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Part 2: Astronomy Name: Answer Key Earth Science Date: Period: ANSWER KEY Page 11 Part 2: Astronomy Earth’s Rotation From west to east 1. In which direction does Earth rotate? _______________________________________________ 2. What is Earth’s hourly rate of rotation?15°/hour ______________________________________________ One time each day (every 24 hours) 3. How often does Earth rotate once? _________________________________________________ 4. The diagrams below represent two pieces of evidence that Earth rotates. Identify the evidence represented by each diagram. Diagram A Diagram B Coriolis Effect _____________________________ Foucault Pendulum _________________________________ 5. Toward which direction do wind and water currents deflect towards in the Northern Hemisphere? To the right ______________________________________________________________________________ 6. Toward which direction do wind and water currents deflect towards in the Southern Hemisphere? To the left ______________________________________________________________________________ 7. The photograph of star trails was taken by an observer in New York State facing north. a. Which star is in the middle of the diagram? ___________________ Polaris b. The star trail is measured to have an angular distance of 120 degrees. How many hours did it take to create this photograph? Page 12 120° ÷ 15°/hour = 8 hours ANSWER KEY Part 2: Astronomy Seasons The diagram shows Earth revolving around the Sun. Letters A, B, C, and D represent Earth’s location in its orbit on the first day of the four seasons. First, label the dates of A, B, C, and D on the diagram below. Use this information to help you fill in the table below. 3/21 12/21 6/21 9/23 Description Position Description Position March 21 A 24 hours of darkness at North Pole D December 21 D 24 hours of darkness at South Pole B September 23 C B June 21 B 24 hours of daylight at North Pole 24 hours of daylight at South Pole Winter in N. Hemisphere D Earth is at aphelion B Summer in N. Hemisphere B Earth is at perihelion D Spring in N. Hemisphere A Sun is overhead at Tropic of Capricorn D Fall in N. Hemisphere C Sun is overhead at Tropic of Cancer B Winter in S. Hemisphere B Sun is overhead at Equator A, C Summer in S. Hemisphere D Earth has greatest orbital velocity D Spring in S. Hemisphere C Earth has the lowest orbital velocity B Fall in S. Hemisphere A 9 hours of daylight in NY D Earth is closest to Sun D 15 hours of daylight in NY B Earth is farthest from Sun B 12 hours of daylight in NY A, C ANSWER KEY D Page 13 Part 2: Astronomy Seasons The diagram below represents the Earth on the first day of a season as viewed from space. The shaded area represents nighttime. 12/21 1. What is the date represented in the diagram above? ____________________________________ Winter 2. What season is beginning on this date in New York State? _______________________________ 9 hours 3. What is the duration of insolation in New York State on this day? __________________________ 23.5°S (Tropic of Capricorn) 4. What latitude is receiving the most direct rays of insolation? ______________________________ 5. In three months, how will the intensity of insolation change for New York? In three months (March 21), the intensity of insolation will increase. 6. In six months, how will the duration of insolation for New York compare to the date shown by the diagram above? Over the next six months, the duration of insolation will increase. 7. The model of Earth provided below represents Earth in its orbit 6 months later. On the model shown: A. Draw the position of Earth’s axis and label the axis B. Label the North Pole C. Draw the position of Earth’s Equator and label the Equator. Axis NP Equator Page 14 ANSWER KEY Part 2: Astronomy Eccentricity The diagram below represents the orbital path of a planet around the Sun. X Sun 1. Calculate the eccentricity of the ellipse above. Show all work. Round your answer to the nearest thousandth. e = d = 1.7 cm = 0.2535211 = 0.254 L 6.7 cm 2. How does the shape of the orbit above compare to the shape of the orbit of Mercury? __________ Mercury’s orbit is less elliptical than the orbit above. ______________________________________________________________________________ Slightly eccentric ellipse 3. Describe the shape of Earth’s orbit. _________________________________________________ 4. How does the gravitational attraction between the planet and Sun change as the planet moves farther from the Sun? ____________________________________________________________ As a planet gets farther from the Sun, the gravitational attraction decreases. ______________________________________________________________________________ 5. How does the orbital velocity change as a planet gets closer to the Sun? ____________________ As a planet gets closer to the Sun, the orbital velocity increases (gets faster). ______________________________________________________________________________ 6. On the orbital path above, place an X where the planet’s fastest orbital speed will be. 7. As an ellipse gets more elliptical, what happens to the value of its orbit’s eccentricity? __________ As an ellipse gets more elliptical, the value of the orbit’s eccentricity ______________________________________________________________________________ increases (gets closer to 1). ______________________________________________________________________________ ANSWER KEY Page 15 Part 2: Astronomy Moon Phases The diagram below represents the Moon in 8 positions in its orbit around the Earth. Draw the Phase! 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1. Draw the phase of the Moon, as seen from Earth, for each numbered position in the space above. 27.3 days 2. How long is one revolution of the Moon around Earth? __________________________________ 29.5 days 3. How many days does it take for the Moon to complete one complete cycle of phases? _________ Moon’s revolution around the Earth 4. What causes the phases of the Moon? ______________________________________________ New moon (1) 5. Which phase (name and number) causes a solar eclipse? _______________________________ Full moon (5) 6. Which phase (name and number) causes a lunar eclipse? _______________________________ 7. Why do we see the same side of the moon every day? __________________________________ The Moon’s period of revolution equals the Moon’s period of rotation. ______________________________________________________________________________ 8. Describe the height of high tide and low tide of spring tides. ______________________________ Highest high tide & lowest low tide ______________________________________________________________________________ New (1) & Full (5) 9. Which two phases (name and number) cause spring tides? ______________________________ 10. Describe the height of high tide and low tide of neap tides. _______________________________ Lowest high tide & highest low tide ______________________________________________________________________________ st rd 1 Quarter (3) & 3 Quarter (7) 11. Which two phases (name and number) cause neap tides? _______________________________ 12. Why does the Moon have more influence on the tides than the Sun? _______________________ Moon is closer to Earth than Sun. ______________________________________________________________________________ 13. Approximately how much time is there between consecutive high tides? ____________________ 12 hours 26 min 14. Why are there so many more impact craters on the Moon than on Earth? ___________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Earth’s atmosphere has destroyed craters. Page 16 ANSWER KEY Part 2: Astronomy New York State Celestial Sphere The diagram below represents the path of the Sun on different three dates, A, B, and C, as viewed from New York State at 45°N. The position of the Sun is indicated by the circle on each path. Polaris (45°) 1. Identify one possible date the Sun will travel across each path shown above. Explain your answer. December 21. Sun rises SE and sets SW. A: _________________________________________________________________________ March 21/September 23. Sun rises due East and sets due West. B: _________________________________________________________________________ June 21. Sun rises NE and sets NW. C: _________________________________________________________________________ 2. On each path of the Sun, draw two arrows to show the direction the Sun appears to move. 3. Draw and label the position of Polaris on the diagram. Massena 4. State one city in New York State that this observer could be located. ______________________ Zenith 5. What is the name given to point D? _________________________________________________ Never 6. When is the Sun directly overhead in New York State? _________________________________ Noon (12 pm) 7. What time of day is shown by the position of the Sun on each path? _______________________ Summer 8. Which season has the greatest angle of insolation? _____________________________________ Winter 9. Which season has the lowest angle of insolation? ______________________________________ Gets shorter 10. What happens to the length of a shadow from sunrise to noon? ___________________________ Gets longer 11. What happens to the length of a shadow from noon to sunset? ____________________________ Winter 12. Which season has the longest noontime shadow? ______________________________________ Summer 13. Which season has the shortest noontime shadow? _____________________________________ ANSWER KEY Page 17 Part 2: Astronomy Celestial Spheres from Around the World The diagrams below show the apparent path and solar noon positions of the Sun on specific dates at three different locations on Earth. Earth’s rotation 1. Identify the cause of the apparent daily motion of the Sun through the sky. __________________ 24 hours 2. How many hours of daylight is the observer at location C experiencing on June 21? ___________ 3. What is the latitude of location C? Explain how you determined this using the diagram. _________ ______________________________________________________________________________ North Pole – all directions are south 4. Explain how you know location A is at the equator. _____________________________________ Sun is directly overhead at noon on equinox ______________________________________________________________________________ 5. How do you know location B is in the Northern Hemisphere? _____________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Sun is due South at noon each day Celestial Spheres: Time & Shadows Locations of the Sun along an apparent path for an observer in NYS on March 21 are shown on the diagram below. Determine the approximate time of day and shadow direction for each location of the Sun. Record your answers in the table below. Page 18 Letter Time Shadow Direction A 9 am Northwest B 12 pm Due north C 3 pm Northeast D 6 pm Due east ANSWER KEY Part 2: Astronomy Our Solar System The diagram below represents a model of our solar system. 1. Does this model represent the geocentric model or heliocentric model? Explain your answer. Heliocentric model because the Sun is in the center. _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 4.6 billion years 2. What is the age of our solar system (including our Sun & all planets)? ______________________ Inner 4 – Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars 3. Which planets are terrestrial? ______________________________________________________ Small & rocky 4. What are the characteristics of these planets? _________________________________________ Outer 4 – Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune 5. Which planets are Jovian? ________________________________________________________ Large & gaseous 6. What are the characteristics of these planets? _________________________________________ Venus 7. Which planet is most similar in size to Earth? __________________________________________ Venus 8. Which planet has a longer day than year? ____________________________________________ Saturn 9. Which planet would float in water (if you had a container large enough)? ____________________ 11 times larger 10. How many times larger is Jupiter than the Earth? ______________________________________ Mars & Jupiter 11. Between which two planets is the Asteroid Belt located? ________________________________ 12. Why does Venus have the highest surface temperatures, even though it is not the closest planet Runaway greenhouse effect – Venus’ atmosphere is 95% CO2. This to the Sun? ___________________________________________________________________ greenhouse gas allows short-wave visible sunlight to pass through, _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ but traps long-wave infrared heat near surface. Comets have very elliptical orbits 13. Describe the eccentricity of comets. ________________________________________________ ANSWER KEY Page 19 Part 2: Astronomy Stars Diagram A: The diagram below shows the constellation Orion which is visible in the winter months in the Northern Hemisphere. Diagram B: The diagram below shows two possible sequences in the life cycles of stars, beginning with their formation from nebular gas cloud in space. Earth revolves around the Sun 1. Why can we see Orion in December, but not in June? ___________________________________ 2. Fill in the missing information in the chart below using the “Characteristics of Stars” chart. Star Name Temperature Color Luminosity Star Type Betelgeuse 3,300 K Orange 100,000 x Supergiant Procyon B 8,900 K White 0.0007 x White Dwarf Aldebaran 4,000 K Orange 700 x Giant Sirius 9,500 K White 30x Main Sequence 3. What is the process by which stars produce energy? ____________________________________ Nuclear fusion Hydrogen 4. What is the “fuel” of the Sun? ______________________________________________________ Main sequence 5. Which category does a majority of the stars fit into? ____________________________________ Main sequence 6. Our Sun is classified in which group of stars? _________________________________________ Red giant 7. In 5 billion years, our sun will reach its intermediate stage and become a ___________________. How will the temperature and luminosity change in this intermediate stage? _________________ Temperature will decrease and luminosity will increase. ____________________________________________________________________________ 8. What is the ultimate fate of our sun in the late stage? __________________________________ White dwarf How will the temperature and luminosity change in this late stage? _______________________ Temperature will increase and luminosity will decrease. ____________________________________________________________________________ 9. According to Diagram B, what factor determines the life-cycle path of a star? _______________ Mass or size Gravity 10. Which force is responsible for changing a nebula into a protostar? ________________________ Page 20 ANSWER KEY Part 2: Astronomy Deep Space & the Origins of Our Universe Diagram A below represents a timeline of the big bang theory. Diagram B below shows spectral lines of hydrogen gas observed in a laboratory compared to spectral lines of hydrogen gas produced by a distant galaxy. Diagram A Diagram B 13.7 billion years ago 1. How long ago did the Big Bang occur? ______________________________________________ 2. State two pieces of evidence of that support the big bang theory. Red shift of light from distant galaxies 1) ____________________________________________________________________________ Cosmic microwave background radiation 2) ____________________________________________________________________________ 3. Astronomers viewing light from a distant galaxy observe a shift of spectral lines toward the red end of the visible spectrum. Describe the movement of this galaxy. ________________________ A red shifted galaxy is moving away from the Earth. _____________________________________________________________________________ 4. Astronomers viewing light from a distant galaxy observe a shift of spectral lines toward the blue end of the visible spectrum. Describe the movement of this galaxy. ________________________ A blue shifted galaxy is moving towards the Earth. _____________________________________________________________________________ 5. Describe the movement of the galaxy using Diagram B above. Explain your answer. __________ This galaxy is moving away from Earth because it is red shifted. _____________________________________________________________________________ Group of billions of stars 6. What is a galaxy? ______________________________________________________________ Milky Way 7. What is the name of the galaxy we live in? ___________________________________________ Spiral shaped 8. What type of galaxy do we live in? __________________________________________________ 9. How does the age of our universe compare to the age of our solar system? __________________ Our universe is much older than our solar system ______________________________________________________________________________ 10. List the following astronomical features, in order of relative size, from smallest to largest. Saturn , Milky Way Galaxy, Sun, Universe, Our solar system, Earth’s Moon Earth’s Moon, Saturn, Sun, Our Solar System, Milky Way Galaxy, Universe ANSWER KEY Page 21 Part 2: Astronomy Page 22 ANSWER KEY