Download Bacteriology - Nassau BOCES

Bacteriology
Mr. Auriemma
Bacteriology Terms and Definitions
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Bacteria- ( singular: bacterium) one-celled
microorganisms with both plant and animal
characteristics; some are harmful and some are
harmless; also known as germs or microbes
-ology- suffix meaning “ the study of”
Bacteriology- the science that deals with the study of
microorganisms called bacteria
Infectious- communicable by infection from one
person to another
Terms and Definitions cont….
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Parasite – (pathogenic bacteria) harmful bacteria that is of
vegetable or animal organism that live on or in another
organism an draws it's nourishment from that organism
Saprophyte- (non pathogenic) are harmless bacteria and live
on dead matter
Toxin-is a poisonous substance produced from harmful
microorganisms
Virus-(plural: viruses) are submicroscopic structures that can
invade most plants and cells: an infectious agent that lives
only by penetrating cells and becoming part of them
Virology- the study of viruses and the diseases they cause
Types of Harmful Bacteria
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Cocci – is the general term for all round shaped bacteria
Staphylococci- Pus forming round shaped bacteria that grow in clusters.
Examples: abscesses, pustules and boils
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Streptococci – Pus- forming round shaped bacteria that grow in curved
lines resembling strings or beads. Examples: strep throat, blood poisoning
Diplococci- Spherical (round shaped) bacteria that grow in pairs.
Example: pneumonia
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Bacilli- are short, rod shaped bacteria. They are the most common type
of bacteria. Examples: tetanus (lockjaw), typhoid fever, tuberculosis and diphtheria
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Spirilla – are spiral or corkscrew shaped bacteria.
There are 2 types:
Treponema padilla- causes syphilis and other sexually transmitted
diseases
Borrelia burgdorferi- causes Lyme disease
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Cell Growth and Reproduction
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Mitosis - is the process of cells growing, reaching an
optimum size and dividing in half to form two new
cells. These two new cells are called daughter cells.
Active State - (vegetative state) is the state where
bacteria grow and reproduce (warm, dark, damp
and dirty places).
Inactive State – (spore forming) is the state where
bacteria form a tough outer covering to protect itself
from unfavorable conditions (dryness, famine or
cold).
Movement of Bacteria
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Motility (self movement)
Note: Cocci bacteria rarely move.
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Flagella or Cilia – are hair like extensions
on the ends of bacteria that whip back and
forth to help bacteria move.
Note: Bacilli and Spirilla are both motile and use these hair like extensions
to move.
Bacteriology Terms
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An infection occurs when the body is invaded by disease
causing bacteria.
Pus is an indication of infection.
A local infection is contained to one area of the body. Examples:
pimples, pustules and abscesses
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A general infection is an infection of the blood system and
bacteria is carried through out the body. Examples: blood poisoning and
syphilis
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Diseases are contagious or communicable when they can
easily spread from one person to another.
An epidemic occurs when a disease simultaneously attacks a
large number of people in the same locality.
Types of Diseases
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An acute disease rapidly occurs, has severe symptoms and is short in duration.
A chronic disease is usually long in duration, mild but recurring.
A congenital disease is a disease that exists at birth.
A contagious disease is one that spreads easily.
An infectious disease is causes by pathogenic (harmful) bacteria or viruses and
easily spreads.
An occupational disease results from conditions that result from employment.
A parasitic disease is a result of vegetable or animal parasites such as pediculosis
and ringworm.
A pathogenic disease is caused by pus forming bacteria.
A systemic disease is a disease that is throughout our entire body system.
Venereal disease is acquired by contact by an infected partner during sexual
intercourse. This disease is commonly characterized by rashes or sores on the
skin.
Pathogens
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A virus is a submicroscopic structure capable of infesting almost all plants and animals
including bacteria.
Hepatitis is a blood borne virus that causes an inflammation of the liver.
3 Types of Hepatitis:
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Hepatitis A usually last about 3 weeks that is caused by close contact . A vaccine is
available.
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Hepatitis B can cause a long term hepatitis condition and/or liver cancer. A vaccine is
available.
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Hepatitis C is an illness that progresses slowly. One third of those infected do not have
obvious symptoms. The disease can be transferred either sexually of through an infected
mother. No vaccine is available.
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HIV/AIDS
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is the virus that causes AIDS (Acquired Immune
Deficiency Syndrome) breaks down the body’s immune system. It is transmitted through
unprotected sex, sharing needles and accidents where blood transfer occurs.
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How Pathogens Enter the Body
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A break in the skin
The mouth (contaminated food or water)
The nose (the air)
The eyes and ears
Unprotected sex
The Body Fights Infection By….
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Healing broken skin (this is our body’s first
line of defense).
Body secretions (perspiration and digestive
juices).
White blood cells within the blood that
destroy bacteria.
Antitoxins that counteract the toxins produced
by bacteria and viruses.
Parasites (vegetable or animal organisms that live on other organisms
and draw nourishment from that “host” organism).
Vegetable Parasites (fungi) – which include
molds, mildews and yeast can produce contagious
diseases such as ringworm and favus, both skin
diseases.
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Animal Parasites – are also responsible for skin
disease.
Types of Animal parasites:
1.
Pediculosis capitis – head lice
2.
Scabies – itch mites that borough under the skin
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Immunity (the ability of the body to destroy and resist any bacteria
that has entered the body or that has attempted to entire the body).
Types of Immunity:
1.
Natural Immunity – is partly inherited and partly
developed from hygienic living.
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Acquired Immunity – is immunity that the body
has develops either through overcoming a disease
or through inoculation (such as vaccination).
Human Disease Carrier:
(is an individual that has a disease, is not sick from
or shows sign of that disease, but can transfer that
disease to another individual)