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MARCH 2011 ISSUE 35 Left Circumflex to Coronary Sinus Fistula Leila Khorashadi, MD; Brett W. Carter, MD; Felipe Martinez, MD; Vikram Venketash, MD; Wilfred Mamuya, MD; Mannudeep K. Kalra, M.D; Suhny Abbara, MD Clinical History A 68-year-old man with a history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes and prior tobacco use presented with recurrent complaints of intermittent dizziness, lightheadedness, and syncope. A myocardial perfusion study and transthoracic cardiac ultrasound were unremarkable, and his left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was noted to be 65%. A subsequent Holter revealed symptomatic non-sustained ventricular tachycardia. Cardiac catheterization demonstrated multivessel coronary artery disease. His left circumflex artery was aneurysmal and ectatic, and a fistulous tract extending to the coronary sinus was identified. Coronary CTA was requested prior to bypass surgery (CABG) for better evaluation of the coronary AV-fistula (CAF), and its relationship with surrounding structures. Figure 1 (A,B,C) Findings Cardiac CTA confirmed the presence of a CAF between a markedly dilated and tortuous left circumflex coronary artery and the coronary sinus. Furthermore, no additional fistulas, thrombus formation, or other associated anatomical abnormalities were noted. Discussion CAF is a rare congenital anomaly accounting for less than 0.5% of all cardiac anomalies. A CAF is defined as a direct connection between a coronary artery with right heart chambers including the right atrium, right ventricle, coronary sinus, superior vena cava, or pulmonary arteries. Although a single communication is most common, there are reports of multiple fistulas. Older patients usually present with symptoms including congestive heart failure, endocarditis, myocardial infarction, pulmonary hypertension, and sudden cardiac death. The development of symptoms attributable to a CAF, significant aneurysm formation, multiple fistulous connections, and high flow fistulas are among the indications for intervention. Management of CAFs includes transcatheter embolization or surgical ligation. Long-term follow up is recommended due to possible postoperative recanalization, persistent dilatation of the involved artery, thrombus formation, and myocardial infarction. Figure 2 (A,B) Figure 1 (A,B,C): (A) MPR image along the long axis of the left circumflex coronary artery (LCx) in the atrioventricular (AV) groove showing a fistula between the LCx (long arrow), which is dilated and markedly tortuous and a small distal aneurysm (*) just before it drains into the distal coronary sinus (arrow head). (B) MPR image along the long axis of the coronary sinus (arrowheads) a few millimeters lateral to figure 1a shows the small LCx aneurysm (*) and its connection with the coronary sinus (arrow). (C) MPR image orthogonal to Figures 1a and 1b showing the relationship between the great cardiac vein (short arrow) and tortuous dilated LCx (long arrow). Figure 2 (A,B): Left anterior oblique and inferior views of 3D VRT images showing a tortous dilated lcx artery (long arrow) paralleling the great cardiac vein (short arrow) in the atrioventricular groove and a small aneurysm at the distal Left circumflex – coronary sinus fistula (*). REFERENCES 1. Liberthson, RR et al. Congenital coronary arteriovenous fistula. Report of 13 patients, review of the literature and delineation of management. Circulation 1979;59:849-854. 2. Jung, SH et al. Multiple coronary arteriovenous fistulas to the coronary sinus with an unruptured coronary sinus aneurysm and restrictive coronary sinus opening into the right atrium. Circulation 2009;120:1138-1140. 3. Zenooz, NA et al. Coronary Artery Fistulas: CT Findings. RadioGraphics 2009; 29: 781-789. Editors: Suhny Abbara, MD, MGH Department of Radiology Wilfred Mamuya, MD, PhD, MGH Division of Cardiology