Download Blood and Endocrine Systems

Blood and Endocrine
Systems
by Kristen Cojeda and
Kyle Almendares
What is the Endocrine System?
-A network of glands that create and release hormones
-Works with circulatory system to send messages
-It is similar to the nervous system in that it is a message
transmitter
-The endocrine system works slowly while the nervous
system is more instantaneous
*Hormone comes from the Greek word “hormon”
which means to set in motion
-There are many structures throughout the body
Types of Hormone Communication
Endocrine
-long range
-affects cells with specific receptors
Autocrine
-cell to cell communication
-such as immune cells communicating
Paracrine
-affects local area
-quickly dissapates
What is a feedback loop?
-There are 2 types of feedback loops: positive and negative
-The most common that occurs within the human body is a negative
feedback loop, which brings things back to equilibrium
-An example of this is thermostatic regulation
-Positive feedback loops often amplify the input, such as clotting:
platelets will bind to the site of injury and release chemicals to
call more platelets to the wound
What are the structures?
Hypothalamus
-located in the brain
-“control center” translator between endocrine and nervous system
-creates ADH(regulates bodily fluid volume) & oxytocin(stimulates
uterus to contract)
*stimulates pituitary
Pituitary
-located below hypothalamus
-nicknamed the “master gland”, it relays any stimulus from the
hypothalamus to the other glands in the body
Pituitary
Pituitary
-located below hypothalamus
-nicknamed the “master gland”, it relays any stimulus from the
hypothalamus to the other glands in the body
secretes:
-ACTH → stimulates adrenal glands
-GH → growth hormone
-ADH → controls kidney water absorption
-oxytocin → child birth/breastmilk production
Thyroid and Parathyroid
Thyroid
-located in neck, surrounds trachea
-regulates metabolism
-creates T3 and T4(both stimulate metabolism)
-releases calcitonin → stimulates osteoclasts
Parathyroid
-4 spots located on back of thyroid
-regulates blood calcium level
-creates PTH → stimulates osteoclasts
Adrenal and Gonads
Adrenal
-located on top of/adjacent to kidneys(renal system)
-divided into 2 parts: cortex(outer) and medulla(inner)
-the cortex creates steroids: cortisol(stress hormones) and
aldosterone(regulates blood volume)
-medulla creates catecholamines: adrenaline(fight or flight)
Gonads
-a male’s testes produce testosterone
-a female’s ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone
-stimulates growth of physical features in males and females
Pancreas and Thymus
Pancreas
-located in upper abdomen
-regulates blood sugar
-creates insulin(allows body to use sugar
as energy) and glucagon(causes liver to turn
glycogen into glucose)
Thymus
-located anterior to the heart and posterior to the sternum
-mostly associated with the immune system
-develops T cells
Blood
HUMAN BLOOD CONSISTS 22% SOLIDS
& 78% WATER
Components
▪ Plasma- a protein-salt solution in which red & white and platelets are
suspended
▪ Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes)- biconcave; hemoglobin is the protein
which carries oxygen, remove carbon dioxide transporting to lungs to
exhale
▪ White Blood Cells (leukocytes) –protect against disease, bacteria,
viruses & other harmful invaders
▪ Platelets (thrombocytes)- not complete cells; clotting
Location
▪ Spread throughout body in arteries, veins, & capillaries
▪ Origin: Blood cells originate in red bone marrow from
hemocytoblasts, or hematopoietic stem cells
▪ Maturation: hemocytoblasts → myeloid & lymphoid stem cells
which are hematopoietic growth factors
Hematopoeisis
▪ Process of blood formation begins from yolk sac, manufactured in
liver & spleen, & formed in bone marrow
▪ Formation of blood cells and other constituent elements of blood
▪ Complete Blood Cell count
▪ Measurement of size, number, and maturity
▪ Can determine many abnormalities with either production or
destruction of blood cells
▪ Variations from normal #, size or maturity can be used to
indicate infection or disease
Erythropoiesis (making RBCs)
▪ In red bone marrow, hemoblasts give rise to erythroblasts
▪ Erythroblasts divide and give rise to new cells
▪ Nuclei of new cells shrink and are pinched off into thin coverings and cell
membrane
▪ Some young cells contain netlike structure (reticulum) for a day or two
▪ Remainder is the endoplasmic reticulum; cells are called reticulocytes
▪ This exits the bone marrow to enter the blood
▪ Reticulum degenerates and cells are fully mature
Cell Cycle
▪ Average life span of a red blood cell is 120 days
▪ 80-90 days are in a full term infant stage
▪ Red blood cells travel throughout the body appx. 75,000
▪ Low blood oxygen causes the kidneys and liver to release
erythropoietin
▪ Erythropoietin controls the rate of red blood formation
Clotting
Components
▪ Platelets
Mechanisms
▪ Extrinsic clotting mechanism- release to biochemical
from broken blood vessels or damaged tissues
▪ Smooth muscle walls of blood vessel
▪ Collagen fiber
▪ Intrinsic clotting mechanism- blood contact with foreign
surfaces in the absence of tissue damage
▪ Platelet plug formation- platelets adhere to each other at
the end of a broken vessel and helps control blood loss
Extrinsic vs intrinsic
extrinsic
● activated by external trauma which causes blood to escape
● quicker than intrinsic
● involves VII
intrinsic
●
●
●
●
activated by trauma inside vascular system
activated by platelets
slower but more important
involves factor XII,X,IX,VIII
Continued…
▪ Platelet Plug Formation
Blood Typing
▪ Anti-body A = Type A
▪ Anti-body B = Type B
▪ Anti-body A & B = Type AB
▪ Neither A or B = Type O
Sources
http://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookENDOCR.html
https://www.pinterest.com/piwiman12/endocrine-system/
http://blogs.hightechhigh.org/apolloandhomology/page/2/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WVrlHH14q3o
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ER49EweKwW8
http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/thyroid-and-parathyroid-glands
http://www.yourdictionary.com/adrenal-glandhttp://pixshark.com/testes-and-ovaries.htm
http://studydroid.com/printerFriendlyViewPack.php?packId=83815
http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/basics/control.html
http://www.brookdalehospital.org/patient-services/blood-bank.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type
More Sources