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Transcript
AP Psychology - Therapy and Treatment The type of therapy used depends on the ________________________________! EX: Using behavioral therapies to treat a Psychotherapy ____________________________________between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties Eclectic Approach phobia that is ______________________ learned An approach that depending on the client’s problems, Ex: Using cognitive and behavioral uses techniques from … therapies to treat disorders that require changes in _______________________ and __________________________ Biomedical Therapy Prescribed ____________________________ or __________________________ procedures that act directly on the patient’s brain and/or nervous system. EX: treating schizophrenia with medication because it is _______________________________ rooted in the brain PSYCHOTHERAPIES Psychoanalysis Based on the ideas of _________________________ Goal Try to help patients gain insight into the • _______________________ origins and roots of their disorders and work through ___________________________ patient relaxes and starts talking about anything • _________________ interpretation • __________________________ – the analyst’s noting supposed dream meanings, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight into the subconscious ____________________________ feelings. Resistance – Transference – Techniques • Criticisms Interpretations cannot be _____________________ or disproven; psychoanalysts say that psychoanalysis is therapy, not a science. • __________________________ – years long • _____________________ – several sessions a week Psychodynamic Therapy ___________________________ by _________________________, but not the same as psychoanalysis Goal Try to understand a patient’s current symptoms by focusing on Techniques ___________________ across important • • Face-to-face _________________________ Once a week for a few weeks/months _________________________________________ • Look for _____________________________ in behaviors/relationships Humanistic Therapy Emphasis on __________________ ___________________ and self-fulfillment Developed largely by _______________________________________. Goal Aim to boost self___________________________ by helping people grow in selfawareness and self- Techniques • Focusing on the future instead of the past • Focusing on conscious rather than unconscious thoughts • “Clients” rather than “patients” Criticisms • Not ________________ enough _________________________________ therapy in which the client feels ________________________________________ ___________________________ and the therapist is _________________________ (refrains from offering personal interpretations) • ____________________________ – therapist echoes, restates, and clarifies Behavioral Therapy Behavioral therapists do not emphasize the _____________________________ of a disorder as they assume that the problem _______________________ are the _____________________. Goal Applies _____________________ principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors (useful for Techniques Counter – conditioning (definition below) Exposure therapy Systematic desensitization • Criticisms Doesn’t address ___________________________ processes behind disorders • When reinforcement disappears/stops, behaviors may _________________________. Aversion therapy __________________________) Is it right for one human to control another’s behavior? Is punishment _________________________? Behavior modification Counter-conditioning – conditions __________________________________________ to stimuli that trigger _______________________________________________; based on _______________________________ conditioning. Systematic desensitization (exposure therapy) – o Commonly used to treat _________________________.. Aversion therapy – o Commonly used to treat ________________________. Behavior modification – assumes that behaviors are influenced by their ____________________________; based on _____________________________ conditioning. Token economy – earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a _____________________________________ and can later ________________________ the tokens for various _________________________________________. o Commonly used to help _________________________ children become more social. o Can teach _____________________________________ or the mentally retarded to care for themselves. Cognitive Therapy Best for disorders in which the roots are ________________________, like generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder. Goal Techniques Tries to change unhealthy or maladaptive Depressed people do not exhibit the _____________________________________________ common in __________________________ in nondepressed people. Instead they attribute their failures to themselves and their successes to external ________________________ by teaching new circumstances. must change patterns in thinking! healthier ways of thinking. • Ex: a depressed person writes 3 positive things that happened that day and how they contributed to them • Ex: a person with test-anxiety repeats positive things to themselves before an exam Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Useful for disorders that involve _____________________________________ and _____________________ elements. Goal Techniques Combines changes in _________________________________________________– proposes __________________________ that unrealistic and irrational beliefs cause maladaptive behaviors; focuses on changing thinking patterns. (cognitive) and changes in 1. ______________________ the underlying irrational though ___________________________ patterns/beliefs. 2. ______________________ the irrational beliefs (behavioral) 3. Gain insight and _________________________ irrationality. Other examples of CBT: • OCD sufferers – changing thinking patterns concerning obsessive thoughts and changing behaviors concerning compulsions • Anorexia nervosa – changing thinking patterns concerning depression and negative body image and changing behaviors concerning eating. Group Therapy and Support Groups Except for psychoanalytic therapies, these techniques can be used in… Group therapy does not allow for the same degree of individual attention, but it is ___________________ and ____________________ effective and has often been found no less effective than individual therapy. The social context of group therapy often allows client to feel as if they are _____________________________ in their problems. It can be a relief to find that others share your problems and feelings. EX: Family Therapy Treats the family as a _________________________ in which undesirable behaviors are influence by and affect other members tries to foster ___________________________________________ within the family. EVALUATING PSYCHOTHERAPIES Meta-analysis – People who remain untreated often improve People who receive psychotherapy are more likely to improve. People who receive psychological treatment spend less time and money later seeking other medical treatments, compared with those on waiting lists for psychotherapy. Pseudotherapies Every therapy, based on testimonials, will seem effective for some people. placebo effect? Regression toward the mean? EMDR - ___________________________________________________________________ o A therapist attempt to unlock and reprocess previously frozen traumatic memories by waving a finger/flashing a light in front of the eyes of a person imagining a traumatic scene. Light Exposure Therapy – exposure to daily timed doses of light that mimics outdoor light. o Treatment for __________________________________________________________ (SAD) – a form of depression linked to periods of decreased sunlight Relative Effectiveness of Psychotherapies Therapy is most effective when the problem is __________________________ and __________________. Phobias or panic disorder sufferers can hope for improvement. Less-focused problems, such as depression and anxiety, usually benefit in the short-run but often relapse later. Those who have chronic schizophrenia or who wish to change their personality are ________________________ to benefit from ____________________________________________. Most useful therapies for certain disorders: PsychoHumanistic/CCT dynamic Therapy Behavioral Therapy Cognitive Therapy Depression Anxiety Phobias OCD Reducing suicide risk The APA suggests considering seeking a mental health profession if you display: Feelings of hopelessness Deep and lasting depression Self-destructive behaviors Disruptive fears Sudden mood shifts Thoughts of suicide Compulsive rituals BIOMEDICAL THERAPIES Biomedical therapies – physically change the brain’s functioning… Altering chemistry with __________________________________ Overloading its circuits with ___________________________________________________ Using ______________________________________ to stimulate or dampen activity Altering its circuits through ____________________________________ Psychopharmacology The study of the effects of ____________________ on mind and behavior. o Led to more independent lives for sufferers of psychological disorders o Reduced hospitalization of many people To evaluate the effectiveness of new drugs, researchers use the _____________________________________ experimental technique to reduce __________________________________________ Antipsychotic Drugs Goal Lessen responsiveness to random stimuli by blocking Useful for… _____________________________ (regulates dopamine) ______________________ Lessens the __________________ receptors (remember the symptoms of schizophrenia dopamine hypothesis!) Examples Clozapine Risperdal Zyprexa Negative Effects ___________________________ involuntary movements of facial muscles, tongue, and limbs (results from long term use of older antipsychotic drugs) Increased risk of obesity, diabetes Anti-anxiety Drugs Useful for… Goal ____________________ central nervous system reactivity Examples Xanax Ativan __________________________ Negative Effects Can be used as a _____________________________ ______________________, without actually solving the root of the anxiety. Can help a person learn to cope with frightening situations and feartriggering stimuli. Users can become _______________________, ________________________, and dependent on the medication. Anti-depressant Drugs Goal Regulate levels of neurotransmitters in the brain (________________________ and norepinephrine) that can elevate mood Useful for… Examples Selective-serotoninreuptake-inhibitors __________________ (SSRIs) – slow or block the reabsorption or reuptake of serotonin Negative Effects Full effects take _________weeks – high _____________________ risk when starting medication Zoloft Prozac Paxil Mood-Stabilizing Drugs Goal Stabilize fluctuating moods Useful for… Examples ___________________ _________________________: Disorder Unclear how it works – maybe strengthens nerve connections in brain that regulate mood? Negative Effects Increased thirst Headaches Memory loss Some tremors or twitches Brain Stimulation Goal Send an electric current through the brain while the patient is anesthetized Repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain Useful for… Examples Negative Effects Severe ______________________ that does not respond to medication ________________________________ therapy __________________________ Stigmatized (bad reputation) Not exactly sure how it works – maybe calms the area of the brain that is over active and causing depression? Repetitive transcranial magnetic Severe _______________________ that does not respond to stimulation (___________________) – meds. used to stimulate or suppress brain activity Alternative to ECT Does not penetrate brain’s surface Painless, wide-awake No memory loss, No seizures N/A Psychosurgery Goal Remove or destroy brain tissue to change behavior Useful for… Examples Cutting the corpus callosum __________________________ ______________________ – NOT performed anymore Negative Effects ________________________ – least used therapy Lobotomy – a now-rare psychosurgical procedure that cut the nerves that connect the _____________________ lobes to the ________________________-controlling centers of the inner brain. o Developed in the 1930s o Shock the patient into a coma o Hammer an ice pick-like instrument through each eye socket into the brain, then wiggle it to sever connections running up to the frontal lobes.
