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Transcript
The Confederacy Wears Down The twin defeats at Ge5ysburg and Vicksburg cost the South much of its limited manpower The South was already short on food, shoes, uniforms, guns, & ammuniAon It could not longer go on the a5ack, but instead hoped to hang on long enough for the North to Are of fighAng Then the two sides might, by mutual consent, agree to an armisAce-‐ they would just stop fighAng The South Tries to Hang On With more & more bad news from the frontlines, Southern enthusiasm faded Many Southern soldiers began to desert aJer geKng le5ers from home telling of food shortages & no one available to work the farms In every Southern state except South Carolina, there were soldiers who decided to turn & fight for the North For example, 2400 Floridians “galvanized” and served in the Union Army More Problems for Davis Members of the Confederate Congress were always squabbling among themselves & with Pres. Jefferson Davis The governor of South Carolina was upset when troops from his state were placed under the command of officers from another state The governor of North Carolina refused to release thousands of wool uniforms stored in his state to any but North Carolina troops An AcAve Peace Movement 1863-‐In North Carolina, ciAzens who wanted peace held more than 100 open meeAngs A similar peace movement sprang up in Georgia Those these movements failed to bring an end to the war, the South was forced to admit that not everyone was happy with secession Chickamauga (River of Death) The South had one more victory aJer Ge5ysburg Sept., 1863-‐Union Gen. William Rosecrans crossed into Georgia near Cha5anooga, Tennessee This Ame, Southern troops were reinforced by 20,000 men sent from Gen. Lee’s army in Virginia Rebel Gen. Braxton Bragg used the extra men to pounce on the Federals, sending them running back in terror to Cha5anooga Then Bragg dug in on the hills around the city, intending to starve out the Union troops Grant Arrives in Cha5anooga Lincoln replace Rosecrans with Grant in October, 1863 Grant promptly opened a supply line to feed the troops trapped in Cha5anooga By late November, he had enough troops to end the siege He and Gen. William Sherman a5acked Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge and sent Bragg’s men running back into Georgia Grant Commands of All Union Troops Grant was considered the hero of Vicksburg and Cha5anooga Lincoln, who had tried to find a strong commander since the war began, saw something he liked in Grant-‐he fought hard March, 1864-‐Lincoln appointed Grant commander of all Union Armies Grant, in turn, named Gen. William T. Sherman as commander of Union troops in the West The appointments of Grant & Sherman would change the course of the war The Team of Grant & Sherman Both men believed in total war-‐ that is, fighAng not only the South’s armies & government, but its civilian populaAon, too They reasoned that since civilians produced the food & transported war goods on which the rebel armies relied, they must suffer When the North destroyed the South’s will to fight, the Confederacy would collapse & war would end Grant & Lee in Virginia Although Gen. Meade, the victor at Ge5ysburg, was nominally in charge of the Army of the Potomac, it was Grant who gave the orders Grant’s strategy: He would immobilize Lee’s army in Virginia while Sherman would raid Georgia, cuKng the South in half again Grant knew he could afford to lose lots of men, while Lee could not-‐so he launched a campaign in May, 1864, to bleed the South dry The Wilderness Campaign Grant a5acked Lee near Chancellorsville-‐the same area Hooker had stumbled in 1863 The fighAng was brutal, as arAllery shells caused trees & underbrush to catch fire-‐many wounded soldiers burned to death Grant kept feeding men into ba5le day aJer day, grinding away at Spotsylvania & Cold Harbor, but moving ever closer to Richmond Grant’s Losses Mount At Cold Harbor, Grant lost 7000 men in one hour, but he kept on pressing south Soon, his troops were near Richmond and its rail supply center of Petersburg Grant lost more than 60,000 men to reach the same posiAon as the Amid McClellan had 2 years before-‐but McClellan had lost far fewer men Many Democrats & Northern newspapers began calling Grant a butcher-‐but Lincoln stuck with him Grant was determined to keep on going no ma5er what Yankees-‐In Georgia?!! On the same day that Grant began his a5ack in the Wilderness, Sherman began his Atlanta Campaign Despite skilled countera5acks by rebel Gen. Joe Johnson, Sherman’s larger army bullied its way into Georgia From May-‐Sept., 1862, Sherman moved south to surround Atlanta, a major Confederate supply center Sherman’s March to the Sea Begins AJer several weeks of siege, Confederate troops escaped from Atlanta, & Sherman’s men entered the city Sept. 2 The Confederates tried to lure Sherman back North, but the Union commander had a different idea He would abandon his supply lines & march southeast thru Georgia, living off the land and creaAng a wide path of destrucAon Marching With “Uncle Billy” Sherman’s stated goal: To make the South so sick of war that they would never want to fight again Mid-‐November, 1864-‐ Sherman burned most of Atlanta & set out for the coast, 300 miles away His troops were instructed to leave nothing of value in their path-‐all houses burned, rail lines ripped up, slaves freed, crops burned From Georgia Into South Carolina As far as the North knew, Sherman disappeared from their radar screens for about a month He reappeared outside Savannah, Georgia, in December, 1864, & put the city under siege When it surrendered, he sent a telegraph announcing its fall to Pres. Lincoln In his path, Sherman had freed 25,000 slaves He now turned his army north, to deal out even greater punishment to South Carolina for starAng the war The ElecAon of 1864 Lincoln McClellan would stop the country from being ripped apart Davis During the first half of 1864, Union armies were advancing but at a horrible cost-‐so that public opinion of Lincoln’s job performance sank The Democrats hoped to use the high casualty rates to appeal to war-‐weary Northern voters They nominated ex-‐Gen. George McClellan, who advocated an immediate armisAce with the South McClellan, who sAll resented being fired by Lincoln, was only too delighted to run against him Problems Among Republicans Prominent Radical Republicans shown as rats McClellan depicted as a rat This did not look good for Lincoln’s re-‐elecAon Lincoln’s other opponents, the Radical Republicans, favored harsh measures against the Southern states They formed a 3rd poliAcal party & nominated John C. Fremont as their candidate Lincoln’s supporters dropped the Republican Party name, re-‐Atling themselves the “NaAonal Union Party” to Another a5ract Democrats rat-‐ Fremont War Successes Change the Voters Lincoln selected a Southern Democrat, Sen. Andrew Johnson, as his vice-‐ president Lincoln fully expected to be beaten, but then the Union Army bailed him out Aug. 5, 1864-‐Adm. David Farragut entered Mobile Bay in Alabama, & within 3 weeks, he had shut down that major Southern port Then Sherman took Atlanta-‐& by month’s end, Fremont dropped out of the race Lincoln Wins a Second Term Oct. 19, 1864-‐Union Gen. Phil Sheridan chased rebel troops out of the Shenandoah Valley, Aghtening Grant’s noose on Richmond Lincoln then made a savvy move-‐he granted furloughs to soldiers from states where the vote would be close Nearly all the soldiers voted for Lincoln, propelling him to a decisive victory With Lincoln’s re-‐elecAon, the South knew the war would be fought to a bloody bi5er end Breaking the Stalemate around Richmond Mar. 28, 1865-‐Grant’s cavalry found a way to get around the south end of Lee’s trenches Apr. 2-‐Lee sent word to Pres. Davis that he could no longer hold back Union troops That same day, Davis & his government abandoned their capital & set it afire Flames destroyed some 900 buildings, & damaged hundreds more Appoma5ox Union cavalrymen rode day & night for a week to get ahead of Lee’s army They stopped Lee’s retreat at Appoma5ox Courthouse, then shortly aJerward Union infantry appeared behind him He was vastly outnumbered, & decided to discuss surrender terms with Grant Liberal Surrender Terms “UncondiAonal Surrender” Grant told Lee that all his men needed to do was lay down their arms & return home There were extremely generous terms for a long, bloody, bi5er conflict Grant also offered food for Lee’s starving men AJer a few minutes of conversaAon, Lee leJ & went to tell his broken-‐hearted men the war was over Within 2 months, all remaining Confederate resistance ended, so aJer 4 years, the Civil War was over So What Did It All Mean? RevoluAonary War-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐25,000 War of 1812-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐20,000 Mexican-‐American War—13,283 Indian Wars-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐3,810 Spanish-‐American War-‐-‐-‐-‐ 2,446 World War I-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐116,516 World War II-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐405,399 Korean War-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐53,686 Vietnam War-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐58,206 Gulf War-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐258 Iraq-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐4,430 Afghanistan-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐4,500 TOTAL: 708,234 The Civil War North-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐364,511 South-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐260,000 TOTAL: 625,011 Two-‐thirds of the deaths were from disease—one-‐ third from ba5lefield injuries
