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ESL 33A Grammar Packet #3: Verb Tenses Directions: The writer of the following meaningful paragraph has made a number of verb errors. Find and correct any verb errors you may find. ―Can an old picture mean anything?‖ An object that is important to me is an old picture that I took with my aunt ten years ago before she dead. When I was a kid I usually went to her house every weakend. It’s because my parents had to go to work and no one could take care me. One day my mother told me that I have to stay home with my sister and I am not going to my aunt home because she just die last night. And I remember that I had cried the hold day because I can find where my aunt was. I kept asking my parents where did my aunt go because I don’t understand what it mean ―die.‖ After a couple weeks my mother handed a picture to me that I took with my aunt and let me to keep it for memory. And when I grown up I understood what it mean ―dead‖ and I found that not even gold or diamond is valuable sometime an very simple object or piece of junk can be more valuable and memory than anything else. For instance, the old picture that I had probably to most people mean junk but to me is valuable and memory it’s because my aunt had no longer live in the world. R. Frank: ESL 33A: 1 ESL 33A Grammar Packet #3: Verb Tenses The verb phrase A verb can be one word, or it can have two or more related parts. In a sentence, a verb alone, or a verb and its related parts, is called a verb phrase. Look at the sentences below and underline the verb phrases (all the words you think are verbs, or parts of verbs). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. She goes to work. She doesn’t go to work on Tuesdays. Does she go to work on the weekends? She is going to work today. She is going to go to work tomorrow. She has gone to work three times this week. She has been going to work for a long time. She should go to work every day. She has to go to work to pay the bills She should have been able to go to work yesterday, in spite of the rain. Types of verbs Verbs can be divided into main verbs and helping (or auxiliary) verbs. The main verb is the heart of a sentence; it is also the heart of the verb phrase, that is, the most important part. The main verb expresses the action (or the state of being) of the subject of the sentence. Look at the sentences above, and circle the main verb in each. In sentence 1 above, there is only one verb, the main verb. But in sentence 2 -10, there are other verbs, helping verbs, that add special grammatical meaning to the main verb. Look again at sentences 2-10 above and circle each helping verb. Types of helping verbs There are two basic types of helping verbs: 1. be, have, & do Look at the following sentences and decide if be is a main verb or a helping verb: a. I am a student. b. He is washing the dishes. c. She was beautiful. d. The Lord of the Rings was written by J.R.R. Tolkien. Look at the following sentences and decide if have is a main verb or a helping verb: e. She had a good time. f. The dog has eaten everything. g. He has a Mercedes Benz and a BMW. h. I realized that I hadn’t finished my homework. Look at the following sentences and decide if do is a main verb or a helping verb. i. She is doing her exercises. j. I do not like rainy days. k. They do nothing on the weekends. l. Did you finish your homework? R. Frank: ESL 33A: 2 ESL 33A Grammar Packet #3: Verb Tenses Question: When be, do, and have are used as helping verbs, what form of the main verb is used after each one? When they are used as main verbs, what does each one mean? 2. verbs other than be, do & have Here is a list of some other helping verbs in English. All of them show what a speaker, or writer, thinks or feels about what s/he is saying. A can could may might must shall should would will ought to B be going to have to used to be supposed to be able to be allowed to be about to had better have got to would rather Note two things about this list. First, all of the words in column A have only one word, while the words in column B have more than one word. But the words in column B are still considered a single helping verb. Second, you may notice that some of the words the two columns have similar meanings. Can you match the verbs in the two columns that express similar meanings? Verb Forms All verbs come in exactly five forms, except the verb be. Be is the only English verb with more than five forms. Look at the chart below showing some common English verb in their five forms. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. base form walk open study say think run cut eat write break 3rd person singular walks opens studies says thinks runs cuts eats writes breaks past tense walked opened studied said thought ran cut ate wrote broke progressive (-ing) form walking opening studying saying thinking running cutting eating writing breaking past participle walked opened studied said thought run cut eaten written broken Questions: Look at verbs 1-3, walk, open, and study. Which two forms look exactly the same? Look at verbs 4-7, say, think run, and cut. Which two forms of these verbs look exactly the same? How are these verbs different than 1-3? Look at verbs 8-10, eat, write, and break. Do any of these forms look the same? Are these verbs more similar to verbs 1-3 or to verbs 4-7? Why? Which two of these verbs can never be used with helping verb? Which two of them must occur with helping verbs in order to function as verbs? Which one of them can have helping verbs but doesn’t have to? R. Frank: ESL 33A: 3 ESL 33A Grammar Packet #3: Verb Tenses Directions: Each of the following sentences has an error in verb form. Find out what is wrong with each, and correct the error. Be sure that you can explain why it is wrong. 1. My friend, Lin, who took ESL 122 with me last semester, going back to Taiwan this summer. 2. Luis has visit Los Angeles many times. 3. Jack been studying Japanese for two years. 4. Judy had to went back to her family’s home in Hangzhou immediately. 5. After class, Minh will working at the library. 6. Last year, Anahit was able to visited Yerevan. 7. They will not are able to teach their children to speak Shan. 8. We didn’t had any problems when we went through customs. 9. Carol doesn’t likes her neighbors. 10. I have been learned a lot since I came to the U.S. 11. He couldn’t forgot Morocco after that vacation. 12. I felt sad because we had to back home. Directions: The following paragraph has seven errors in verb forms. Find and correct these errors. When I first came here two years ago, my sister grabbed me by the hand and took me to my first English school. She was pushed me almost all the way to school because I didn’t wanted to study English. She finally got me there, and she paid for all the first courses. Now when I see my sister, I just say, ―Thanks you!‖ because she could woke me up about the importance of learning English. English is the most important language in the world because the U.S. is one of the biggest countries in the world. However, English shouldn’t the only important language to learn. For me, when I can speaking English fluently, I will trying to learn another language, too. Directions: The following paragraph has seven errors in verb forms. Find and correct these errors. Oscar de la Renta is one famous person from the Dominican Republic. He is an internationally recognized fashion designer. He left his country to go to France to study fashion design. He made a name for himself, but he continued to live in France. A lot of people like his style. I think that if he were live in his country, the Dominican Republic, he could established a great design institute there, and he could to select the best students to work with him. He should to do this in his own country. However, he taking our designers to France to work with him. Personally, I know one case of a young designer. De la Renta convinced him to go to France. He is more famous now than he was in my country, and he is very rich, too. He didn’t returned to his country. I can understand how he might adapted to a new lifestyle and feel better outside his own country. R. Frank: ESL 33A: 4 ESL 33A Grammar Packet #3: Verb Tenses Verb tenses When we use the term verb tense, we are actually referring to two related ideas. One idea is basic time, which in English refers to past time, present time, and future time. When we write a paragraph, we often focus on one basic time, or time frame. The second idea has to do with special meanings that we add to the verb to show time relationships. For example, we may wish to on two actions that happen at the same time, we may want to show that one action is completed before another action, or we may choose to show that an action was in progress for a period of time before and during a point in time. Match these special meanings with the verb form we use to express this meaning: meaning form 1. 2. 3. 4. a. b. c. d. completed before happening at the same time happening before and during no special meaning simple progressive perfect perfect progressive The combination of basic time and the four kinds of special meaning give English its 12 verb tenses. Fill out the chart below, using the verb study. aspect basic time simple progressive perfect perfect progressive past time present time future time Verb tense usage Each of these verb tenses also has specific ways in which it is used. For example in present time, here are some common uses of each of the tenses: simple present: used to express facts or habitual, repeated actions; sometimes can be used to express future events (either events on a schedule or in a time clause) present progressive: actions happening now (at this moment, this week, this month, this semester, etc.); sometimes used to express planned events in the near future present perfect: show a relationship between the past and now—an action or stated that has continued from the past to the present, or an action that has been repeated before now, or something that has been experienced before now. present perfect progressive: used for an action in progress for a period of time before now and still is in progress; an action in progress recently or lately. Verbs in past time and future time are used in similar ways to present time. For example, progressive is used in very similar ways in past, present, and future time. Very often we can recognize the meaning the verb should have by other words in the sentence. For example, habits or repeated events are often signaled through frequency words like usually, often, always, on Tuesdays, or whenever I feel like it. Similarly, common signals for actions that take place over a period of time are time phrases with for or since. These time signals, which are all adverbs, are very helpful in figuring out the verb tense that should be used. R. Frank: ESL 33A: 5 ESL 33A Grammar Packet #3: Verb Tenses Stative or nonprogressive verbs Not all verbs in English are active, showing some kind of change. Consider the following lists of verbs. How are the verbs in column B different from those in column A? A watch listen play write go stay open ride B see hear know understand like feel want have In formal written English, progressive verb tenses are used for verbs that express some kind of conscious activity. You can not use progressive with verbs that are not active. For example, stative verbs express: a. senses (feel, see, hear…) b. feelings (love, hate, need, appreciate…) c. possession or relation (be, have, seem, belong…) d. thoughts (believe, know, understand, mean, remember…) Some verbs seem very similar in meaning, but they are used differently because one is active and the other is stative. Consider, for example, verbs listen and hear. Listening is considered an action because you think about how you want to hear something, so you take an action to hear it. Hearing something is not an action. Even when you don’t want something to enter your ears, you might still hear it. Hearing is a sense. English also has a number of verbs that can be active or stative, depending on how they are used. active form think about I’m thinking about you. think I think that’s true. (opinion) see I’m seeing them today (to meet) see I see people running outside. smell I’m smelling the fish to find out if it’s fresh. (by choice) smell The fish smells bad. taste I’m tasting the tea. (by choice) taste The tea tastes good. be I’m being silly (temporary) be I am silly. (permanent) feel I’m feeling the cloth. (to touch) feel I feel hot. (sense) have I’m having a party. (action) have I have two brothers. (possession) Directions: Look at the following sentences. If you think the sentence is correct, write a check (). If you think the sentence is not correct, write an and correct the sentence. 1. Charles was watching television in the living room. 2. We were seeing terrible things then. 3. She was smelling the flowers and picking them. 4. The sea was smelling so fresh. R. Frank: ESL 33A: 6 ESL 33A Grammar Packet #3: Verb Tenses 5. They were hating everyone who was looking different than they did. 6. My father, a doctor, is being careful now because of the bird flu. 7. We were having a good time together. 8. Americans are believing so strongly in self-reliance, independence, and freedom for the individual. 9. The first time she saw him at the party, she loved him and she knew she wanted to be with him. 10. When she knew my secret, she went out and told everyone about the embarrassing thing I had done. Time clauses Directions: Read the following passage about the life of Benjamin Franklin. Find and underline each dependent clause that shows a time relationship. Decide if the basic meaning is ―before‖, ―at the same time‖, or ―after‖. Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston in 1706, the fifteenth child in a poor family. Franklin began learning about saving money and living wisely as a young child. For example, when he was six years old, young Benjamin learned an important lesson in thrift after he had spent too much money for a whistle. By the time he was twelve years old, Franklin had begun to work in his brother James’ printing shop. Because of his great love for reading, young Franklin spent almost all of his free time and lunch times reading while he was working at his brother’s shop. He also taught himself to write, and before long had published fourteen articles. When his brother James found out, he beat Ben, so Ben left to work on his own. He sailed to Philadelphia and began to work for a printer there. While he was working in Philadelphia, his writings made the Governor of Pennsylvania afraid of his ability to think and write. As a result, the Governor tricked Franklin into going to England and then abandoned him there without money. Again, Ben used his resourcefulness and found work with a printer. Eventually, Franklin returned to the American colonies and set up his own printing business with help from his father’s friend. Regretting some of the things that he had done in his younger days, Franklin devised a method for developing his personal life. His method was made up of thirteen virtues: temperance, silence, order, resolution, frugality, industry, sincerity, justice, moderation, cleanliness, tranquility, chastity, and humility. Franklin sought to develop one virtue at a time and made daily recordings of his progress in his diary. While he was developing these virtues, Franklin was also spending a great deal of his spare time inventing many useful items, including stoves, bifocals and batteries, in addition to debating philosophy and studying. He also became fluent in four different languages. When Franklin died in 1790, he had actually made major contributions in five different areas of activity: business, journalism, citizenship, and statesmanship. He had been active in public life until he was eighty three. Most importantly, his contributions had helped shape the destiny of the new nation which he had helped to found, the United States of America. Each of the adverbial clauses you’ve underlined above show relationships in time; therefore, they are sometimes called time clauses. A time clause is a kind of dependent clause which is introduced by a subordinating conjunction of time or a time adverbial. R. Frank: ESL 33A: 7 ESL 33A Grammar Packet #3: Verb Tenses Time Word when while before as soon as by the time once until Clause Subject + Verb Phrase, etc. There are three basic time relationships in English: before, at the same time, and after. Time words can be categorized according to these three basic meanings. before before when by the time until at the same time while as when after after when once as soon as Aspect & Sentence Adverbials Aspect simple progressive perfect perfect progressive Meaning at the moment of focus in progress during the moment of focus completed before the moment of focus in progress before and during the moment of focus • When the basic meaning of sentence adverbials are matched with the idea of aspect, we can say: — If the time clause has the meaning before, the verb in the main clause is usually perfect. — If the time clause has the meaning at the same time, one of the verbs is usually progressive. — If the time clause means after, both of the verb phrases are usually simple. However, we may use perfect in the time clause to emphasize that the action in the time clause is completed before the action in the main clause. …young Benjamin learned an important lesson in thrift after he had spent too much money for a whistle Verb Tense & Sentence Adverbials Main Clause Time Clause Past Past since Present Present Future Future R. Frank: ESL 33A: 8 ESL 33A Grammar Packet #3: Verb Tenses Present Tense: Verb tense usage Directions: Decide whether the following passage should use the simple present, present progressive, present perfect, present perfect progressive or past forms. (Note: A total of 3 past tense forms are used.) Since the 1950s and 1960s, tremendous changes (1) fathers (2) (occur) in the roles that (play), especially in the early years of their children’s care. Steve, a typical modern father, (3) (feel) that it (4) (be) more important for him to share in the the raising of his children Molly and Max than it (5) a little more money each year. He (6) Fathers (7) (be) to earn (not, want) to be a stranger to his own children. (appear) to have far more capacity to care for small children than people (8) (think) in times past. In the past, psychologists (9) (assume) that the mother (10) (be) the better-suited parent for early childcare—both temperamentally and biologically. But recent research (11) (suggest) that, given a chance, fathers (12) (be) as caring as mothers with their young children. Like Steve, many fathers today (13) (change) their ideas. They (14) (get) involved in the care and education of their children. The trends (15) (suggest) that soon, more and more fathers (16) Directions: (take) an active role in raising a family. Write the appropriate verb forms in the following paragraph. Alan and his friends have been planning to learn rock climbing for weeks. He first (1) (learn) about this sport from a TV program. Since then, he (2) climbing to learn more about it. He (3) (convince) his friends to go with him, too. They (4) (decide) to go after the semester (5) (choose [already]) a rock climbing school and they (7) equipment they (8) (rent) videos about rock (end). They (6) (buy [already]) all of the (need) on their trip. Even though they are nervous about climbing up the side of a mountain, they are excited about their upcoming trip. R. Frank: ESL 33A: 9 ESL 33A Grammar Packet #3: Verb Tenses Present/Future Tense Verbs: Sentence combining Directions: Join the second sentence of each of these pairs to the first sentence using the suggested linking word(s). Make sure to change nouns to pronouns where necessary. Example: I’ll go to the movies. I will finish my homework. (after) homework. I’ll go to the movies after I finish my (1) Paul and Kathy are going to have a good time. They will be on vacation in Montreal. (while) (2) I’m going to go camping for three days. I will have finish all of my final exams. (once) (3) Carl and Reiko are leaving for their new jobs They’ll sell their new house. (as soon as) (4) Even my boss is going to take some time off. He will have finished printing and checking the month-end report. (when) (5) It will be almost next semester. Carol will finally get her paper typed. (by the time) Present/Future Tense Verbs: Error Correction Directions: Some of the verb phrases in the following paragraph contain incorrect verb forms. Find and underline 15 errors in verb forms. Then write the corrections above the errors. This year spring break will be very exciting. I will going to San Francisco with my family. I never been there before, so I’m not know what to expect. I have been plan this trip for several months now. When my cousin first suggested it, I wasn’t want to go. But then he tell me all there was to do and see, and I was decide it would be a lot of fun. Now I am really look forward to it. We will leaving on Friday night so that we can arrive on Saturday morning. . When we getting there, we will go to the Golden Gate Bridge. I hope we can see it at dawn. Then we going to go to Chinatown for breakfast. We also planning to visit Fisherman’s Wharf and Ghirardelli Square. Before we come back, we will going to visit Yosemite National Park. By the time I’m get home, I will seen many new things and been many new places. R. Frank: ESL 33A: 10 ESL 33A Grammar Packet #3: Verb Tenses Past Tense Verbs: Sentence Combining 6:30 a.m. 6:40 a.m. 6:42 – 6:47 a.m. 6:48 a.m. 6:48 a.m. 6:49 – 6:51 a.m. 6:51 a.m. 6:51 a.m. 6:53 – 6:55 a.m. 6:55 a.m. 6:56 a.m. Directions: alarm goes off gets up takes a shower gets out of shower falls on floor shaves cuts his face throws razor on the floor gets dressed tears a hole in his shirt finds a new shirt 6:57 a.m. 6:58 a.m. 6:58 a.m. 6:59 – 7:14 a.m. 7:14 a.m. 7:14 – 7:15 a.m. 7:15 a.m. 7:15 a.m. 7:16 a.m. 7:16 a.m. 7:18 a.m. makes coffee pours the coffee. spills coffee on his shirt eats breakfast finishes eating breakfast goes to look for another clean shirt hears the doorbell runs to the door, but no one is there loses temper goes back to the bedroom decides to lie back down and go to sleep Combine each of the following groups of words into one sentence, using the appropriate past tense forms, the information above, and the time signals given to complete the story about Dave Nelson’s morning. Yesterday morning everything went wrong for Dave Nelson. (1) although / his alarm goes off at 6:30 / (not) gets up / until 6:40 Although his alarm went off at 6:30, he didn’t get up until 6:40. (2) while/gets out of shower/falls on floor (3) throws his razor on the floor/because/cuts his face/while/shaves (4) when/gets dressed/tears a hole in his shirt (5) because/tears a hole in his shirt/finds a new shirt (6) while/pours the coffee/spills coffee on his shirt (7) by 7:14/finishes eating breakfast/so/goes to look for another clean shirt (8) while/looks for another clean shirt/hears the doorbell (9) loses temper/after/runs to the door but finds no one there (10) finally/decides to lie back down and go to sleep/because/all morning/everything goes wrong R. Frank: ESL 33A: 11 ESL 33A Grammar Packet #3: Verb Tenses Present/Past Tense Verbs: Error Correction Directions: Some of the verb phrases in the following paragraph contain incorrect verb forms. Find and underline 10 verb tense errors. Be sure to underline the whole incorrect verb phrase Then write the corrections above the errors. My family immigrated to the U.S. five years ago, when I was fourteen years old. As a result, the biggest adjustment for me was school. I have attending schools here in the US for the last five years, and my school experience in America has been totally different than the experiences that I had in my country. The biggest difference has been that the teachers that I had in my country were much more serious, formal, and distant than the teachers that I have had in the U.S. First, when I went to school in my country, the teachers do not smile or make any jokes in class, and they are not usually allow the students to smile in class, even if it is related to the subject. However, since I come to the U.S., I often heard teachers saying funny things to make the students laugh. For example, my high school history teacher always started class with a joke in order to catch students’ attention and make them pay attention to his lectures. In addition, to me, the teachers in my country are serious and strange people. The students admire them, but sometimes they are afraid of them. In contrast, I often seen American students treating their teachers like friends, or even talking back to their teachers. In my country, a student would be publicly beaten for treating his teacher with so little respect. Finally, it was very difficult for many students in my country to imagine their teachers as real people; they even forgot that their teachers had families and children and go shopping like everyone else. But, in the U.S., teachers are often talking about their personal lives, so students can relate to them more like friends. In short, while the relationship between teachers and students is more informal and friendly in the U.S. than in my country, I fell much more comfortable respecting my teachers the way we always did in my country, even though they seemed much more serious and distant than American teachers. R. Frank: ESL 33A: 12 ESL 33A Grammar Packet #3: Verb Tenses Directions: The following paragraphs have verb tense errors. Make the appropriate corrections. Mary My friend Mary is someone who influenced me a lot in my life. Before I knew Mary, my grade was bad. I don't know how to do my homework, and no one can help me out. But I had met Mary when I am in my first year of high school. She's my classmate at my new school. Mary is a good student, and get good grades. After she started to know me, she knew that I have some problems with my studies. So she teaches me how to do my homework when we studyed together. I change my school life because I want to be smart like her. Sometimes we go to library to borrow books or read books. She reads books very fast and understands all of them. I am very envy her and want to be just like her. So I started to studied hard and read books when I have time. Now my reading skills have improved fast. Because of my friend Mary, my life get better. My English also improve. My future is much better than before since Mary appears in my life. Lossing My Father When I was young, my father immigrated to the United States because the government of my country is an dictator so our country's economic isn't stable to do the business. The lossing father affected my childhoold and gives me an anxiety feeling in school and in my extended family. In school, I missed him very much when I saw my friend's father came and picked them up. While my friends are talking about their family and how did their father take them to go vacation, I felt so sad and looked myself down. He always brought me to the parks or the country on weekend and I had a lot of happiest times. That made me remembered him a lot all the times after he left home. I was an introvert person until I reached high school that made me depression in my mind ever. By the way, he left home when I was in the middle school. I write a letter to my father every time I think of him. I missed my father's warm and kind heart to me. Even though lossing my father is a kind of sadness, but it effects me independent myself and facing problems to solve my own. Now I talked a lot to others and discussed to do everything easily. For me, it made me matured in my future life. R. Frank: ESL 33A: 13