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Brain, Body, & Behavior: LESSON 5: THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Endocrine System: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: The system of the body made up of glands and hormones. It is made up of the following glands and their hormones: Pituitary Gland. Thyroid Gland. Parathyroid Glands. Adrenal Glands. Pancreas. Gonads: Ovaries/Testicles. Also : Thymus Pineal Gland Hormones: Different hormones are secreted by different glands. Hormones are stored inside the GLANDS: Units of the body that control the release of hormones. They hold and release hormones into the bloodstream. Activities regulated by hormones include: Reproduction. Growth patterns. Body’s fluid and salt balances. Occasionally, the endocrine system may malfunction: Ex: diabetes, gigantism, dwarfism, etc… ENDOCRINOLOGIST: Doctor who treats diseases of the Endocrine System. Hormones: Hormone means “to activate” or “to urge.” HORMONES: Chemicals released by glands into the bloodstream that control body processes such as emotional responses, growth and sexuality. They pass through the body into the blood stream to deliver instructions to various organs, etc… Each hormone influences only certain organs or tissues. The more the hormone; the more the activity in the body. They turn on other parts of the body. Virtually every system in the body is affected by hormones. • Hypothalamus: HYPOTHALAMUS: Part of the lower brain that controls the release of hormones when it turns on the pituitary (master) gland. IT IS NOT A GLAND ITSELF BECAUSE IT DOES NOT RELEASE HORMONES! It means “below the thalamus.” It is the size of a large pea. The hormones regulated by this area of the brain govern body temperature, thirst, hunger, sleep, circadian rhythm, moods, sex drive, etc... It is involved in many necessary processes of the body including behavioral, autonomic, and endocrine functions. The hypothalamus' primary function is homeostasis, which is to maintain the body's status quo system. Pituitary Gland: PITUITARY GLAND: Master gland that releases human growth hormone and also tells the other glands to release their hormones. Very important for sexual functions. Triggers menstruation in women. It is located in the brain attached to the hypothalamus. It is bean shaped. It activates other glands and controls growth hormone. Scientists once thought mucus came from the pituitary gland: Pituita was a slang word for “mucus.” Pituitary Gland: ROLE OF THE PITUITARY GLAND: To send messages that will start other glands going. To determine how tall or how short someone will be. The pituitary gland makes HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE: The hormone that regulates the growth process. It intermittently makes growth hormone: Accounts for growth spurts or early/late bloomers. Fun Facts: Tallest Person in History: Robert Wadlow from the U.S. He stood 8 feet 11.1 inches tall. He died at age 22 in 1940. Fun Facts: Shortest Person in History: Gul Mohammed from India. He stood 1 foot 10.5 inches short. He died in at age 39 in1997. Pituitary Gland: They probably died young because of medical conditions associated with the pituitary gland. Most defects in pituitary gland can be treated with medicine today. Environment and nutrition can negatively affect pituitary gland: Poor nutrition lowers amount of growth hormone produced. Poor nutrition levels in third world countries have on average a shorter population than wealthy nations. Thyroid Gland: THYROID GLAND: This gland looks like a bow tie located inside the neck. Thyroid means “shield shaped.” It is the gland that controls and regulates metabolism by releasing thyroxine. METABOLISM: The speed of bodily processes. The speed at which the body operates. The speed at which the body uses up energy. It produces THYROXINE: Thyroid hormone that regulates metabolism. Hyperthyroidism: HYPERTHYROIDISM: Hyper means “over.” Overactive thyroid disease. When the thyroid produces too much thyroid hormone. Symptoms: Weight loss, restlessness, overactive, anxiety, nervousness, sweating, increased heart rate, etc… It is fatal if untreated. Treatment: A liquid form of radioactive iodine. Iodine slows production of thyroid hormone in the body. Anti-thyroid medication pills. Surgery. Hypothyroidism: HYPOTHYROIDISM: Hypo means “under.” Underactive thyroid disease. Symptoms: Drowsiness, fatigue, slight weight gain, intolerance to cold, lethargy, slowed physical and mental functions, slow heart rate, sadness, depression, sluggish, etc… Slow thyroid gland from birth could cause mental retardation. Occasionally treatment for hyperthyroidism works too well causing hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism can result form a lack of iodine in the diet: Rare due iodized salt. Treatment: Daily consumption of thyroid hormone for life. Parathyroid Gland: PARATHYROID GLANDS: These are 4 rice sized glands located on the thyroid gland. They produce a hormone called parathyroid hormone (PTH) (parathormone) that controls the level of calcium in the blood. Adrenal Glands: ADRENAL GLANDS: The glands that cause excitement in order to prepare the body for an emergency by releasing adrenaline or for some important activity. They are located on the left and right sides of the body slightly above the belly button directly above the kidneys. Adrenal Glands: In response to stress, they create ADRENALINE: EPINEPHRINE. A chemical that prepares the body for an emergency activity by tensing muscles, increasing breathing rate, blood pressure, heart rate, and energy level (high energy level caused by an increase in blood sugar). It produces a sudden and remarkable burst of energy. Often hands will tremble, the mouth will get dry, the hands, armpits and feet will sweat, and the blood will even clot faster in case of an injury. The adrenal glands send adrenaline into the bloodstream to prepare the body for an emergency or a stressful situation: Accident, taking test, getting married, public speaking. Pancreas: PANCREAS: It is located behind the stomach. Produces enzymes essential for the digestion of food. Enable the body to break down the food people eat which is turned into energy. Regulates the body’s use of GLUCOSE (blood sugar): An energy source for the body. Levels change in the body but remains within set limits. The gland that secretes the hormone insulin. INSULIN: Enables body to regulate amount of glucose in bloodstream. It is produced when the level of sugar in the body increases. Diabetes: DIABETES: The word means “to draw off liquid.” Disease in which the body is unable to regulate the body’s level of glucose. Levels of blood sugar remain very high. Symptoms: Increased thirst, increased urination, weight loss, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, etc… Complications: Untreated, diabetes can negatively affect the body due to exposure of the organs and tissues to high blood sugar levels, causing blindness, kidney failure, amputations, etc… HYPOGLYCEMIA: Low blood sugar level. Diabetes: Type 1 diabetes: Insulin dependent Severe Symptoms Fatal unless the body’s missing insulin is replaced. People with this form of diabetes must test their blood sugar levels daily and administer insulin if needed. Cause: The pancreas does not produce insulin needed to regulate blood sugar levels: Treatment: Injections of animal or genetically engineered insulin: Cannot take insulin orally because the digestion system breaks down insulin. Type 2 Diabetes: Type 2 Diabetes: Non-insulin dependent. Mild symptoms. Cause: The pancreas does not produce insulin needed to regulate blood sugar levels. Treatment: Losing weight, maintaining healthy diet and exercising regularly reduce the body’s resistance to insulin. Affects more than 100 million people worldwide. Gonads: (Ovaries and Testicles) GONADS: Sex glands. They make the sperm and the eggs used for reproduction. OVARIES: The two internal female reproductive glands that produces eggs. Produces mostly ESTROGEN: Also produces ANDROGEN: Female sex hormone. Male sex hormone. TESTICLES: The two external male reproductive glands that produces sperm to fertilize female eggs. Produces mostly ANDROGEN: Male sex hormone. Also produces ESTROGEN: Male sex hormone. Gonads: (Ovaries and Testicles) Q: What is the difference between androgen and testosterone? A: Testosterone is the most well known form of androgen. Testosterone in men is secreted from the testicles and is responsible for male growth and development. Deficiencies of this hormone lead to muscle weakness and erectile dysfunction in men . This condition can often be treated today by a doctor with testosterone replacement therapy. Gonads: (Ovaries and Testicles) Gonads: Men and women both have androgen and estrogen in their bodies; men have more androgen and women have more estrogen. These sex hormones are what make women appear feminine and men appear masculine. Women with too much androgen may grow body hair (beard). Men with too much estrogen may grow breasts. Androgen starts the sex drive for both men and women: The hormones start the process but then it is taken over by the Cerebral Cortex: Sex is believed to be a learned behavior, not an instinct. The Cerebral Cortex adds to sex: Love, respect, warmth, fear, anxiety, heartbreak, pain, etc… Pineal Gland: PINEAL GLAND: A gland located in back of the brain stem which releases melatonin. A.k.a. “pineal body.” It regulates circadian rhythms in the body. In the dark it releases the MELATONIN: the hormone released by the pineal gland which helps one fall asleep. Its function is not fully understood. It is thought to be an evolutionary leftover from the endocrine system of animals. Thymus: THYMUS: The gland located just behind the breast bone between the lungs which releases thymosin and plays a role in setting up the body’s immune system. It is the largest during childhood and it shrinks after puberty and is replaced by fat. It plays a part in setting up the body’s immune system. It is only active until puberty. THYMOSIN: the hormone released by the thymus that stimulates the development of disease fighting T cells, a type of white blood cell that protects the body from viruses and infections.