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BLOOM PUBLIC SCHOOL Vasant Kunj, New Delhi Lesson plan 2017-18 Subject History Class XI C Month April-May Chapter-2 Writing and City Life TTT- 5 Prds Chapter 2 Learning Objectives Resources Activities Class Work Written No of Periods:9 WT: 4 Prds Writing and City Life Mesopotamia and its geography 1. The significance of urbanization 2. Movement of goods into cities 3. The development of Writing 4. The system of writing 5. Literacy 6. The uses of writing 7. Urbanization in the Southern Mesopotamia: Temple and Kings 8. Life in the city 9. A Trading town in a pastoral zone 10. Cities in Mesopotamian culture 11. Legacy of writing Familiarise the learner with the nature of early urban centres. Discuss whether writing is a significant marker of civilization. NCERT Text Book Extra marks smart class, Mind Map, SLM. Topic wise question and Answer Internet research/Videos and images from the internet. 1. What are the different Names used for the Mesopotamian civilization? 2. What are the features of Mesopotamian civilization? 3. What are the different Sources to understand Mesopotamian Civilization? 4. What is the significance of Urbanism in Mesopotamia? 5. Explain the Development and system of Writing in Mesopotamia. 6. How did people construct and maintain temples in Mesopotamia? 7. “Mari is a good example of an urban centre prospering on trade.” Explain. Home Work Assessment Period wise plan Period 1 1. How did a pastoral zone become a Trading Town in the northern part of Mesopotamia? 2. Explain the Legacy of Writing (Science and Technology) in Mesopotamia Class Test • • • • • • • • • • • • Period 2-3 • • • • • Different Names used for the same civilization Mesopotamian civilisation - The name Mesopotamia is derived from the Greek words mesos, meaning middle, and potamos, meaning river. Mesopotamia means the land between the (Euphrates and the Tigris) rivers. Sumerian Civilisation- The first known language of Mesopotamia was Sumerian. That is why this civilization is otherwise called as Sumerian Civilisation Babylonian Civilisation- After 2000 BCE, when Babylon became an important city of this civilization it is called as Babylonian Civilisation. Akkadian Civilisation -Around 2400 BCE when Akkadian speakers arrived and established their rule in southern part of Mesopotamia it was called as Akkadian civilisation. Assyrians Civilisation - when Assyrians speakers arrived and established their rule in southern part of Mesopotamia it was called as Assyrians civilisation Features of Mesopotamian civilisation Mesopotamian civilisation is known for its prosperity, city life, voluminous and rich literature, its mathematics and astronomy. Mesopotamia’s writing system and literature spread to the eastern Mediterranean, northern Syria, and Turkey. Sources to understand Mesopotamian civilization We study hundreds of Mesopotamian buildings, statues, ornaments, graves, tools and seals as sources. There are thousands of written documents as well to study Mesopotamian Civilisation. Pg.29-30 Mesopotamia and its Geography Mesopotamia is a land of diverse environments. In the north, there is a stretch of upland called a steppe, where animal herding offers people a better livelihood than agriculture – after the winter rains, sheep and goats feed on the grasses and low shrubs that grow here. In the east, tributaries of the Tigris provide routes of communication into the mountains of Iran. The south is a desert – and this is where the first cities and writing emerged. This desert could support cities because the rivers Euphrates and Tigris, which rise in the northern • • • • • • • • • • Period 4 • • • • • • Period 5 • mountains, carry loads of silt. The Significance of Urbanism in Mesopotamia Urban centres involve in various economic activities such as food production, trade, manufactures and services. City people, thus, cease to be self-sufficient and depend on the products or services of other people. There is continuous interaction among them. There must be a social organization in Cities. Thus, organized trade, storage, deliveries of grain and other food items from the village to the city were controlled and supervised by the rulers. Movement of Goods into Cities and communication Mesopotamians could have traded their abundant textiles and agricultural produce for wood, copper, tin, silver, gold, shell and various stones from Turkey and Iran, or across the Gulf. Regular exchange was possible only when there was a social organization to equip foreign expeditions and exchanges of goods. The canals and natural channels of ancient Mesopotamia were in fact routes of goods transport between large and small settlements. Pg.30-33 The Development of Writing in Mesopotamia The first Mesopotamian tablets were written around 3200 BCE, which contained picture-like signs and numbers. These were about 5,000 lists of oxen, fish, bread loaves, etc. – lists of goods that were brought into or distributed from the temples of Uruk. Mesopotamians wrote on tablets of clay. A scribe would wet clay and pat it into a size he could hold comfortably in one hand. He would carefully smoothen its surface. With the sharp end of a reed, he would press wedge-shaped (cuneiform) signs on to the smoothened surface while it was still moist. Once dried in the sun, the clay tablet would harden and tablets would be almost as indestructible as pottery. By 2600 BCE, the letters became cuneiform, and the language was Sumerian. Sumerian, the earliest known language of Mesopotamia, was gradually replaced after2400 BCE by the Acadian language. Pg.3334 The System of Writing in cuneiform Cuneiform sign did not represent a single consonant or vowel but syllable. • • • • • • • • Thus, the signs that a Mesopotamian scribe had to learn ran into hundreds. Writing was a skilled craft but, more important, it was an enormous intellectual achievement, conveying in visual form the system of sounds of a particular language. Literacy in Mesopotamia Very few Mesopotamians could read and write. Not only there were hundreds of signs to learn but many of these were complex. Pg.34-35 Construction and maintenance of temples in Mesopotamia As the archaeological record shows, villages were periodically relocated in Mesopotamian history because of flood in the river and change in the course of the river. When there was continuous warfare in a region, those chiefs who had been successful in war could oblige their followers by distributing the loot, and could take prisoners from the defeated groups to employ in the temple for various works. In time, victorious chiefs began to offer precious booty tothe gods and thus beautify the community’s temples. War captives and local people were put to work for the temple, or directly for the ruler. With rulers commanding people to fetch stones or metal ores, to come and make bricks or lay the bricks for a temple, or else to go to a distant country to fetch suitable materials. Pg.36- 38 Life in the City of Ur Period 6 • • • • Period 7 In Mesopotamian society the nuclear family was the norm, although a married son and his family often resided with his parents. The father was the head of the family. Narrow winding streets indicate that wheeled carts could not have reached many of the houses. There were no street drains of the kind we find in contemporary Mohenjodaro. Drains and clay pipes were instead found in the inner courtyards of the Ur houses and it is thought that house roofs sloped inwards and rainwater was channeled via the drainpipes into sumps in the inner courtyards. There were superstitions about houses, recorded in omen tablets at Ur. Pg.39-40 A Trading Town in a Pastoral Zone ( Life in the city of Mari) • • After 2000 BCE the royal capital of Mari flourished. Mari stands not on the southern plain with its highly productive agriculture but much further upstream on the Euphrates. Such groups would come in as herders, harvest labourersor hired soldiers, occasionally become prosperous, and settle • • • • • down. A few gained the power to establish their own rule. These included. Located on the Euphrates in a prime position for trade – in wood, copper, tin, oil, wine, and various other goods that were carried in boats along the Euphrates – between the south and the mineral rich uplands of Turkey, Syria and Lebanon. Boats carrying grinding stones, wood, and wine and oil jars, would stop at Mari on their wayt o the southern cities. Officers of this town would go aboard, inspect the cargo and levy a charge of about one-tenth the value of the goods before allowing the boat to continue downstream. Thus, although the kingdom of Mari was not militarily strong, but it was exceptionally prosperous. Pg.41-44 Period 8 The Legacy of Writing (Science and Technology) in Mesopotamia • The greatest legacy of Mesopotamia to the world is its scholarly tradition of time reckoning and mathematics. • Dating around 1800 BCE are tablets with multiplication and division tables, square- and square-root tables, and tables of compound interest. • The division of the year into 12 months according to the revolution of the moon around the earth, the division of the month into four weeks, the day into 24 hours, and the hour into 60 minutes. • Solar and lunar eclipses were observed. Pg. 4546 Map Work/ Extra Marks SLM/QA Period 9 Class Test Bloom Public School Vasant Kunj, New Delhi Lesson plan 2017- 18 Subject History Class XI C Month - May Chapter-3 An Empire Across Three Continents TTT- 6 Prds WT: 3 Prds Chapter 3 Learning Objectives Resources Activity Class Work No of Periods: 9 An Empire Across Three Continents 1. Early Empire 2. The Third Century Crisis 3. Gender, Literacy, Culture 4. Economic Expansion 5. Controlling Workers 6. Social Hierarchies 7. Late Antiquity Familiarize the learner with the history of a major world empire. Discuss whether slavery was a significant element in the economy. NCERT Text Book Extra marks smart class, Mind Map, SLM. Topic wise question and Answer Internet research/Videos and images from the internet Map Work 1. Contrast and compare the Iranian Empire with that of the Romans. (Prd2) 2. Explain the impact of the crisis of the third Century on the Early Roman Empire. (Prd2) 3. Who were the three main players in the political history of Roman Empire? 4. What was the status of women in the Roman Empire? (Prd3) 5. What economic activities were carried out during the Roman Empire? (Prd4) 6. How were the workers controlled in the Roman Empire? (Prd5) 7. Describe the social hierarchy in the Roman Empire. (Prd6) 8. What were some of the changes in the late Antiquity period? (Prd7) Home Work Assessment Day wise plan Period 1&2 Period 3 1. Name two types of containers used in Roman Empire? What were they used for? Name the places of their origin? 2. Explain how Romans were able to control and administer such a vast empire? Class Test Two powerful empires ruled over most of Europe, North Africa and the Middle East in the period between the birth of Christ and the early part of the seventh century, say, down to the 630s. The two empires were those of Rome and Iran. The Romans and Iranians were rivals and fought against each other for much of their history. The Early Empire • The whole period down to the main part of the third century can be called the ‘early empire’, and the period after that the ‘late empire’. • The regime established by Augustus, the first emperor, in 27 BCE was called the ‘Principate’. • The emperor, the aristocracy and the army were the three main players in the political history of the empire. • In the late first, second and early third centuries the army and administration were increasingly drawn from the provinces. Pg.58-64 The Third-Century Crisis • From the 230s, the empire was fighting on several fronts simultaneously. In Iran a new and more aggressive dynasty emerged in 225 called the ‘Sasanians’ • Germanic tribes (most notably, the Alamanni, the Franks and the Goths began to move against the Rhine and Danube frontiers. Gender, Literacy, Culture • Adult sons did not live with their families, and it was exceptional for adult brothers to share a common household. On the other hand, slaves were included in the family. • Roman women enjoyed considerable legal rights in owning and managing property. In other words, in law the married couple was not one financial entity but two, and the wife enjoyed complete legal independence. • Divorce was relatively easy and needed no more than a notice of intent to dissolve the marriage by either husband or wife. • On the other hand, whereas males married in their late twenties or early thirties, women were married off in the late teens or early twenties, so there was an age gap between husband and wife and this would have encouraged a certain inequality. • Marriages were generally arranged, and there is no doubt that women were often subject to domination by their husbands. Period 4 Period 5 Pg.64-66 Economic Expansion • The empire had a substantial economic infrastructure of harbours, mines, quarries, brickyards, olive oil factories, etc. Wheat, wine and olive-oil were traded and consumed in huge quantities. • Spanish olive oil, to take just one example, was a vast commercial enterprise that reached its peak in the years 140-160.The Spanish olive oil of this period was mainly carried in a container called ‘Dressel 20. • The success of the Spanish olive growers was then repeated by North African producers – olive estates in this part of the empire dominated production through most of the third and fourth centuries. • Later, after 425, North African dominance was broken by the East: in the later fifth and sixth centuries the Aegean, southern Asia Minor (Turkey), Syria and Palestine became major exporters of wine and olive oil. Pg.66-67 Controlling Workers • The Roman agricultural writers paid a great deal of attention to the management of labour. • Columella, a first-century writer who came from the south of Spain, recommended that landowners should keep a reserve stock of implements and tools, twice as many as they needed, so that production could be continuous, ‘for the loss in slave labour-time exceeds the cost of such items. • To make supervision easier, workers were sometimes grouped into gangs or smaller teams. Columella recommended squads of ten, claiming it was easier to tell who was putting in effort and who was not in work groups of this size. • A law of 398 referred to workers being branded so they could be recognised if and when they run away and try to hide. • Many private employers cast their agreements with workers in the form of debt contracts to be able to claim that their employees were in debt to them and thus ensure tighter control over them. Pg.68-70 Period 6 Social Hierarchies • Tacitus described the leading social groups of the early empire as follows: senators; leading members of the equestrian class; the respectable section of the people, those attached to the great houses; the unkempt lower class who, he tells us, were addicted to the circus and theatrical displays; and finally the slaves. • By the late empire, which starts with the reign of Constantine I in the early part of the fourth century, the first two groups mentioned by Tacitus had merged into a unified and expanded aristocracy, and at least half of all families were of African or eastern origin. • The ‘middle’ class now consisted of the considerable mass of persons connected with imperial service in the bureaucracy and army but also the more prosperous merchants and farmers of whom there were many in the eastern provinces. • Below them were the vast mass of the lower classes known collectively as humiliores Pg.7071 Period 7 Late Antiquity • Late antiquity is the final, fascinating period in the evolution and break-up of the Roman Empire. • At the cultural level, the period saw momentous developments in religious life, with the emperor Constantine deciding to make Christianity the official religion, and the rise of Islam in the seventh century. • Important changes in the structure of the state that began with the emperor Diocletian (284-305) • Overexpansion had led Diocletian to ‘cut back’ by abandoning territories with little strategic or economic value. • Diocletian also fortified the frontiers, reorganized provincial boundaries, and separated civilian from military functions, granting greater autonomy to the military commanders (duces), who now became a more powerful group • Constantine consolidated some of these changes and added others of his own. His chief innovations were in the monetary sphere, where he introduced a new denomination, the solidus, a coin of 4½ gm of pure gold that would in fact outlast the Roman Empire itself. • The other area of innovation was the creation of a second capital at Constantinople Period 8 Period 9 Pg.71-74 Map Work/ Extra Marks SLM Class Test