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Blood • The life stream of the body, affec4ng every cell and system we have. • The blood is an accumula4on of many different elements, each working in a specific way to keep us alive. Blood • A circula4ng connec4ve 4ssue consis4ng of several types of cells suspended in a fluid medium known as plasma. Blood • Func4ons of blood: – Supply oxygen to 4ssues – Supply nutrients such as glucose, amino acids and faDy acids to 4ssues – Removal of wastes such as CO2 , urea and lac4c acid from 4ssues – Immunological func4ons, including circula4on of white cells, and detec4on of foreign material by an4bodies Blood • Func4ons of blood con4nued: – Messenger func4ons, including transport of hormones and signaling of 4ssue – Coagula4on, part of body's self-‐repair mechanism – Regula4on of core body temperature – Regula4on of body pH and ion concentra4ons Blood • What percent of your body is blood? • How much blood do we contain? – On average 4-‐6 liters – We contain about a pint of blood for every 15 pounds of body weight • ComposiBon of Blood: – What percent of your blood is cellular? 45% – What percent of your blood is plasma? 55% 8% Blood • What is plasma? – A clear, straw colored fluid – What percent of plasma is water? 90% – What’s in plasma? Plasma (55% of whole blood) Buffy coat leukocytes and platelets (<1% of whole blood) Erythrocytes (45% of whole blood) Formed elements Dissolved gasses l Vitamins l Minerals l Salts l Nutrients l Enzymes l Hormones l Waste products l Plasma proteins l Layering of blood components in a centrifuged blood sample Blood • The cellular components are: – red blood cells (erythrocytes) – white blood cells (leukocytes) – platelets (thrombocytes) • Blood cells are formed in bone marrow Blood • Red Blood Cell CharacterisBcs – (RBC)-‐ Erythrocyte – Biconcave disks – No nucleus – Contain the iron based pigment hemoglobin which binds with oxygen to transport it – Life span about 120 days – 5 billion/1mL of blood = most numerous – Are very small Blood How RBC’s transport oxygen....Hemoglobin .… the iron containing pigment Hemoglobin makes red blood cells red Blood • White Blood Cell CharacterisBcs – (WBC)-‐ Leukocyte – No definite shape – Have nucleus – Protect body against infecBon – Life span varies (3 days-‐a few months) – 7,000/1mL of blood – Numbers increase if infecBon is present – Larger than RBC’s Blood • Platelet CharacterisBcs: – Thrombocyte – RBC fragments – Irregularly shaped – No nucleus – 150,000-‐400,000/1mL – Life span about 7-‐11 days – Have a sBcky surface – Responsible for blood cloang (injury healing) Blood • This is an actual picture of White Blood Cells, in with some red blood cells. The platelets are stained purple, a T-‐Lymphocyte white cell is stained green, and a Monocyte white cell is stained gold as seen through a scanning electron microscope. Blood • Red blood cells and platelets are the most numerous. • Of the leukocytes, neutrophils are the most numerous • Lymphocytes are the predominant cell type responsible for immune responses. Blood Cloang Steps in Blood Cloang: Let’s simplify platelets clump this shall we? platelets release thromboblasBn thromboblasBn produces thrombin • thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin • fibrin causes a clot • • • • Fibrinà Blood Cloang • Blood vessel is injured. • Platelets clump at the site and produce a substance that produces strands of fibrin. • Fibrin strands help to clog the opening or hole in the vessel. Blood Cloang Needed to stop bleeding (hemorrhage) Blood Types • ABO Blood Groups: • Red blood cell membranes may contain an4gens – a substance that triggers an immune response in blood that does not contain the same an4gen. • Blood plasma may contain an4bodies, specialized proteins that bind to non-‐self an4gens to destroy them. • It is important to prevent the mixing of red cells that contain an an4gen with plasma that contains the corresponding an4body. Blood Types Antigens Blood Types Type Antigen Receive From Donate To A A A or O A or AB B B B or O B or AB AB O A+B None Universal Receiver AB O Universal Donor O,A,B,AB Blood Types Blood Transfusion – The process of transferring blood or blood-‐based products from one person into the circulatory system of another – For blood loss due to trauma, surgery, or severe anemia – Can be life-‐saving Blood Types What Happens When Mixing Wrong Blood Type? • An4bodies in blood will aDack the foreign blood. • They will cause the blood cells to clump…. agglu4na4on. • Will stop the blood from moving. • Circulatory system shuts down Blood Types: Rh Factor • An addi4onal an4gen found on the surface of red blood cells. • Rh + Means that the person carries the an4gen. • Rh -‐ Means that the person DOES NOT carry the an4gen. Blood Types: Rh Factor Percentage of the Popula4on With Each Blood Type Rh+ Rh- O 38.5% 6.5% A 34.3% 5.7% B 8.6% 1.4% AB 4.3% 0.7% The Rh, or rhesus, factor was discovered in 1940 when tes4ng blood with a rhesus monkey. The Rh system was named a_er rhesus monkeys, since they were ini4ally used in the research to make the an4serum for typing blood samples. Blood Types: Rh Factor Rh-‐negaBve Woman with Rh-‐posiBve fetus Rh-‐negaBve Woman and Rh-‐posiBve man conceive a child Cells from Rh-‐posiBve fetus enter woman’s bloodstream Woman becomes sensiBzed-‐ anBbodies ( + ) from to fight Rh-‐posiBve blood cells In the next Rh-‐posiBve pregnancy, maternal anBbodies adack fetal red blood cells