaxy is moving towards the Earth.
_____________________________________________________________________________
5. Describe the movement of the galaxy using Diagram B above. Explain your answer. __________
This galaxy is moving away from Earth because it is red shifted.
_____________________________________________________________________________
Group of billions of stars
6. What is a galaxy? ______________________________________________________________
Milky Way
7. What is the name of the galaxy we live in? ___________________________________________
Spiral shaped
8. What type of galaxy do we live in? __________________________________________________
9. How does the age of our universe compare to the age of our solar system? __________________
Our universe is much older than our solar system
______________________________________________________________________________
10. List the following astronomical features, in order of relative size, from smallest to largest.
Saturn , Milky Way Galaxy, Sun, Universe, Our solar system, Earth’s Moon
Earth’s Moon, Saturn, Sun, Our Solar System, Milky Way Galaxy, Universe
ANSWER KEY
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Part 2: Astronomy
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ANSWER KEY