Download Week Twenty One

5 POINT WEEKLY CHALLENGE!!
Each week your child will have the opportunity to earn 5 extra credit points by studying the
weekly challenge. These 5 extra credit points will go to your child’s lowest summative grade.
I will choose 5 questions from each week and quiz the students on them. Again this is strictly
for extra credit. The 5 questions challenge will be held on the Thurs/Friday of each week. If
for some reason that week is shorter then the 5-question challenge will be held on the last
two days of that particular week. The challenge will mostly consist of fill in the blank style
questioning.
WEEK ONE
General:
 Trophic maps-show both natural features and man made features by elevation.
Rocks and Minerals
 5 Mineral classifications-Color, Luster, Streak, Cleavage/Fracture, Hardness and Density.
 Rock cycle is constantly changing.
 Metamorphic rock- made from magma
 Igneous rock-When magma cools.
 Sedimentary rock-Makes up the ocean floor, where most fossils are found.
Natural Resources
 Natural resource or alternative resource-found in nature.
o Examples nuclear, solar, wind, hydroelectric, biomass, geothermal heat
 Nonrenewable energy (Fossil fuels)- petroleum, natural gas, coal
 How do fossil fuels form? From the buried remains of ancient organisms.
Week Two
Fossils
 Most fossils are found in sedimentary rock
 Absolute dating-establishing the exact age of an object
 Relative dating –estimating the age of an object.
 Types of fossils
o Trace fossil-An easily recognizable type of “track”
o Mold- A cavity in the ground where a plant or animal was buried.
o Cast- becomes a rock
Inside the Earth
 3 parts
o Crust-thinnest layer, we live on it, 2 types: continental and oceanic
o Mantle-where your magma cambers are connected and convection cells cause the
earth’s plates to move
o Core-Solid mostly made of iron and nickel
 Lithosphere-Outermost layer, made up of crust and upper mantle
 Asthenosphere-Soft layer of mantle that allows Earth’s plates to move from convection
cells.
Week Three
Plate Tectonics
 Plate tectonics-are pieces of the lithosphere (crust) that move.
 Alfred Wegner- Came up with the continental drift theory (that the continents drifted
apart) . Evidence: 1) fit together like a jigsaw puzzle 2)The same fossils are found on
different continents.
 Pangaea theory- The continents were connected in one super continent and drifted apart.
 Sea floor spreading- the process by which new oceanic lithosphere is created as older
floor is pushed away.
Boundaries
 Convergent-when two plates collide
 Divergent – when two plates divide
 Transform- when two plates slide past each other
 Folding- when layers of the earth bend due to stress
 Faulting (fault)- a break in the earth crust
Week Four
Earthquakes
 Seismic Waves- waves of energy that travel through the Earth.
 P Waves (primary)-1st round of waves, fastest waves, travel through solid, liquid, and gas.
 S Waves (secondary)-Rock that moves back and forth, 2nd waves
 Seismograph- instruments that record seismic waves of earthquakes
 Epicenter- the point on the Earth’s surface directly above an earthquakes starting point.
 Focus- the point in earth where an Earthquake begins.
 Richter Scale- used to measure an earthquakes strength.
Volcanoes
 Divergent boundaries-mid-ocean ridge causes a volcano to form underwater
 Convergent boundaries-subduction (one, usually ocean goes under continental crust)
 Hot spots- are formed over where volcanoes could occur. Ex: Hawaii
Week Five
Weathering
 Mechanical Weathering- the break down of rock into smaller pieces. Ways include, ice,
wind, water, gravity, plants and animals.
 Chemical Weathering- the break down of rock into smaller pieces. Ways include: water,
acids, air and soil
Water Cycle
 Evaporation- liquid changes into a gas and evaporates into the air
 Condensation-Gas changes back into liquid and clouds are formed
 Precipitation-liquid falls to earths surface in the shape of: Rain, snow, sleet, hail
 Runoff-Water that flows across land and collects in rivers, streams, and heads back to the
ocean.
 71% 0f earth is water from oceans
Global Wind
 Global wind direction? Generally west to east
 Coriolis Effect- The curving of wind following earths rotation
 Gulf Stream-warm water current that travels East of the US
 Cold Water Current-Travels down to California on the West of the US
 El Nino-The location of warm/cool waters in the Pacific Ocean that alters weather
patterns and produce disasters.
Week Six
Atmosphere
 Troposphere- where our weather happens
 Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere IonosphereHeating of the atmosphere
 Conduction- the transfer of energy from one material to another by direct contact.
 Convection-The transfer of energy by circulation.
 Greenhouse effect- natural heating of earth…where gas is trapped and heats the
earth…like a green house
 Global Warming-Carbon dioxide is increasing the temperature of the earth by depleting
the ozone layer.
Global Wind Patterns
 The Northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere curve opposite
 Local Winds-Short distances, blown in any direction
 Global winds- part of a pattern that travel long distances and specific directions.
 Trade winds-closest to the equator…blow North to Southwest
 Westerlies- blow south to northeast
 Polar Winds- Cold winds by the poles.
 Jet Stream-High speed winds in the upper troposphere. Pilots sometimes use this wind.
 Local winds-in a local area
o Land breezes-during the day land heats up faster than water. At night land cools
faster than water.
 Prevailing Winds-blow from one direction…Affect what weather we will have
Week Seven
Weather
 Humidity- amount of water vapor in the air
 Cumulus clouds-puffy clouds
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Stratus clouds-cover large areas of the sky
Cirrus-clouds-wispy clouds
Cumulonimbus-thunderstorm clouds
Nimbostratus-produce light to heavy rain
Fog-when water vapor condenses close to the ground
Warm front- when warm air meets and over rides a cold air mass.
Cold front- When cold air meets and over rides a warm air mass
Occluded front-A faster moving cold air mass over rides a slower warm front
Stationary front-when fronts meet and stay stationed.
Hurricane- must meet 74 MPH or greater. (64KN or greater) Rotates clockwise.
Thermometer- Measures the temperature
Barometer-Measure air pressure
Anemometer- Measures wind speed
Isobars-lines on a map that show air pressure differences
Low pressure-groggy days
High pressure- play days
Week Eight
Seasons
 Northern hemisphere and Southern hemisphere are opposite
 Summer Solstice (June 21)-longest day
 Winter Solstice (Dec 21)- shortest day
 Spring Equinox (March21)
 Autumn Equinox (September 22)
 During the winter months the earth is actually closer to the sun than in summer months.
The earth is colder in winter because it is tilted away from the sun. In summer months it
is tilted towards the sun.
Climate
 3 climate zones
o Polar: Tiaga, and Tundra
o Temperate:deciduous forest, Temperate desert, Chaparral
o Tropical: rainforest, savannah, desert
Astronomy
 365 ¼ days in a year (Every 4th year is a leap year)
 Light year- unit of space measurement
 Astronomical unit-another unit of space measurement
 Our solar system
o Spiral galaxy
o Called the Milky way
o Center is a sun
 Rotation-spining on an axis (earth-24 hours)
 Revolution- orbiting around (earth 365.25 days)
Week Nine
Sun
 Is made of helium and hydrogen
 Holds planets in orbit by gravity
 Sun spots- mark cooler areas on the sun
 Solar Flares-storms that produce auroras here on earth
 Auroras (northern lights)
Planets
 Inner Planets(rocky planets)
o Mercury-closest to the sun, size of Earths moon
o Venus-Earths twin. Similar size, mass density. Spins in opposite direction
o Earth –only life know
o Mars-Red planet, cold, had water at some point.
 Outer Planets (gas planets)
o Jupiter-has a storm larger than earth (red spot)
o Saturn-Rings made of ice particles
o Uranus-blue-green
o Neptune-has clouds
 Other space facts
o Pluto is no longer a planet “dwarf” planet
o The asteroid belt is between the Jupiter and Mars
Week Ten
 Stars
o Classified by how hot they are
o Blue- (hottest), white, yellow, orange, red (least hottest)
o Stars life-begins as a ball of gas/dust, get denser, grows hotter. (star is born)
throughout life they turn into red giants then white dwarfs. The star blows up and
can produce:
 Supernovas-death of a star by explosion
 Black Holes-a hole that doesn’t give out light
o Globular cluster- group of older stars, usually larger
o Open cluster-group of younger stars, usually smaller.
 Galaxies
o Spiral (what the milky way is)
o Elliptical
o Irregular
 Universe
o Big Bang Theory-The universe formed with a big bang
o Evidence shows that the universe is expanding, Galaxies are getting further away
from each other
o How old is our galaxy? As old as the closest star.
Week Eleven
Moon
 28 days for the moon to complete its cycle
 waxing-growing
 Waning- shrinking
 Lunar eclipse- the moon is blocked out
 Solar eclipse-the sun is blocked out
Organization of life
 Cells are the basic unit of life
 Cells – tissues – organs- organ system – organism – population - community – Ecosystem
– biosphere (world)
 Hooke discovered the 1st cell
 Unicellular-one cell
 Multicellular-two or more cells
 Prokaryotic-world smallest cell, No Nucleus ex: bacteria
 Eukaryotic- Have a nucleus
Cell theory
 All organisms are composed of one or more cells
 The cell is the basic unit of life
 All cells come from existing cells
Week Twelve
Cell Parts
 Cell wall-provides strength and support
 Cell membrane-allows things to go in and out of the cell
 Nucleus-stores DNA (genetic info)
 Ribosomes-small but most abundant organelle. Produce protein
 Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)-Internal delivery system. Moves proteins around in cell
 Mitochondria-Power house, make energy
 Chloroplast-found in plants only. Make chlorophyll.
 Chlorophyll-uses sunlight to make energy(food) for plants. (green stuff)
 Vacuoles-storage, larger in plant cells
Week Thirteen
Plant vs Animal
 Plants-larger vacuole, square shape, has a cell wall and chloroplast.
 Animals-Circular shape, smaller vacuole, no cell wall or chloroplast.
Photosynthesis
 A chemical change in which plants change sunlight into food.
 Carbon Dioxide + Water ---------- Glucose(sugar) + Oxygen
 Reactants(written before the arrow): carbon dioxide, water and sunlight
 Product(written after the arrow): Glucose (sugar) and Oxygen
Cellular Respiration (breathing)
 Glucose (sugar) + Oxygen ----------- Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
 Takes place in the mitochondria of the cell
Week Fourteen
Cell Division
 Chromosomes-contains DNA
 Asexual reproduction-the cell copies itself (mitosis)
 Sexual reproduction-the cell splits (one from mother, one from father) (meiosis)
 Humans have 46 chromosomes. You got 23 from each parent.
 Interphase-Where the cell spends most of its time, everyday normal function cell
 Prophases-beginning of cell division. Centrioles travel to different poles, nuclear envelope
disappears
 Metaphase- chromosomes line up in the middle
 Anaphase-Chromosomes start to pull apart
 Telophase-cells are about to pinch off
 Cytokinesis-when the cell pinches off (starts over with interphase)
 Mitosis-goes through cell division once
 Meiosis-goes through cell division twice
Week Fifteen
Heredity (passing of traits)
 Dominant trait- Capital letter, trait that appears
 Recessive trait- lower case letter, trait that is hidden
 Alleles-traits from parent, and possible outcomes Ex: TT, Tt, tt
 Genotype- The inherited combination of alleles
 Phenotype- The organisms appearance
 DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)-Made up of genes that the organism will inherit
 Homozygous- same
 Heterozygous-different
 Mutations- caused by damaged or mis-paired genes
 Pedigree- Tracing a trait for generations in a family. Ex: dogs
 Selective breeding-human selects the organism with desirable traits.
 Genetic engineering- Scientist can match genes in a lab.
Change over time
 Adaptation-a characteristic that helps an organism survive
 Evolution-Change over time
 Charles Darwin-Came up with the theory of evolution by observing finches at the Galapagos Islan
 Natural Selection-Nature selects which organism will change so that that species will not become
extinct.
Week Sixteen
Classification
 Classification-organizing organisms into groups.
 Taxonomy- identifying, classifying, and naming living things.
 Order
o Kingdom-largest most general group
o Phylum-contain animals with hollow nerve cords
o Class-backboned animals
o Order-Backboned animals, nurse young, teeth for tearing
o Family –backboned animals, nurse young, teeth for tearing, claws
o Genus o Species – can type of animal Ex: cats
Other kingdomes
 Bacteria is different than all living things on Earth because they are Eukaryotic
o Archaebacteria- ancient bacteria, been around the longest
o Eubacteria-live in soil, water, and human body
 Protista
o Simple multicellular organisms Ex: amoeba
 Plantae
o Planets-Multicellular, usually green, and go through photosynthesis (process of making
sunlight into food)
 Fungi-do not obtain nutrients through photosynthesis. Instead fungi absorb nutrients making the
decomposers. Ex: fungus and lichens
 Animalia-animals multicellular and unicellular
Week Seventeen
Bacteria
 Most abundant organism on the planet
 Prokaryotic-No nucleus
 Uses cellular respiration, can move around, and reproduce (binary fission)
 3 shapes: Bacilli, Cocci, and Spirilla
 Most have a cell wall 95%
 Have hair like structures (flagellums) This helps bacteria move
 Why bacteria’s good? Nitrogen cycle, recycling, people
 Harmful bacteria? Cause disease Ex: lyme disease, tuberculosis (TB), Bubonic plague, strep, food
poisoning, pneumonia
Viruses
 Smaller than cells and bacteria.
 Viruses constantly evolve
 Invade a host cell, steal nutrients, kill the cell
 Not considered living because: it cannot live on its own, grow, breath, or eat.
 Viruses can reproduce inside a host cell.
 4 Shapes
o Crystal’s
o Spheres
o Cylinders
o Spacecraft’s
 Virus life cycle
o Virus finds a cell (host)
o Virus sneaks into cell
o Virus takes over cell
o Virus start multiplying
o New virus break out of the current host to find new host (cell is dead)
Week Eighteen
Plants
 Phototropism- bending of a plant in the direction of sunlight
 Gravitropism-bending of plant due to gravity.
 Deciduous trees- lose their leaves in winter
 Coniferous trees-stay green all year round. Ex: pine trees
Animals
 Animals are consumers (eat other organisms)
 Predator-animal doing the chasing
 Prey-animal being chased
 Learned behavior-an animal is taught Ex: potty training a toddler
 Instinctive behavior-behavior that comes natural Ex: breathing
Invertebrates (no backbone)
 Bilateral Symmetry- if you draw a line down the middle. The animal looks the same on both sides
 Radial Symmetry- if you draw a line in any direction the animal looks similar
 Asymmetrical-no symmetry. If you draw a line anywhere they do not look the same.
 Types of invertebrates
o Sponges-live in water, simplest animal Ex: ocean sponges
o Cnidarians-animals that have stinging barbs Ex: Sting ray, jelly fish
o Flatworms- most are too tiny to see. Flat worms. Ex: tapeworm
o Round worms-Round worms Ex: earth worm
o Mollusk- have a circulatory system and/or nervous system Ex: snail, squid, clam, slug, oyst
o Arhropods (largest group)-Have jointed limbs and exoskeletons. Ex: insects
o Echinoderms-Marine animals Ex: starfish, sea urchins, sea lilies, sand dollars
Vertebrates (backbone)
 Types
o Fish
o Amphibians-frogs, salamanders
o Reptiles-turtles, snakes, crocodiles
Week Nineteen
Ecology
 Biotic factors- living things in an environment
 Abiotic factors-nonliving things in an environment
 Cell – tissues – organs – organ system – organism – population – community – Ecosystem –
biosphere (world)
 Producers-Organisms that use sunlight to make food (plants)
 Consumers- Organism that eat producers or other organisms
o Herbivores- eat plants
o Carnivores-eat meat
o Omnivores- eat both
o Scavengers-feed on dead organisms
o Decomposers-break down organisms and put nutrients back into the soil.
 Food chain
 Food web
 Food/energy pyramid
 Habitat- the organisms environment
 Niche- the way an organism lives in its environments. Where it lives, what it consumes, social
structure, how they eat.
Environment Interactions
 Limiting factors-resources that become scare
 Competition-Over food, water, shelter, space
Symbiosis (interactions among organism)
 Mutualism-both organism benefit
 Commensalism-one benefits, one is unaffected
 Parasitism-one benefits, one is harmed
Week Twenty
Biomes
 Deciduous forest- Were we live, has trees that loose their leaves
 Coniferous forest/tiaga- Have trees that stay green all year Ex: Evergreens, Canada, Alaska
 Tropical Rain Forest-Contain more species than any other biome. Close to equator. Top soil is po
in nutrients
 Grassland-Vegetation is mainly grass. Supports small consumers and large herbivores
 Savanna-Grass land with small clumps of trees. Dry/wet season
 Desert-Dry climate with very little water
 Tundra-So cold no trees grow. Covered in a layer of permafrost (this layer is frozen all year roun
Body System
 Types of tissue
o Epithelial-skin
o Nervous-sends signals to brain
o Muscular- produce movement
o Connective-connects organs (keeps from falling out)
Matter
 States of matter
o Solid
o Liquid
o Gas
o Collide-Jello
o Plasma-99% of matter in universe. No shape or Volume Ex: auroras
 Change of States
o Freezing point of water-32 F
o Boiling point of water 212 F
Week Twenty One
Mixtures
 Element-a pure substance. Ex: silver, oxygen, nitrogen
 Elements are grouped on the periodic table by:
o Metals
o Nonmentals
o Metalloids
 Compound(combines to form a substance)-a pure substance composed of two or more elements
Ex H2O (Hydrogen + water C6H12O2 (carbon + hydrogen + oxygen)
 Mixture- a combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined. Ex: baking
soda and vinegar
Measuring Motion
 Speed-How fast something goes
o Speed = distance/time
 Velocity-speed and direction
o Speed=distance/time (write which direction)
 Acceleration- speed up
o Acceleration = final velocity-starting velocity/time to change velocity
Force
 Force- push or pull
 Measured in Newtons (N)
 Unseen force pulling you to earth is called gravity
Friction
 Sliding Friction-ex: sliding a chair across the ground
 Rolling Friction- ex: Putting rollers under the chair
 Fluid Friction-ex:when in water
 Static Friction – ex: Force is applied to an object but the object is not moved.
Week Twenty Two
Gravity
 Bigger the object the more gravity it will have. You would weigh more on Jupiter than on mars.
(because Jupiter is bigger its gravity is stronger)
 Law of universal gravitation- all objects attract to each other.
 Mass is the amount of matter an object has.
 All objects accelerate towards earth at 9.8 meters per second. (get faster and faster)
 Newtons 3 laws of motion
o 1st: an object at rest/motion but stay at rest/motion until acted on by an unbalanced force.
Ex: the golf ball will not move off the tie until acted on by a force (putter)
o 2nd: Force = mass X acceleration
o 3rd: When one object exerts a force another object most exert the same force. Ex: when a
bunny jumps. The bunny exerts a force on the earth. The earth exerts the same fore back.
Work
 Occurs when a force causes an object to move.
 Measured in Joules (J)
 W= f X d
Power
 The rate at which work is done
 Measured in watts (W)
 P=w/t
Machines
 Machines- make work easier
 Work input- work done on a machine
 Work output- the work the machine does
 Lever-bar that pivots
o 1st class: hammer (getting nail out)
o 2nd class: will barrel
o 3rd class: Hammer (hitting nail in)
 Inclined plane: Straight slanted surface Ex: Stairs
 Wedge: double inclined plain that moves Ex: Knife
 Screw: Spiral that rotates Ex: light bulb
 Wheele and axle: Consist of two circular objects (axle is smaller) Ex: Door Knob
 Pulley- Wheel that attaches to a rope or cable. Ex: Blinds
 Compound Machine: made of two or more simple machines Ex: Car
Week Twenty Three
Energy
 Kinetic Energy- of a moving object
 Potential Energy-of an object that is still
 Thermal Energy-Heat energy
 Chemical Energy-Energy from chemicals
 Electrical Energy-produced by power plants/generators
 Sound Energy-Caused by vibrations
 Light energy- produced by vibrations and electrically charged particles
 Nuclear Energy-Energy from atoms that split
 Law of Energy- Energy can not be created or destroyed, only can change forms.
Atoms
 Smallest unit of nonliving things
 Atoms ---- Molecules ----- elements -----compounds -----mixtures
Made of Protons (+), neutrons (no charge), and Electrons (-)
PEN
Electron Cloud-2 in 1st shell,
6
up to 8 in other shells
C
Carbon
12.0
Periodic Table (Most reactive elements are on the left side)
 Metals (left side)-Shiny good conductors of heat
 Nonmetals (right side)- Not shiny, poor conductors of heat
 Metalloids (zigzag line)-Have properties of metals and nonmetals
Bonds
 Covalent bonds- Electrons are shared
 Ionic Bond- When opposites attract
Week Twenty four
Mass
 Law of conservation of mass- Matter cannot be created or destroyed, but it can change forms.
 Chemical Change- When a substance changes into something new. Ex: wood burning
 Physical Change- When the physical appearance changes but not the substance.
Energy
 Generator-converts different types of energy into electrical energy.
 Transformer-Increases or decreases the voltage of current
Waves
 Small amplitude=low energy
 Large amplitude=high energy
 Short wave=more energy
 Long wave= less energy
 Medium-something a wave can travel through (ex: you hear your sisters music in your
room…The wall is the medium)
 Electromagnetic spectrum