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Bacteriology Mr. Auriemma Bacteriology Terms and Definitions Bacteria- ( singular: bacterium) one-celled microorganisms with both plant and animal characteristics; some are harmful and some are harmless; also known as germs or microbes -ology- suffix meaning “ the study of” Bacteriology- the science that deals with the study of microorganisms called bacteria Infectious- communicable by infection from one person to another Terms and Definitions cont…. Parasite – (pathogenic bacteria) harmful bacteria that is of vegetable or animal organism that live on or in another organism an draws it's nourishment from that organism Saprophyte- (non pathogenic) are harmless bacteria and live on dead matter Toxin-is a poisonous substance produced from harmful microorganisms Virus-(plural: viruses) are submicroscopic structures that can invade most plants and cells: an infectious agent that lives only by penetrating cells and becoming part of them Virology- the study of viruses and the diseases they cause Types of Harmful Bacteria 1. Cocci – is the general term for all round shaped bacteria Staphylococci- Pus forming round shaped bacteria that grow in clusters. Examples: abscesses, pustules and boils 2. 3. Streptococci – Pus- forming round shaped bacteria that grow in curved lines resembling strings or beads. Examples: strep throat, blood poisoning Diplococci- Spherical (round shaped) bacteria that grow in pairs. Example: pneumonia Bacilli- are short, rod shaped bacteria. They are the most common type of bacteria. Examples: tetanus (lockjaw), typhoid fever, tuberculosis and diphtheria Spirilla – are spiral or corkscrew shaped bacteria. There are 2 types: Treponema padilla- causes syphilis and other sexually transmitted diseases Borrelia burgdorferi- causes Lyme disease 1. 2. Cell Growth and Reproduction Mitosis - is the process of cells growing, reaching an optimum size and dividing in half to form two new cells. These two new cells are called daughter cells. Active State - (vegetative state) is the state where bacteria grow and reproduce (warm, dark, damp and dirty places). Inactive State – (spore forming) is the state where bacteria form a tough outer covering to protect itself from unfavorable conditions (dryness, famine or cold). Movement of Bacteria Motility (self movement) Note: Cocci bacteria rarely move. Flagella or Cilia – are hair like extensions on the ends of bacteria that whip back and forth to help bacteria move. Note: Bacilli and Spirilla are both motile and use these hair like extensions to move. Bacteriology Terms An infection occurs when the body is invaded by disease causing bacteria. Pus is an indication of infection. A local infection is contained to one area of the body. Examples: pimples, pustules and abscesses A general infection is an infection of the blood system and bacteria is carried through out the body. Examples: blood poisoning and syphilis Diseases are contagious or communicable when they can easily spread from one person to another. An epidemic occurs when a disease simultaneously attacks a large number of people in the same locality. Types of Diseases An acute disease rapidly occurs, has severe symptoms and is short in duration. A chronic disease is usually long in duration, mild but recurring. A congenital disease is a disease that exists at birth. A contagious disease is one that spreads easily. An infectious disease is causes by pathogenic (harmful) bacteria or viruses and easily spreads. An occupational disease results from conditions that result from employment. A parasitic disease is a result of vegetable or animal parasites such as pediculosis and ringworm. A pathogenic disease is caused by pus forming bacteria. A systemic disease is a disease that is throughout our entire body system. Venereal disease is acquired by contact by an infected partner during sexual intercourse. This disease is commonly characterized by rashes or sores on the skin. Pathogens A virus is a submicroscopic structure capable of infesting almost all plants and animals including bacteria. Hepatitis is a blood borne virus that causes an inflammation of the liver. 3 Types of Hepatitis: 1. Hepatitis A usually last about 3 weeks that is caused by close contact . A vaccine is available. 2. Hepatitis B can cause a long term hepatitis condition and/or liver cancer. A vaccine is available. 3. Hepatitis C is an illness that progresses slowly. One third of those infected do not have obvious symptoms. The disease can be transferred either sexually of through an infected mother. No vaccine is available. HIV/AIDS HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is the virus that causes AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) breaks down the body’s immune system. It is transmitted through unprotected sex, sharing needles and accidents where blood transfer occurs. How Pathogens Enter the Body A break in the skin The mouth (contaminated food or water) The nose (the air) The eyes and ears Unprotected sex The Body Fights Infection By…. Healing broken skin (this is our body’s first line of defense). Body secretions (perspiration and digestive juices). White blood cells within the blood that destroy bacteria. Antitoxins that counteract the toxins produced by bacteria and viruses. Parasites (vegetable or animal organisms that live on other organisms and draw nourishment from that “host” organism). Vegetable Parasites (fungi) – which include molds, mildews and yeast can produce contagious diseases such as ringworm and favus, both skin diseases. Animal Parasites – are also responsible for skin disease. Types of Animal parasites: 1. Pediculosis capitis – head lice 2. Scabies – itch mites that borough under the skin Immunity (the ability of the body to destroy and resist any bacteria that has entered the body or that has attempted to entire the body). Types of Immunity: 1. Natural Immunity – is partly inherited and partly developed from hygienic living. 2. Acquired Immunity – is immunity that the body has develops either through overcoming a disease or through inoculation (such as vaccination). Human Disease Carrier: (is an individual that has a disease, is not sick from or shows sign of that disease, but can transfer that disease to another individual)