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Transcript
Chapter 3 “Motion, Acceleration, & Forces” Section 1 – Describing Motion A) ____________ occurs when an object changes its position. 1) Motion is ____________ relative to a reference, a group of objects that are not moving ____________ to each other. a) An object’s ____________ is its distance and direction relative to one ____________ point in the reference frame. 2) ____________ is the length of the path an object travels. 3) ____________ is the distance and direction of an object’s final ____________ from its initial position a) ____________ is a physical quantity that includes both size and direction B) ____________ the distance an object travels per unit time, is measured as ____________ per Second (m/s) in SI units 1) Calculation: speed = ____________ / time s=d/t 2) Speed ____________ as an object moves from one place to another. 3) ____________ is a speed at a single instant in time a) Car ____________ measure instantaneous speed 4) ____________ is how quickly an object moved over the entire ____________ it traveled a) To calculate it, ____________ total distance by the total travel time C) ____________ is the speed of an object and its direction of motion 1) Like displacement, it is a vector that has ____________, which is the object’s speed, and has direction 2) Velocity can ____________ if the speed and/or direction of the object changes, can Change if the speed of the object remains ____________ D) A ____________ - ____________ graph shows the motion of an object over a period of time. 1) We plot time on a(n) horizontal ____________ and distance on a(n) ____________ axis 2) On the graph speed is represented by the ____________, or steepness, of the line Section 2 – Acceleration A) ____________ is the change in velocity divided by the ____________ it took for the change to occur 1) It has a size and direction, so it is a ____________ a) Its size is the change in ____________ b) Its ____________ is the direction of the object’s ____________ 2) Acceleration occurs when an object’s ____________ and/or direction of motion changes a) When acceleration and velocity move in the ____________ direction, speed is increasing b) When acceleration and velocity move in opposite directions, speed is ____________ 3) For example, the direction of Earth’s ____________ around the Sun is continually changing, so Earth is ____________ B) If the direction of ____________ of an object doesn’t change, you can calculate its acceleration as follows: 1) ____________ acceleration = (final velocity – initial velocity) / final time – initial time) 2) ____________ = (vf – vi) / (tf – ti) 3) In SI units acceleration uses ____________ per second squared (m/s2) 4) Acceleration is plotted on ____________ - ____________ graphs a) We plot an object’s ____________ on the vertical axis b) We plot an object’s time on the ____________ axis 5) If speed is increasing, final speed is faster than initial ____________ and acceleration is ____________. a) ____________ is positive on speed-time graph 6) If speed is decreasing, ____________ speed is slower than initial speed and acceleration is ____________ a) Slope is negative on speed-time ____________ 7) Multiple steep drops and inversion loops in roller coasters produce large ____________ Section 3 – Motion and Forces A) ____________, is the push or pull that one object exerts on another object measured in newtons 1) Force causes a change in ____________ or velocities 2) ____________ is created when two or more forces act on an object at the same time 3) Balanced forces are equal in ____________ and opposite in ____________; net force is 0. 4) ____________ are combined forces that cause the ____________ of an object to change. B) Friction opposes the sliding ____________ of two ____________ in contact. 1) It is an unbalanced force that ____________ the speed of an object 2) ____________ form on bumps and dips in contacting surfaces, causing them to ____________ together. 3) ____________ friction prevents two surfaces in contact from sliding past each other because force cannot break the microwelds. 4) Sliding ____________ is a force that acts in the ____________ direction to the motion of a surface sliding on another surface and is then force due to static friction. 5) ____________ friction created when an object rolls over a ____________ is usually a much smaller force than ____________ friction. C) ____________ is the frictional force that opposes the motion of objects that move through the air 1) It causes objects to fall with ____________ accelerations and speeds 2) It acts in the direction ____________ to the velocity of an object moving in the air 3) Air resistance on a(n) ____________ depends on it’s speed, ____________, and shape of the object. D) ____________ velocity is true when the net force on a falling object from the ____________ force of air resistance and the downward force of ____________ is zero.