Download II PRONOUNS APPENDIX B When we speak or write about different

APPENDIX B
II
PRONOUNS
When we speak or write about different persons or things
we do not use the names of those persons or things
everytime because our speech or our writing becomes
tedious.
We use some other words for those nouns when
we have to repeat them.
Words which are used for
nouns are called pronouns.
I know that you know pro­
nouns but shall we refresh our knowledge of pronouns
here?
(1)
Let us start with the personal pronouns.
Read the given sentences and supply a correct
pronoun in each sentence:
Raasesh said, "Rasesh lost a five rupee note.”
Rasesh said, *_______ lost a five rupee note."
(2)
I
Rupa said to Paru, “Shall Paru and Rupa go and
buy the tickets in advance?”
Rupa said to Paru, “Shall
... both go and
buy the tickets in advance?“
(3)
Neeta said to Neema, "_______ must work hard.”
we
(4)
You
Neeta said to Neema, “Neema must work hard.”
Madhavi said, "Friends, study hard, otherwise
friends will fail."
Madhavi said, "Friends, study hard, otherwise
will fail.”
Ill
(5 )
Satish said, to Smita that Satish wanted to go
home,
you
Satish said to Smita that
' wanted to go
home*
he
(6 )
Tarla is a girl and Tarla lives at Bombay#
=
Tarla is a girl and _ _ _ _ _ _ lives at Bombay.
(7)
Ramesh built a house but that house is very
small#
Ramesh built a house but _ _is very small.
she
(8 )
it
Rita and Sita are ready to go because Rita and
Sita want to go to the station.
Rita and Sita are ready to go because _______
want to go to the station.
(9)
In the above sentences, you supplied the pro­
nouns *1’, ’We*, *You% ‘He*, ’She', 'It* .and
they
•They'. They are all Personal Pronouns i.e.
they stand for the names of persons or things.
•I* and *
1 are pronouns used for speakers.
They are the First Person pronouns.
Pronoun *
* is used for a listener.
the Second Person pronoun.
It is
He, *
1. It ana 1
1 are pronouns used
for persons or things spoken about. They are the
Third Person pronouns.
IV
(10)
When a pronoun is used for one person or thing
it is a singular pronoun.
When it is used for
we
more than one person or thing, it is a plural
you
pronoun.
she
The pronouns 'I1, ’You’, *
*
*
and ’It* are used for one person or a thing*
they
They are _________ pronouns.
The pronouns ’We',
'You1 and 1
for more than one person or thing.
* are used
They are
_______ pronouns.
He
She
Singular
They
Plural
(11)
Supply.xther plural forms of the given pronouns?
(a)
‘ (b)
I
c*
he __ _____
Y o u _____
d.
it ______
Try frame 'No. 13.
(12)
Friends, there is no difficulty in the use
of
(a) We
the First person and the Second person pronouns
(b) You
i,e.
(c) They
that the Third person singular pronouns i.e,
(d) They
'He', 'She' and 'It' cannot be used for any
’I*, 'We' and 'You',
noun that we like.
But you must remember
Study the followings
The pronoun 'He* must be used for masculine
gender nouns like *a boy', 'anian', *a dog',
'father*f 'brother*, 'Satish*, 'Ramesh* etc.
The pronoun 'She' must be used for feminine
gender n o w s like ’a girl',
'a woman *, *a
s i s t e r ' m o t h e r ' , 'an aunt’, 'a cat'.
V
The pronoun *It* must be used for neuter gender
nouns, such as ’a table’, ’a chair’, *a house*.
Supply a pronoun.
is my sister.
(13)
Write the pronouns for the nouns underlined in
the following -sentences:
She
(a)
Slieela is a girl.
(b)
There is a book on the table.
(c)
The child is playing,
(d)
Ramanlal is my friend.
_______
•
~
__
If all your answers are not correct, study the
frame No.12 and then try this again.
If all
yoar answers, are correct, try frame No. 28.
(14)
a)
b)
c)
d)
She
It
It
He
You icnow that a noun is used in a sentence as
a subject or an object.
But you must note that
in a sentence all the personal pronouns are
not,used as objects.
The personal pronouns
*1*, *We*, 'You*, *He’» ’She*, ’It* and 'They*
are used as subjects in a sentence.
(15)
The personal pronouns used as subjects are >
*I», »We», *You*, ________ , _____ __ 'It* and
He
She
They
(16)
The personal pronouns *1*,
______ s
as subjects-.
.^ a n d
'.
«
are used
VI
(17)
Now study th e follow ings
L et u s study th e pronouns which a re used a s
o b je c ts in a se n ten c e.
We
You
He
She
It
They
(a)
Rupa gave me a book.
(b)
(c )
W ill Ansu come w ith u s to -the s ta tio n ?
,
'
1
1
Ajay w i l l ta k e you. to a movie.
(d)
He gave h e r a p re s e n t.
(e)
Who w i l l go to see him (K issan) tomorrow?
(f)
Dinesh t i e d i t w ith a rope.
(g)
I saw them in th e garden.
In sen ten ces (a)# (b) and ( c ) , pronouns, ‘me*,
’u s ’ and ’you* ane used as o b je c ts .
The pronouns used a s o b je c ts in sen ten c es (d)»
(e)» ( f ) and (g ) a re
. _____ _» _______
and
,
Bie p e rso n a l pronouns ’me*, ’u s ',. ’you*, ’him*,
’h e r ’ , ’i t ’ and ’them* a re used a s o b je c ts .
her
him
it
them
(18)
The p e rso n a l pronouns ’me*, *us’ , ’you*, ’h im ',
’h e r ', ’i t ’ and ’them* a re used as
.
(19)
The p e rso n al pronouns 'me*, ’u s ' , ’you’,*
_______ ,
and _ _ _ _ _ _ a re used a s ______
(20)
Read th e follox*/ing sen ten ces:
o b je c ts
her
him
it
them
o b je c ts
(a )
The w hite pen i s mine.
VII
(b)
Tap black pen is yours.
(c)
That house is ours, and not theirs.
(d)
Hiis blue frock is hers.
(e)
That black dog lost its bone in the river.
Tie personal pronouns used in the above senten­
ces ares 1. Mine, 2, Yours, 3. Ours,^4.
Qh£
5.
These pronouns are Possessive pronouns.
They
are never written after a noun. They are gene- ,
rally written after a verb. Sometimes, they
are written after personal pronouns used in
objective case.
Study the following sentences:
(a)
I have ray book.
Give him his (book).
(b)
Don’t give me your pen.
Give me mine.
In the above sentences, personal pronouns show­
ing possession aro
.
. They are
not written after a noun.
after a
They are written
.
The pronouns written after ’him' in sentence
(a) and after 'me* in sentence (b) are ■
*us©®mm+and --------a&ee
yearn®
]&■ & m »
3. theirs
4. hers
5. its
^ my
. mine
^his
his mine
pronoun
possessive
(21)
The personal pronouns ’mine', ’ours*,
.
.
, _____ _ and ’theirs’ are used
to show possession.
VIII
yours
his.
hers
its
(22)
The personal pronouns 'mine*, ’ours1, ‘h i s 1,
•hers’, ’yours’, 'its1,and ’theirs’ are used
to show
(23)
.
Study the following sentences:
(a)
Satish took Wway my book.
(b)
Hie teacher will declare our result today.
, (c)
Hie teacher said to the boys, "Put down
vour pens.
(d)
Prashant has not brought his fountain
pen.
(e)
Rama found her earjfings from the drawer.
(f)
Hie dog saw its master and barked.
(g)
Children like to play with their friends.
The pronouns used in the above sentences are
•my’, ’ou r ’, ........ ,
____
and _____ .
possession
These pronouns also show possession and they are
always used before a noun.
They are always used
as
your
his
her
its
'their
(24)
The personal pronouns ’m y ’,
.
. ______ and ’their’ are
always used before a noun. '
They are always used as adjectives.
our
(25)
The personal pronouns ’my*,
. ____
IX
your
his
her
its
our
your
his
her
theirs
always
adjectives
used
«
1 .
before
a noun.
They
are '
are
always used
as
»
(26)
The personal
pronouns
’h e r * ,
and
’i t s *
ssion.,
’h i s * ,
These pronouns
’h e r s * ,
’i t s *
The personal pronouns
’y o u r * ,
to
show posse­
always used
’m i n e * ,
*o p r s ’,
a n d _________ a r e
’h i s ’ ,
as
.
’y o u r s * ,
also
used
used
.
'hers*,
as
Supply
.
’m i n e * ,
.
_________ ,
and
are, n o t
.
t h e .m i s s i n g p r o n o u n s
as objects,
and
* m y ’»
a s _________ ,♦
The personal pronouns
j
ds
, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ a n d _____________ a r e
always used
(28)
are
are not used
»
adjectives
theirs
adjectives
’o u r ' ,
show possession.
These pronouns
(27)
’m y ’,
’t h e i r ’ a r e u s e d
The personal pronouns
to
our
your
his
her
its, ,
their
adjectives
ours
yours
his
its
theirs
adjectives
adjectives
' i ts' 'and
as
adjectives
those n o t u sed
as
___________
used
to
as
subjects,
show possession
adjectives.
(a)
I
_________ '
(b)
______
you
(c)
______
______
' her
(d)
they
_______
’
__
mine
_________
■ .
’
X
If all your answers.are,not correct, study frames
14 to 27 and try this frame again.
If all your
answers a^e correct, try frame Mo. 41.
(29)
a. me
my
b. you
your
yours
c. she
her
hers
d. them
their
theirs
Friends, there is another kind o f .pronoun which
ends in *
self *,. or *
selves’. Let us see
these pronouns and the purposes they serve.
(a)
Haresh hurt himself yesterday. ,
(b)
Sheela reserved the seat for herself.
(c)
Anil, Sunil and Neela themselves took a
decision to go out in the cold winter
night to help the poor.
(d)
Smita, write an answer yourself.
The pronouns in the above sentences ares
1*
1.
2.
3,
4,
himself
herself
themselves
yourself
(a)
(30)
(b)
2.
p.
4.
.
Prakash blamed himself for his behaviour.
Saryu blamed•herself for rushing in a crowd.
(c)
Ajit, try yourself and get the solution.
(d)
Those girls helped themselves and became
happy.
The pronouns in the above sentences ares
1
.
2
.___ _ 3 ..___ _ 4 .____
The pronoun 'himself* in sentence fa) is the
object of the verb 'blamed*,, The pronouns
'herself*, 'yourself*, 'themselves* in sentences
(b), (c) and (d) are the objects of the verbs
1.
1 *h i m s e l f
(31)
2.
'
3.
return
to
the
doers
(1 )
I
injured
(2 )
One
(3 )
We
and'the
of
myself
the
actions
actions.
with
a
penknife.
2.herself
3* y o u r s e l f
4-. t h e m s e l v e s
1 .blamed.
2. t r y
3.
must
help
write
answers
oneself
the
answers
to
b e ’h a p p y
and
then
in
cheek
life.
those
ourselves.
helped
In
(32)
the
above
sentences,
the
2 .__________ 3 .
are
the
When
1.myself
pronoun
.*• - s e l v e s *
2.oneself
is
ending
used
and
doers
it
(3 3 )
A
(
doer
called
-salvos*
(1)
a
returns
an
’
of
the
verb
a
an
for
himself,
< lfl< *t. ^ a e l f » o r
__
of
_ _________ t o
the
pronoun,
in
called
Sarayu
to
Reflexive
ending
is
as
action
(3^)
action
pronoun
used
actions
—
the
is
the
^-self1 or
in
as
1.
____ o f
T f "IT"!'*'
3.ourselves
object
the
pronouns*
_
_
the
pronoun
__________ a n d
the
managed
of
to
when
get
a
an
seat
it
when
is
the
action.
in
the
bus
herself.
Reflexive
object
verb
returns
doer
(2 )
I
(3)
He
(4)
do
not
has
like
to
talk
much
about
a
habit
of
speaking
to
You
must
think
of
yourself
first
ask
this
question.
In
the
above
do
not
return
sentences,
to
the
actions
doers
of
of
the
myself.
himself.
the
and
then
verbs
actions,
‘
XII
and the pronouns ’herself*, ’myself’, ’himself’
and ’yourself’ are not the objects of the verbs
hut these pronouns are written after the prepo­
sitions: 1. for 2 .
3.
4 , ... •„ :.. .
Nouns or pronouns written after prepositions
are ob,1eots of those prepositions*
(35)
When, in a sentence, the pronoun ending in
^ y ^ s e l f ' or r ^ J ^ s e l v e s 1 is an - — :
—
of
a verb or of a ore
it is a Reflexive
2 . about
3 . to
4. of
pronoun.
(3 6 )
0 .. K -self or r__
6 -selves’ .is an ___ •___ of
•flTl VI
object
position
(1
a
or a
and when the action of
a verb
to the
of an action,
5
it is a ________ pronoun.
(37)
object
verb
preposition
returns
doer
reflexive
When, in a sentence, the pronoun ending in
Study the following sentences and see how the
pronouns ending in ' ^’-self! or r { ,( (
< -selves ’
are used:
(a)
Ketna herself will write an essay.
(b)
Rajani himself should try for it.
(c)
I myself will have to try for the reserva­
tion of my seat in the train.
(d)
They' themselves have come to seek pardon.
(e)
You yourself are responsible for this
mischief.
(f)
You yourselves will have to tell the truth.
XIII
In th. above sentences, pronouns ending in ^
-.self* or
* -.selves* are not the o
verb or a preposition.
a noun or a pronoun.
s of a
They are written after
(38)
When a pronoun ending in y/f -self* or
1-selves* is written after a noun or a pronoun
and is not used as an object of a verb or a
preposition, it is not a R
pronoun. It
is called an Emphatic pronoun, It puts an
emphasis on the doer of an action.
(39)
When the pronoun ending in * f
• sell * or f ^
selves* is written after a
or a
.
‘ it is called emphatic pronoun because it express­
bject
eflexive
es emphasis.
(40)
notan
pronoun
When the pronouns ending in F. f<* -self ’ or Y.t r
•-selves’ are written after a ^ o r
a ______ ,
they express emphasis, so they are called
__________ pronouns,
(41)
noun
pronoun
emphatic
Study the following sentences and write *R* if
the underlined pronoun shows that the action
returns to its doer (if it is used as the object
of a verb or a preposition) and write *E* if the
underlined pronoun puts an emphasis on the doer
of an action,
(a) Rakesh himself had said this.
(b) Paresh injured himself,
.
xrv
(c)
They themselves arranged, for the
show.'
1
(d)
(e)
■
I myself am not responsible for it.
She put herself in a bad situa• hion#
(f)
We ourselves wanted to buy
this house.
'
If your four or more answers are wrong, study
frames 29 to 40 and then try this frame again.
If all your answers are not wrong, try frame
No. 5 4 ,
,
(42)
Now you know well.the personal pronouns, their
genders, number and how they are used.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
B
R
E
E
R
E
know Reflexive and Emphatic pronouns.
You also
Let us
see now other kind of pronouns.
(43)
Study the following sentences:
■ja:
.
(a) I know that person.
'B»
I know the person who
met me yesterday.
(b) Smita is a girl.
Ranjit is Smita's
brother.
Smita is the girl whose
brother is Ranjit.
(c) This is a boy. I
gave this boy a
book yesterday.
This is the boy whom
I gave a book yesterday.
Pairs of sentences in group 'A' are joined in
group *B* with the help of the words 1,,
»
2. ______ 3. ___ ______
(44)
(a)
He is a man.
(b)
He is the man who stole my purse.
The word
1. who
2. whose
3* whom
He stole my purse.
in sentence (b) joins the two
sentences in (a).
The word ’w h o ' in the senten
ce (b) stands for the noun 'man', so it is a
pro
(45)
n.
Reena is a girl who.tells lies.
The pronoun
follows the noun
who
and it acts as a Joining word.
A pronoun
n0U
which follows the noun and which acts as a
.joining' word, is called a Relative pronoun.
(46)
who
Hemish £s the boy who is my nephew.
In the above sentence, the pronoun __
follows the noun
and it acts as a
gin
j
(4?)
’
so it is a Relative pronoun.
Premal is a boy who has a smiling face.
Pronoun, in the above sentence is
who
boy
oining
word
.
It
is a relative pronoun because it follows the
_______
(48)
’boy* and it acts as a
Read the following sentences*
(a)
I met Kalima whom you gave a book yester­
day.
(b)
You give my love to Saurabh whose birthday
falls on this Monday.
(c)
Vatsala, whose letter I received today,
is a very polite girl.
XVI
(d)
Kartik is the boy whom the teacher gave a
prize,
who
noun
joining
word
(e)
The doctor who treated you is my cousin,
(f)
The principal whose thinking is narrow
can never be a good administrator.
In the above sentences, the joining words!
t,
2. ■
and 3.
are. used as
^ p r o n o u n s .
1.
whom
2 .whose
3 .who
(49)
The pronouns *who1 .
used as Relative pronouns,
and _______ e are
(50)
Study the following sentences:
relative
(a)
This is,the purse which I bought before
two days,
whom
whos
(b)
Shall I tell your father (that) what you
did yesterday?
(c)
This is my article that was published in
the Times of India,
The pronouns in the above sentences are:
1, _______, 2, _______ , 3. _______ , They
are used as joining words and.they are written
after either a noun or a pronoun, so they are
Relative pronouns.
which
what
that
(5 1 )
The pronouns w
w
are used as Relative pronouns.
t and t
XVII
hich
(52)
The pronouns ’who',
.
_______ and ________ are used as E
(53 )
So you know that a Relative pronoun is and that
ha
hat
whom
itfhose
what
that
elative
. . which,
pronouns*
there are six pronouns which are used as Rela­
tive pronouns. It is not difficult to find out
a Relative pronotin from a given sentence but
one must be very careful in its use.
.
Study the followings
(1) 'who*, ’whom’ and ’whose’ are used for
person only*
(2) ’which’ is used for things and animals.
(3) ’what* is used for ideas and things.
(4 ) ’Shat’ is used for persons, things as well
as for animals.
(54)
Supply an appropriate Relative pronoun in the
following sentences;
(a)
The person _________ you saw with me was a
police officer.
(b)
Rajesh is the person _______ always talks
in a polite manner.
(c)
The dog _ _ _ _ _ _ barked was a street-dog.
(d)
A teacher ________ manners are good is
liked by his students.
(e)
The umbrella _ _ _ _ _ _ I bought is very
costly.
‘
XVIII
(f)
You tell me
'
you said to my brother
yesterday.
If your four or more answers are wrong, study
frames 42 to 53 and then try this frame again.
If all your answers are correct, try frame 61.
(55)
Now we shall see what forms the Relative pronouns
take when they are used for nouns in singular
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
whom
who
that
whose
which
what
and plural number, nouns used for things and
persons in different genders and for nouns used
as subject and showing possession.
. ,B t
' ' IkL
(a) I know’the boy who
played mischief in
the class room.
Where are the boys who
have come from East
(b) AJay is the boy
whom I taught
English.
The persons whom I wan­
ted to meet have left
(c) The.teacher whose
The students whose tea­
manners are good
is respected by
Africa?
this place.
cher is absent today are
making noise.
the students.
Relative pronouns used in sentences in
groups
*A* and ’B* are* 1._______ 2,_______ and 3.___
Relative pronouns used in sentences in group *A*
stand for the nouns in
(singular/plural)
number.
,
XIX
Relative pronouns used in
stand for
the n o u n s
sentences
in
in group
*B*
(singular/plural)
number.
who
whom
whose
singular
plural
(56)
Relative pronouns
stand for
’w h o ' ,
the n o u n s , i n
'whom*
and
'whose'
singular as well
as in
plural number,
(5 7 )
Relative pronouns
stand for
• ,
the nou n s
in
and ■
■
as well
a s ____
number.
(58)
Study, t h e f o l l o w i n g :
Hi
’A ’
,(a)
who
whom
whose
singular
plural
(b)
This is a house
which is v e r y small
These
which
are the houses
a re v e r y small.
This is
Those
are
that
(c)
The
the
book
that
I like.
dog that obeys
its master
is
The
a
dogs
faithful
Relative pronouns used in^sentences
and
for
the n o u n s
and for
which
that
singular
plural .
(59)
'B»
are
------ —
i n ______ _
,
number in
number
The relative p r o n o u n s who,
and
wel l as in
are
dogs.
in group
they
group
in
stand
'A*
group
__ ______ ,
are used
.......m*
that obey
11— t and'
the n o u n s in
books
I like.
their masters
faithful dog.
*A'
the
_
in
singular
as
*B'.
XX
whom
ttfhose
that
which
plural
(60)
The relative pronouns are used in
well as
(61)
as
without any change in their form,
Write *s’ if the relative pronoun is used in
singular and ’p 1 if it is used in plural.
(a)
I met the man whose son met
with an accident.
(b)
Are w e the persons whom you
shouted?
(c)
A teacher likes those students
who behave well in the class
room. ,
(d)
_______
The books that I was looking
for are lying here.
(e)
______
Persons whose thinking is
not high cannot progress,
(f)
The girl who passed by this
side is very proud.
(g)
_______
________
Siow me the road which leads
to Bombay.
<h)
1
The man w hom you met,yester­
day is deaf.
,
______
If your six or more answers are not correct,
study frames 55 to 68 and then try this frame.
If your more than six answers are correct, fee?
Ssssse
(62)
c j o ' cv,We.ct.<Jl »
Read the following pairs of sentences and study
the relat i ve p r o n o u n s u s e d in each p a i r o f
sentences:
(a)
1. This i s the b o y who spoke the truth.
2. She is the girl w ho sings well.
(b)
1. H e is the servant w h o m I asked, to
W *013 to
2. Sapna i s the girl w h o m h e r friend
trusted.
(c)
ra m cn
« * » « • * . * '
trm H>ro n o crca
b r i n g a cup of tea.
1. The man w h o s e son h a s n o t returned
f r o m the U.S.A. is worried.
2. The l a d i e s w h o s e chil d r e n q u arrelled
a l i ttle wh i l e ago are p l a y i n g p e a c e ­
f u l l y now.
R e l ative p r o n o u n s u s e d i n the above p a i r s ares
1
and 3<
Those are
u s e d f o r the n o u n s i n m a s culine as w e l l as in
f e m inine genders*
who
whom
whose
(63)
and
The Relative p r o n o u n s
are u s e d f or the n o u n s in
as
w e l l as in
(64)
R e a d the s entences in group
'A* and group
’B*
and study w h i c h rela t i v e p r o n o u n s are .used as
subjects Kid w h i c h are u s e d as objects*
XXII
'*33*
• i& l
(a) The boy who asked a
Nalini is the girl whom
I asked to sing
question was insulted
4
• yesterday*
who
whom
whose
masculine
feminine
(b) This is the book
This Is the bag which
which, will help
you very much,
I bought from Bombay
last week,
(c) The dog that barks
seldom bites,
This is the scooter
that my friend sold
away,
(d) You do not know
what is right and
what is wrong.
I know what you said
to him,
■
The relative pronouns used in group ’A* ares
1*
2
»
3f
They are .used as subjects.
and
The relative pronouns used in group *B' ares
1;
. 2.
3.
and 4 .
They are used as objects;
The relative pronouns ’which*, ’what* and 'that*
are used as subject as well as object.
The relative pronoun ’who’ is used only as a
subject and ’whom’ is used only as an object.
1 .who
2.
which
3. that
4.
what
(65)
The Relative pronouns ’which', ’what' and ’that*
.are used as S
as well as 0
The Relative pronoun ’who* is used only as the
XXIII
1.
whom ■
2.
which
3.that
4*what
________ and the Relative pronoun.
,
is
used only as an object*
(66)
ubject
eject
subject
whom
The Relative pronouns w '
« w
t and
________ are used as subject as well as ______
Ihe relative pronoun ________ is used only as
a subject and the Relative pronoun _________
is used only as an o
t.
(67)
The relative pronouns used as a subject as
hich
ha .
object
well as an object are
who
whom
bjec
The relative pronoun used only as a subject
is
_______ and
-
The relative pronoun used only as an object
'is
,
.
>
(68)
which
what
that
who
whom
Remember that the relative pronoun ’whose*
,is used neither as a subject nor as an object
in a sentence.
It is used for a noun that
owns or possesses a thing.
It is used to show
possession.
Study the following sentences;
(a)
. (b)
(c)
this is the boy whose pen is lost.
The baby whose mother has gone out is
crying.
•
■
A student whose handwriting is good is
always praised by his teacher.
XXIV
In the above sentences, the relative pronoun
'whose* is used to show
.
(69) Now study the following sentences:
possession
.
(a)
This is a boy.
(b)
That is not my house.
(c)
These are his books.
(d)
Those are my note-books.
In the above sentences, words written for the
nouns ’boy*, 'house*, ’books* and ’note-books'
are: T *
.
and
4»,
j They are pronouns. They are used
to point at definite things or persons and so
they are called Demonstrative pronouns.
(70)
1.this
2.
that
3.
these
k ,those
(a)
Who is this?
(b)
Who is that?
(c)
Who are these?
(d)
What is this/that?
(e)
Who were those?
Hie words 'this*, ’that', 'these* and 'those*
are used to point at definite things in the
above interrogative sentences and so they are
demonstrative
.
(71)
pronouns
The pronouns
and
o
and
point fh&fc
t.
e
things or persons
and so they are called Demonstrative pronouns.
(72)
Shis is Saurabli.
Shis is Trupti.
Shis is a table#
Shat is Prashant,
Shat is Seema.
Shat is a chair.
this
that
thes
th se
definite
In the above sentences# the pronoun
stands for the nouns *Saurabh’, ’Trupti’, and
*table*.
She pronoun _______ stands for the
nouns 'Prashant*!, ’Seema* and ’chair*.
She above sentences show that the pronouns
’this' and 'that* have the same form for all
the genders.
(73)
She demonstrative pronouns 'this*,
’
_______ and
,
have the same form for
all the genders*-
(74)
(a)
Shis is a radio.
(b)
He gave me this (book).
(c)
Shat is a bag.
(d)
I did not throw that.
(&)
In sentences (a) and (c), pronouns
this
that
that
these
those
and _______ are used as the s
(2 )
In sentences (b) and (d), pronouns
and ________ are used as the o_____
(75)
She pronouns 'this*, ’that', ’these* and ’those
XXVI
have the _______________ form when they are used in a
this
that
sentence as a
abject
this
that
bject
(7 6 )
.
or an
... .
The pronouns which are used as Relative pronouns
are also used as Interrogative pronouns.
same
subject
object
Let
us see how they are used as Interrogative
pronouns. T V y
(77)
-fra m e
m o -f< f
Study the following:
(a)
Who wrote this letter? (Amar)
(b)
Whom did Subodh give his pen? (to Sangita)
(c)
Whose -friend is Meena? (Rashmi’g)
(d)
What does Malini want?
(e)
Which is your house?
(f)
Which boy, is your brother?
(a hair pin)
(that)
(that)
!
The pronouns used in the above sentences to ask
questions ere 1 <
4.
,
5
«£
. 2.
.
6 .______ These are
interrogative pronouns.
\irho,
whom
whose
what
which
which
(7 8 )
.
’what* and
______________ are Interrogative pronouns because
they are used to ask q u „ _____ _s,
(79)
whom
whose
which
estion
Pronouns 'who',
Supply the correct pronoun from the list:
’w h o *, ’w h c m ’, ’w h i c h * f
(a)
(b)
’whose',
’what'.
did you meet yesterday?
_
was with you today morning?
.
I
XXVII
i
(c)
,
(d)
is on
that table?
_______ is his pen?
(e)
speech do
you like
to h e a r v e r y
much?
If your
76
(80)
1 .whom
2 .who
3. w h a t
4.
which
5.
whose
even one
to 7 8
and
answer is wrong,
then
try
answers are
correct,
Friends,
saw
we
the nouns
dents)
they
this
stand for
We have
but
to
f r o m the context.
(81)
Study the
Let
If all
try frame No.
w h i c h do n o t p o i n t o u t
pronouns.
again.
(i.e.
there
out
their antece­
are
some pronouns
their antecedents very
find
out
their
These pronouns
us
your
93.
the p r onouns w h i c h point
very clearly
clearly.
study frames
antecedents
are
Indefinite
see those pronouns.
following:
•
(a ) . Everyone
of-these.boys-writes
(b)
Everybody likes
(c)
T h e re i s s o m e o n e i n t h e c l a s s r o o m w h o
always
to
claps when
express
_i
good hand.
one's opinion.
a teacher
enters
the
classroom.
(d)
In
Somebody
sentences
used
as
(a),
subjects
But we do n o t
nouns
came
see you
( b ) » (c)
are:
know
s t a n d t So
to
1.
and
yesterday.
( d)» the pronouns
. 2.
for which nouns
they are
.
these pro­
Indefinite pronouns
XXVIII
In the above sentences, all the Indefinite
pronouns,are in the singular number.
everyone
everybody
someone
somebody
(82)
The pronouns *everyone’, ’everybody’, ’someone*
and ’somebody’ are always used in
.
(83)
Pronouns ’everyone*, 'everybody*, ’someone’
and .’somebody’ are indefinite pronouns and
singular
they are never used in plural." ■They are
; always in
(84)
.
Study the following sentences;
*B*
?A*
singular
(a) Bach of the students
deserves praise.
None of them deserves
praise.
(b) Either of those boys
was welcome.
Neither of these students tells^lie.
(c) Anyone singing well
is welcome on idle
stage*
Nobody distrusts this
man.
Hie pronouns in the sentences in groups ’A ’
and 'B*, which do not have a definite reference,
are; "1»
5.-
n
•
and 6.
They are the subjects.
3.
.,
. A.
.
The verbs in all the
above sentences are in ________ number. The
pronouns ’each’, 'either*, ’anyone’, ‘none*,
’neither’ and ’nobody* are always used in
’singular• number,-
,
XXIX
1.
each (85)
2.
e ith e r
3.
anyone
4.
none
5. n eith er
6.
nobody
Singular
(86)
d e fin ite
singular
The '
pronouns ’each’, ’e i th e r ’, ’anyone*j
•n e ith e r’ , ’none*, ’nobody* are always used in
number,
1
(87)
Thus so f a r we have le a rn t th a t the pronouns
•everyone* 1 ’everybody’ , ’-someone’, ’somebody’
’each’, ’e i th e r ’, ’anybody', ’n e ith e r ’, ’none’
and ’nobody’ are in
pronouns and they
are always used in __________ number,
(88)
The in d e fin ite pronouns which are always used
in singular number are*
in d e fin ite
singular
2.
t . everyone
somebody
5.
4.
8.
no
7.
10,,e ith e r
11.
IS !I
3,
7.
11.
4.
I •I
CO
2.
6 *&
| I
I
1.
5. „
9 ._
(90)
3. some
6. any
9. e......
every.
anv........
no
r
n
The in d e fin ite pronouns which are always used
in singular number ares
*0
(89)
II
d e fin ite
singular
2 .body
3*one
5 .one
6 .body
?.ne
8.
body
9 . ac
lO .eithe
The pronouns ‘each’, ’e ith e r* , ’anyone*, ’n o n e',
’neither* and ’nobody* are in
pronouns
and they are always used in
number.
Study the following sentences*
(a)
Several students remember th is poem
XXX
1.
2.
everyone
everybody
3.
someone
4.
somebody
5. anyone
6 *anybody
7.
no-one
8.
nobody
9.
each
10. either
11. neither
(91)
1.
several
2. few
3 .both
4.many
5 .all
(b)
jEew like to go to the market everyday.
(c)
Both of them talk a great deal.
(d)
Many run away when they see an accident.
(e)
All give alms to the deserving persons.
The pronouns used as subjects in the above
sentences are: 1.
2.
3.
4.
and 5. ■ •
They do not have a
definite reference, so they are the Indefinite
pronouns. These Indefinite pronouns are used
in plural number.
Study the following:
(a)
Several of them work in the field.
(b)
Pew of us pray to God everyday.
(c)
Both like to play fun in the class.
(d)
Many wont to study English.
(e)
All of you are good students.
The Indefinite pronouns in the above sentences
are: 1.
5.
1.
several(92)
2.
few
3.
both
4.
many
5. all
plural
(93)
.2.
.3.
?nd thev are used in
The indefinite pronouns 1.
5.
i.
5.
in
. 4.
number.
2.
are always used
number.
Read the following sentences and select an
appropriate form of the verb from the verbs
given to fill in the blanks:
XXXI
(a)
1. several
2.few
Few __________ (likes/like) to play with
small children.
3.
both
4. many
5. all
(b)
None
(was/were) there when I went
there*
plural
(c)
(Does/do)
.
you both agree to what
I say?
(d)
Everybody, in this society ________ (is/are)
friendly.
(e)
,
Several
■ - • (critic!ses/criticise) him
at his back.
(f)
Each boy '
(is/are) interviewed by
the principal of this college.
(g)
Many
(enjoys/en^oy) Gujarati play.
(h)
All ________ (likes/like) to hear good music
If your even one answer is wrong, study, frames
80 to 92 and then try this again.
If all your
answers are correct, try frame No. 97.
(94)
You know new that some indefinite pronouns are
used in singular number and some in plural
a.
like
b.
was
c.
do
d.
is
©.Criticise
f .is
■
g.
en^oy
h.
like
number'only.
But remember that some indefinite
pronouns are v ery peculiar.
Study them in the'
following sentences!
' 1. '
(a) Some of the milk is
always left by Tejal
*B*
Some books were very
good.
in the glass.
(b) All the bread is in
the cupboard.
All the tables are
good.
XXXII
(c)
Most of the. water
Most of these students
of this river eva-
are regular,
porates in summer.
The indefinite pronouns used in the sentences in
groups 'A' and *B’ are: 1.
2.
3._______
The indefinite pronouns used in the sentences
in group ’A ’ refer to the' uncountable nouns
•milk*, ’bread*, ’water* and the pronouns are
used in
number.
The indefinite pro­
nouns used in the sentences in group ’B ’ refer
to the eo
nouns and the pronouns are used
in
____. number.
(95)
1. some
2iall
3.most
singular
®ountable
plural
When the indefinite pronouns *some’f ’all’
and ’most’ refer to the uncountable,nouns
they are used in
(96)
number*
When the indefinite pronouns refer to count­
able nouns, they are used in
and when they refer to the un
1s/nguWr
'they are used in _
(97)
plural
countable
singular
_
number
nouns,
number.
Supply an appropriate form of the verb in the
following:
(a)
Some of the oil
(is/are) on the
floor#
(b)
Most of these students
study) regularly.
(studies/
J
XXXIII
(is/are) wasted.
(c)
All of the sugar
(d)
Some of the hooks
the personality.
(e)
Most, of what, you, say'
on the deaf ears.
(f)
All of them
come with me.
(changes/ change)
(falls/fall)'
(desires/desire) to
If your.more than four answers are wrong, study
frames 9 4 to 96. If your more than four answers
are correct, go ahead.
(98)
.
.
3.
4.
5 .
6 .
1
2
is
study
is
change
falls
desire
Put a V ’ **ssfc, in the appropriate column, consi
dering the use of a oronoun.
No.of
nronouris
1
. We
2. Some
3. None
4. Whose
5
. Ourselves
6
. What -
7. Who
'
8
. Which
9
. fhis
10. They
11. Any
Singular
Plural
Both (sing.
& plural)
XXXIV
12. You
(99)
Sj,
1*
2.
3.
4.
Select an appropriate word from the words given
into brackets and fill in the blanks.
s /
( 1)
J
!
J
■J
5»
6.
7.
8,
9.
10.
Both
(2)
She surely saw my brother and
(3)
It is no use telling ~
>/
.this
' (Ifme)
all this.
(us, our)
V
(4)
J
■
was with you yesterday evening.
(who, whom)
V
(5)
y /
He will look at neither you nor
(I, me)
s /
11. V
12.
children played all day.
(6)
y
My wife and ____ # __ will go to Kashmir in
the month of May,
/
(7)
(I,
Every student must learn ’
lesson
regularly, (his, their)
(8)
I can surely read as fast as
(he, him)
(9)
did they finally select as the
chairman? (who, whom)
(1Q) His brother and _____
together,
(he, has)
1 .we
2.me
3*us
4. who
5.
me
6,1
7.
his
8.
he
9 . whom
10,he
(100)
go to school
Select aa appropriate word for each blank!
(1)
It is
(2)
Isn’t it she'
,(I. me)
■ fa
whom)
they want£ (who,
XXXV
(3)
I am sure that _ _ _ _ _ _ will be the new
president, (he, him)
(4)
It will be he ________ would stand first in
the examination, (who, whom)
(5)
I never dreamt "that it was
her)
(6)
-
(she,
. ,
Mr. Desai met _________ in the garden.
(they, them)
(7)
To _ _ _ _ _ _ shall I give this letter?
(who1 whom)
(8)
Everybody found _ _ _ _ _ _ book in the
cupboard, (their, his)
(9)
They had trained
.
to do hard
labour. (theirselves, themselves)
(10) Neither of them has done __________ lesson.
(his;, their)
1. I
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
whom
he
who
she
them
whom
his
themselves
his
XXXVI
CONCORD
You like to study English and you also desire to
write ie-simple correct English.
also for that.
You make attempts
But your teachers and your elders
say that these days students are not able to write
even five sentences in simple correct English.
They
say that pupils do not know when they should use
verb, singular and plural verb in a sentence.
I
have prepared a programme and if you would go through
it, studying every item of it, I am sure you will
not commit a mistake' in the use of verbs in a sen­
tence.
Shall we begin now?
Try frame No.7
(1)
Read the following:
Satish
plays football.
Who plays football? _______
Here Satish is the subject.
(2)
Here _______ is thesubject.
Satish
Popat
Popat rings "the ball.
(3 )
Sudha washes her clothes.
H ere _______ is the _______ .
Sudha
subject
(4)
Sameer plays cricket.
What does.Sameer do?
S a m e e r _______ .
XXXVII
Here ‘plays’ is the verb*
(5)
Rosy sings a song.
Here
is the verb.
(6)
Roshan reads a book.
plays
sings
Here
(7)
reads
verb
is the
.
Read the following sentencess
(a)
Tejal sleeps in the afternoon.
<b)
Vadekar beats the ball hard.
(c)
David rides a horse.
(d)
Snehal draws a picture.
(e)
Mr. 02a teaches us English.
In the above sentences,
(a)
The subjects ares 1.
3*______ , 4,
(b)
2.
and 5,
The verbs ares 1.
3«______ » ^
2,
^Cd 5
'
If all your answers are not correct, you read
from frame No.1,
If all your answers are
correct, you try frame No. 18,
(8)
.1.Tejal
2.
Vadekar
3.
David
4.Snehal
S.Mr.Oza
(a)
k dog barks
Cb)
Dogs bark.
In sentence (a), the.subject is
It is in the singular number.
XXXVIII
b.1 .sleep
2.
beats
3 .rides
A.draws
5 .teaches
In sentence (b), the subject is
It is in plural number;when the letter 's’ is added
to -the singular noun, it is changed into plural.
(9) (a)
(b)
A dog
Bogs
»
A kite flies in the sky.
Kites fly in the sky.
Subject in sentence (a) is in ^ ( s i n g u l a r /
"
plural).
Letter *s* is added to the subject in sentence
_______ and so it is in
(singular/plural)
(I0)(a)
singular
(b)
A teacher writes on the blackboard.
Teachers write on the blackboard.
plural
The subject in sentence (b) is in ...... (singular/
plural) because the letter _______ is added to the
noun
plural
s
teachers
.:,
(11 )Generally the letter_______ is added to a noun
to change, it into
.
(12)Read the following*
s
plural
»A»
(a) A boy ;eats fruits
' 'B'
1
Boys eat fruits.
(b) A monkey jumps from
Monkeys jump from one
one tree to the other.tree to the other.
(c) A glass breaks when
it falls.
Glasses break when they
fall.
>
XXXIX
Subjects in group *a* are in
and in
.group ’B ’ in ■
In sentences in group ’A ’, the letter 's’ is
added to the verbs and they are in singular.
In sentences in group 'B*, letter *s* is not
added to the verbs.
They are the root forms
of the verbs and they are in plural.
1Verbs in sentences in group ’A* are in _______
arid in group *B', they are in
(13)
singular
plural
(a)
A mason builds a house.
(b)
Masons build a house*
.
The subject in seritence (a) is in
singular
plural
and
in (B), it is in ■
The verb in sentence (a) is in
because
b
.
,, , , 77-- 7~
^the letter
xs added to xt. The verb
s e n te n c e
is in
jxBseaSssee-4^ because it is
the _______ form of the verb.
singular
plural
singular
s
plural
root
(14)
When the letter ’s ’ is added to some nouns,
they are in
some verbs, they are in
(15)
plural
singular
and when it is added to
.!£!
(a) An apple tastes
.
,B » .
Apples taste sweet,
sweet.
(b) A woodcutter cuts
wood.
Woodcutters cut wood
XL
In sentences in group *A% the subjects are in
and the verbs are also in
.
In sentences in group 'B*, the subjects are in
and the verbs also.are- in
,«.
When, in a sentence, the subject is in singular,
the verb must be in singular*
Wien in a sentence the subject is in plural, the
verb must be in
.
singular
singular
plural
plural
plural
(16)
When, in a sentence, the subject is in singular
the verb must be in _______, and when the sub­
ject is in n
« the verb must be in
»
singular
lural
plural
(17)
A subject in singular always takes a verb in
singular
plural
(HJ)
A subject in plural always takes a verb in
(18)
Supply the verb in the following sentences and
write ’s* if it is in singular and *p* if it
is in plural as shown in the first sentence.
(1)
A businessman makes a good profit these
days, (to make)
(2)
Farmers
(3)
My daughter
(4)
Biat boy
classroom.
(s)
in fields, (to work)
flowers.(to like)
mischief in the
(to plav)
XLI
(5)
Wild animals
in a forest, (to live)
If all your answers are not correct, go back to
frame Wo, 8 and begin from there.
If all your answers are correct, read frame No.
19 and go ahead.
(19)
Now, you know well that a singular subject
JK
2,work
#
P,
takes a singular verb and a plural subject
3.likes
S.
letter *s* is added to a noun to change it
4*plays
S
into plural.
5.live
P,
nouns.
takes a plural verb.
You also know that a
This is true with most of the
But all the nouns are not changed
into plural by adding ,s*.
There are some
rules for changing nouns into plural.
Let us learn these rules and study the illus­
trations.
(20)
You know that most nouns are changed into
plural by adding letter ’s' to them.
Some
nouns are changed into plural by adding '-es'
if those nouns (a)
end in ’s ’, 'ss', 'sh*, ’ch* or ’x ’•
'-es*' is added to those nouns to change
theta into plural*
bus-buses
brush-brushes
fox-foxes
glass-glasses bench-benches
(b)
end in ’o * and before that ‘o ’ there is
XLII
no vowel i.e. letters 'a', *e'f *i*, ’o ’
or ‘u*.
'tomato-tomatoes
(21)
Mango-mangoes
Head again the frame Ho.20 and study the rules
and the illustrations given, and then write the
plurals of the nouns given belows
! table
box
gas
dish
miss
hero
potato
tables
boxes
gases
dishes
misses
heroes
potatoes
(22)
Nouns which end in *s*, *ss’, * s h %
*ch* or lx ‘
are changed into plural by adding
to
those nouns.
(23)
Most nouns which end in *£' o r ’fe* are changed
into plural by adding ‘-es* to those nouns but
the letter ’f 1 or ’fe* is changed into the
letter *v».
es
wife - wives
wolf - wolves
Nouns ending in *y* are also changed into plural
by adding *es* if there is no vowel(i.e.
*a*,
*e*» ’i*, *o*, *u*)before the fetter ’y*, but
the letter *y* is changed into^letter ’i*.
lady - ladies
fly
(2^)
baby - babies
- flies
Nouns ending in *£’ or ’fe* are changed into
—
by adding 'es’, but the letter *£’
or ’fe* is changed into the letter
.
XL III
(25)
plural
v
Nouns ending in *y’ are changed into plural
by adding . •.
if there is ho
before the letter
t y*
■
and the letter _______
is changed into the letter ’i *.
(26 )
You must remember that words ending in *y*
es
or *o* are changed into plural by adding the
vowel
letters ‘s ’ if there is a vowel (i.e.’a ’, ‘e 1,
y
•i*,
’o ’# 'u*) before the last letter ’y* or
’o *.
key - keys
(27)
radio - radios
Read the following:
a* Monkey
..
b. Monkeys
studio
boy
studios
boys
Nouns in group (a) end in _________ and
.
They are changed into plural by adding ________
because .there is a vowel before the last
letters
(28)
'
and _ _ _ _ _ _ in these words.
Change the following nouns into plural:
1
y
missionary,
o
's
buffalo,
y
cloud,
mango,
;day,
branch,
lady,
key,
tax,
bamboo,-
'
photograph,
bus
o
N o w try frame N o *30
( 29)
missionaries
mangoes
ladies
bamboos
Study some nouns, given below and notice that
they do not follow any rules in forming the
plural.
XL IV
buffaloes
days
keys
hotographs
ranches
clouds
taxes
buses
hoof - hoofs
j
roof - roofs
man - men
tooth - teeth
ox - oxen
child-children
foot - feet
goose - geese
mouse - mice
woman-women
(30)
Read the following sentences.
Write 's' if
the spelling of the plural form of the subject
is wrong and write ’a* if the verb*does not
agree with its subject.
If the spelling of
the plural form of the subject is wrong and
the verb does n ot agree with the subject,
write ’b*.
(a)
Film studios attracts many visitors.
(b)
Donkey’s carry load.
(c)
Oxes help a farmer to till the field,.
(d)
Brushies clean the teeth well.
(e)
Asses brays very loudly.
If all your answers are not correct, study frame
No. 21 and try this frame again,.
If all your
answers are correct, try frame No.33,
*
•
# .•
•
CD CO CO CO CD
c* c m Nvtfury
(31)
'
N q W, you know how the nouns are changed into
plu r a l , but in the English language, there are
some nouns which end in ’s' or often ’ies* and
they are used in singular.
Such words are the
names of school dr college/ subjects, games and
diseases.
Study the following sentences:
(a)
E c o n omics is a v e r y u s eful subject.
(b)
P h y s i c s is a v e r y important branch of
• science*
(c)
Tenn is is the game of the rich,
(d)
M u m p s is ,a serious i llness fo r ,the grown
u p persons.
V e r b s i n the above sentences are i n
'
(singular/plural) because the subject i n those
sentences i s the n a m e o f a school,* subject
(i.e. branch of learning), gam e s a nd disease.
(32)
The n a m e s of school (different branches of
learning) subjects, games and dise a s e s are
singular
treated as n o u n s i n
Mter singular;
w h e n the
n o u n s are u s e d in a sentence to m e a n the
acti v i t i e s and n o t to mean the n a m e s of
school* subject, games and diseases,
they
are u s e d i n plural.
Study the following;
(a)
P o l i t i c s r u i n the character,
(b)
G a n d h i j i ’s ethics appeal even today.
The subjects in the above sentences are
1.
2.
...
They are the n a m e s of
school subjects, but in the above sentences,
t h e y are u s e d as nam e s o f activities and
therefore the v e r b s are i n
(33)
1.
polltics
2 . ethics
plural
.
Select the c orrect f o r m of the v e r b and write.
XLVI
(a)
Billiards _______ played in a few clubs
only, (is/are)
(b)
His politics _ _ _ _ _ not helped the country
in past, (has/have)
(c)
A politician’s ethics _ _ _ _ _ always doub- '
ted, (is/are)
(d)
Mathematics _ _ _ _ _ a man perfect.
(makes/make)
(e)
Government statistics _______ not always
reliable, (is/are)
If all your answers are not correct, study
frames 31 and 32 and then try this frame again.
If all your answers are correct,, try frame
Wo * 36.
‘i
(34)
Study the following sentences:
1 . is
2 . have
(a)
“The Canterbury Tales” is written by Chaucer
3* are
4. makes
5. are
(b)
The Himalayas attracts the mountaineers.
(c) , Mauritius is now an independent country.
Verbs in the above sentences are in
'
because the subjects in the above sentences
are: 1 . the title of a book, 2 . the name of
. 3. the name of a
(35)
singular
mountain
country
2.
3.
Study the following sentences:
(1)
Sixty seconds makes a minute.,
(2 )
Three kilogrammes of sugar costs ten
rupees.
xlvii
(3)
Three metres of woollen cloth costs more
than two, hundred rupees.
(4 )
Two thirds of this essay discusses only
one point.
(e)
;
Three rupees'and forty paise is a vary
heavy price for one litre of petrol.
The subject in the above sentences is a phrase
expressing: 1.
» 2. ......., 3 . measure­
ment;, 4. fractions and 5« amount of money,, and
therefore the verbs are in
(36)
(&)
....«
Read the following sentences and p u t / -mask
if the sentence is correct i.e,. if the
verb agrees with the subject and put a x
ms&k if the sentence is not correct and
•write an appropriate form of the verb.
1.time
(a ) ’Sorab and Rustem* make good reading.__
2-,weight
singular
(b) The Alps is the second highest moun­
tain of the world.. ________
'
■
(c) The United Arab Republic are Muslim
country. ________
(d) Pandit Nehru’s "Letters to Indira”
’ helps us to understand the world
history.
_______
(e) Twenty thousand rupees are a large sum
of money. ________ .
(f) Thirty miles are a long distance to go
on foot. _ _ _ _ _ _
^
XLVIII
gfC
£* 6 Hsfl
If all your answers are not correct, try
frames 34 and 35 again and then try this
frame again. If all your answers are
correct, toy frame No. 44.
B.
Write an appropriate form of the verb.
(a) "Emperor Jones" ________ a good example
of, modern American Plays, (to be)
(b) Sixty minutes
'
one hour, (to make)
(c) Economics _ _ _ _ _ _ a very popular
subject these days, (to be)
(d) Government statistics clearly _ _ _ _ _ _
that the population of our country is
increasing very fast, (to show)
(e) Ten paise _______ a very small sum.
( to be)
(f)"The Higher Secondary and Its Problems"
'
the topic of his lecture.(to be)
(g) Mathematics _ _ _ _ _ _ good practice.
(to need)
(37)
A. a.* (makes)
(is)
B, a,
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
(is)
(is)
is
makes
is
show
is
is
needs
You know now m a t names of school and college
subjects which look like nouns in plural are
always used in singular but they are also used
in plural when those nouns are not used as the
names of subjects, ,In English language, there
are some no tins which are used for groups of
things or persons dr animals. They are called
collective nouns. They are used in singular
XLIX
as well as plural*
These nouns are used in sin­
gular when they mean (talk about) the whole
group as one unit and they are used in plural
when they are used to refer to the members of groupj
study the following sentences:
«A»
(a) The jury is of t h e ,
opinion that Mr. X
is guilty.
(b) The Parliament has
a right to amend the
constitution,
(c) This committee con­
sists of four mem­
bers.
*B«
The jury are not una­
nimous in their opi­
nion.
The Parliament'were
not one in approving
this amendment.
The committee have
been discussing this
problem.
The verb in sentences in group *A’ are! 1
2.
. 3.
and in group *B’: 1.
__
2._______, 3._______ .
The nouns ’jury*, ’Parliament’, ’committee’ in
sentences in group ’B* are used to mean the
members of the jury, Parliament and committee
and so they are used in
A. 1 .is
(38)
2. has
3. consists
B. 1« are
2, were
3* have been
discussing
plural
.
Collective nouns are used in
mean the \ifhole group as one unit.
nouns are used in
members of the group.
when they
Collective
when they mean the
L
(39)
Nouns which stand for things with two compo­
nents such as "scissors" are used in plural.
They take a plural verb.
Study the following sentences*
singular
(a)
Spectacles help weak-eyed persons.
(b)
Scissors ,cut cloth.
(c)
Breeches make a good royal dress.
plural
The subjects in the above sentences are: 1.
2.
'
3.
.
They are the nouns of
things which have two components.
They are used
in _____
1 *spectacles (40)
2.
scissors
3 .breeches
plural
(41)
Nouns which.name things with two components
take a
■
verb.
Nouns which name things with two components are
also used in singular when the words wa pair of"
are written before those words.
Study the following sentences:
(a)
plural
A pair of spectacles helps a weak-eyed
person.
(b)
Your pair of shoes needs polish.
(c)
This pair of scissors is not very sharp.
The verbs in the above sentences are in
The words "a pair of" is used before the nouns
1.
. 2.
3.
which name
.
LI
things with two components and so the verbs are
' £n
singular
(42)
1.
spectacles
2.
shoes
3.
scissors
singular
(43)
two
plural
singular
The nouns which' name things v;ith ________ compo­
nents are used in
^but when the words
wa. pair of" are written before these nouns, they
are used in
.
Put as/ aark if a sentence 3s correct and a x
«aa?fe-i£ it is incorrect» Write an appropriate
form of the verb to correct ©n incorrect sen­
tence.
(a) The Jury were divided in their
judgment of the Nationalization
of Banks,
'
_______
(b) His, breeches is torn.
_______;
(c) His spectacles is broken.
•
(d) The committee has not submitted
the rep'ort yet.
________
(e) Scissors are usedby tailors.
_______
(f) His shoes are dirty.
_______
(g) The Parliament were not one
in amending this article of
the constitution,
________
If all your answers are not correct, study frames
37 to 48 again^and then try this frame. If all
your answers are correct, try frame 45.
LII
(44)
There are some nouns in English which are used
only in singular and there are some nouns which
are used only in tfee- plural.
Study the following
sentences to know those nouns:
a«
b.
e.
d.
e.
f.
g*
J
x
x
J
v/
V
s/
(a)
Cattle graze in the field.
(b)
News spreads very speedily.
(c)
His hair is black,
(d)
People forget their sufferings very soon.
(e)
Riches.have wings,
(f)
Alms are given to the poor.
The nouns used as subjects in singular are:
.<■+,and those
1• ___ 2* ..... '... . *
used in plural are:1.
3.
(45)
S. I.news
2,hair
P, 1. cattle
2.
people
3.
riches
4.
alms
. 2.
.
« A........
The list of the nouns is given below.
Write
*3 * near the noun which is used only in singu­
lar ahd *p* near the noun which is used in
plural.
(a) News
•'
•
(c) Riches
(e) Alms
(b) People
(d) Hair
-
'
_______
(f) Cattle _ _____
If all your answers are not correct, study the
frame No.44 and then try this frame again.
all your answers are correct, go ahead.
(46)
Study the following sentences!
.
If
LUX
*B*
»A*
(a) M a n k a d ' s i n n i n g s w as
Mank a d ' s i n nings in the
last series of Test
a v e r y v a l u a b l e one.
ma t c h e s were v e r y
to
0 * 0 *0
......
All poss i b l e means
(h) E v e r y me a n s wa s
•0 * 0
H> (D p. O O’ S3
valuable.
tried to find h i m
w e r e tried to find
out,
h i m out.
The p o l i c e h e a d ­
(c) The p o l i c e h e a d ­
q u a r t e r s is shifted
q u a r t e r s in ou r city
to a n e w building.
are w e l l situated.
Subjects i n sentences in both the groups are:
1*
2.
■
In sentences i n group
and in group
.... »
» 3*
*A’» they are used in
*33* they are used in ___
and they take
The above w o r d s end In
as. w e l l a s ____
(47)
verbs.
There are some more wo r d s in E n g l i s h wh i c h
are u s e d i n singular as w e l l as plural.
L et
to
t*n
♦B*
to
Is
t-ir-tH
S « to f t
«
A
a to as 3 0
3 W5P
- a* fl 3
u s see some of those words.
a
H H
3 as
bD P
•H ri
« P,
to S3 3
(a) A sheep gi v e s wool.
Sheep give wool.
(b) This furniture costs
Furniture costs a
a big amount.
(c) This a p p a r a t u s is
u s e d in a laboratory,
big amount
A p p a r a t u s are u s e d
in
a
Xsl^o3^’&to2^Y,•
Subjects in sentences in group ’A* as well as
in group ’B" are* 1.
3
. ___
. 2,
and.
These subjects in sentences in group *A' are
in _______ and those in group ’B* are in
■
without any change in their form.
To write a correct sentence, we must under­
stand the meaning of the word in that parti­
cular sentence.
(48)
Study the following sentences and select an
appropriate word.
sheep
furniture
apparatus
(a)
A deer t-raill>— __- , a fast running animal .(is/ are)
(b)
A series of lectures __________ arranged by
singular
plural
the All India Radio on this topic, (is/are)
(c)
v
•
Series of lectures on this topic
arranged by different institutions during
•this year, (is/are)
(d)
Beer
horns, (has/have)
If all your answers are not correct, study the
frame No.47 and then try this frame again.
If
your answers are correct, go ahead.
(49)
a*
b.
c.
d.
is
is
are
have
Now you know that a subject in singular takes a
verb in singular and a subject in plural takes
a verb in plural.
You-must remember that when the words Hype*,
•sort’ and ’kind* are used, they always take
a singular verb.
,
LV
(a)
This type of magazines is now printed in
our country,
(b)
(5 0 )
This kind of mangoes has a good market.
Read the following sentences and select words.
(a)
This type of l e a d e r s ______
not uncommon
these days, (is/are)
(b)
This kind of, false promises
' ■ the
leaders to get the votes of illiterate
people, (help/helps)
(c)
This kind of remarks
tolerated by
people, (is/are)
(51)
I believe you remember that singular forms of
the verb ‘to b e s in present tense are
'
a* is
b, helps
c. is
and
.
.
The plural form of the
verb *to b e ’ in past tease is
present tense, the plural form is
. in the
‘.
The singular form of the verb *to have' in
present tense is
plural form of
.
‘to
and
have *
and the
ptoral fe*m-is
cnlu
When the first person singular pronoun i.e.'I*
is the subject of the verb ‘to have', its form
___________ (fcas/have) must be used.
am
are '
is- .
were
were **S/
KovC
(52)
You now know the, followings (1) how different
nouns are changed into plural by adding ’s ’
or *es‘j (2) how some nouns which are always
used in plural can be used in singular by
LVI
adding the words like "a pair of", "type",
have
has
have
have
"sort", "kind!*; (3 ) how some notans are used
in singular; as well as in plural depending
upon their meaning in a sentence, and some
nouns are used in singular as well as in
plural.
(5 3 )
Now study the following sentences:
(a)
My brother-in-law is a very quiet mari.
(b) The Commander-in-Chief is the highest
position in armay*
(c)
The Inspector General of Police holds
a very heavy responsibility.
Subjects in the above sentences are:
1.
. 2.
and 3 . .. .... and they
are in
■
number.
Subjects in all tine above sentences are composed
of more than one word and so they are, called
compound nouns.
(54) (a)
1.
brother-in-law
2.
commander-in-ehief
3.Inspector General (b)
of Police
singular
Css)
The Secretary of State carries out the
Government policy.
The Attorney General always pleads for the
Government policy in 1he Court of law.
The subjects in the above sentences are:
1 , __ ■
and' 2.
* They are compo­
sed of more than
c
d nouns.
word. So they are
„ ,
' LVII
(55)
Now we shall see how a compound noun is changed
into plural.
«B*
«A*
1,Secretary
of State
2.Attorney
General
one
ompoun
Inspector Generals of
Police hold a very heavy
re spon sibillty.
(a) Inspector-General
of Police holds a
very heavy respon­
sibility.
Commande^-in-Ghief
lead the armies of
all countries.
(b) Commander-in-Chief
leads the army.
The subjects in sentences in (a) and (b) in group
’B* are in
A compound noun is changed into plural by adding
*s» to the main word..
In the compound words:
1. Inspector General and
2. Commander-in-Chief,
the main words ares 1.
(56)
His step-child is very clever.
Mi®
plural
1. Inspector
2. Commander
2.
' are very clever, (step-child,
step-children).
(57)
step-children
(58)
His son-in-law ill---treats him.
His
laws)
, ill-treat him. (sons-in~lawf son-in.
The ability of our students worries educators
very much.
LVIII
sons-in-law
In this sentence, the verb is
. It is in
. It agrees with the subject
{ability of our students )t Noun
not the subject.
preposibion
(595
worries1
,singular
ability
'students* is
It is the object of the
'of1.
'The bundle of sticks, was not heavy.
'was"
agrees with the subject
noun
.
The verb
.
is n o t the subject.
The
It is written
after the preposition 'of* and so it is the
object of the preposition
(60)
bundle
sticks
of
.
(a)
The bundle of sticks was not heavy.
(b)
The bundle of sticks were not heavy.
In' sentences
(a/b) the verb agrees with
the subject.
(61)
(a)
The remains of our ancient civilization
astonishes foreigners.
(b)
The remains of our ancient civilization
astonish foreigners.
The verb in sentence
a*
(62)
(a/b) is correct.
Should we change the verbs in Hie following
sentences?(if w e write the words given in
b,.
brackets in the place of underlined wor d s ) .
Write 'yes' or 'no*.
(a)
The president of this club is very
co-operative, (these clubs)
___________
l i
Cb)
^
cm
The order of the manager is always final.
(The orders)
(c)
-
The cost of this project is very great,
(these projects)
(63)
a«yes
b.
yes
c.
no
(a)
One of them was here yesterday.
(b)
One of them were bare yesterday.
The verb in the sentence '
-
•
^
sueject.
(64)
:
^/^g-rees with the ’
*
n
One of my friends ________ lost his pen. (has/have)
Select the verb which' agrees with the subject
and write.’
3. •
(63)
Select ah appropriate verb in the following
sentences!
(a)
The father of these children
to England, (has/have)
(b)
One of the causes of theft and robbery
Poverty. (is/ara)
(O
Bie reasons of his not coming today
HdS
gone
many, (is/are)
If all your answers are not correct, study
frames. 58 to 64 and try this frame again.
If
your answers are correct, try frame Ho. 67*
(66)
Now you know that a verb is not affected by a
noun written after a preposition as it is not
LX
has
is
a re
a s u b j e c t b u t i s an o b j e c t . You m ust know
t h a t many o t h e r p r e p o s i t i o n s l i k e ‘w i t h ’ 9
’to g e t h e r w i t h ’ , *a s w e ll a s ’ , ’in c lu d in g * •
’ a lo n g w ith * a r e v e r y o f t e n u s e d i n a s e n te n c e
and you m ust be v e r y c a r e f u l i n t h e u s e o f a
v e rb .
(6 7 )
a.
b.
c.
d.
e«r
r
r
w
w
A.
B.
Read th e f o llo w in g s e n te n c e s and w r i t e
• r s i f th e v e r b i s c o r r e c t and H f ' i f i t
i s w rong.
(a )
The mo Idler w ith h i s d a u g h te r s i s
g o in g to th e m a rk e t.
(b )
She s t u d e n t s w ith t h e i r t e a c h e r
h a v e gone on a t o u r .
(c )
The p r i n c i p a l , a lo n g w ith h i s
s t a f f members h av e r e s i g n e d .
(d )
The d i r e c t o r , t o g e t h e r w ith th e
a c t o r s , a r e ta k in g r e s t .
(e )
The p l a y e r s o f h i s team a r e v e ry
sp e e d y .
.
W rite th e c o r r e c t fo rm o f th e v e r b g iv e n
in b ra c k e ts .
(a )
T h is g i r l t o g e t h e r w ith h e r c l a s s
m a te s a lw a y s _ __ ,___ n o i s e i n th e
c l a s s room , ( t o make)
(b )
R a s a n la l accom panied by h i s d a u g h te r s
'
gone to K a sh m ir, ( t o h a v e )
(c )
The b o y s in c lu d in g J ig n a s u
jo i n e d t h e s c ie n c e c lu b o f o u r
s c h o o l, ( t o h a v e )
LXI
(d)
One of those persons
■
absent
yesterday, (to be)
(e)
Uaese books Including Jane Austen's
"Pride and Prejudice"
selected
as the textbooks by different Univer­
sities. (to be)
"If all your answers are not correct, study the
frame Mo. 66 and then try this frame again.
If
your answers are correct, go ahead.
(68)
a*
b»
c.
d»
e.
makes
has
have
was
were
Now you know very well that verbs agree with
their subjects and the words between the
subject and the verb do not affect the verb*
There are some words which always take a
singular verb because they refer to or mean
only one person or thing at a time,.
Study the following sentences*
(a)
Everyone is expected to do this exercise,
(b)
Someone is hearing us.
(c)
Neither of the answers is false.
/
(d)
Every car has a price label,
;
(e)
Either answer needs improvement,
it)
Each one is wrong.
The verbs in the above sentences are in
and the subjects ares 1.
'4 . ^ __ 5*r
2.
_„ and 6.
,
•
.
;
In sentences (d), (e) and (f), the words ‘every*
LXII
’either* and
(69)
A,
’each* are u s e d as adjectives*
Select an appropriate f o r a of, the v e r b in
the f o l l owing sentences*
(a)
Everyone
allowed to come*
(is/
are)
(b)
N e i t h e r of y o u __ _____ a prize*
(gets/
get)
(c)
E v e r y m e m b e r of this h o u s e
■
in
English„ (speak/speaks)
(d)
E i t h e r o f tb.ese p h o t o g r a p h s
good,
B.
(look/looks)
If in the f o l l owing sentences the v e r b is
correct, w r i t e
singular
a.
everyone
b.
someone
c.
neither
d.
g n s K s x car
g *answer
f .one
’r* and
* f J if it is not
correct.
(a)
Each o f your answers are right.
(b)
N e i t h e r of them w e r e present.
(c)
Ev e ry cinema ho u s e r e m a i n s over­
crowded on Sundays.
(d)
E v e ryone i n the v i l l a g e s w e r e
in, trouble.
(e)
a«
b.
c.
d«
is
gets
speaks
lo o k s
.|
A r e e i ther of 'these men your
friend?
'
If all your answers are n o t correct,' study
the f r a m e s h o . 6 8 and then try this frame
again.
If your answers are correct,
frame Wo. 72,
(7 0)
Study the f o l l o w i n g sentences:
try
LXIII
a.
b.
c.
d.
£.
£.
r.
f.
(a)
Rita and Maya are friendsl
(b)
A book and a magazine are on the table.
The verbs in the above sentences are in
.
The subjects in both the sentences are two
singular nouns joined by
. When the sub­
ject is made of more than one noun, it is called
a compound.subject.
e» £*
(71)
plural
and
Sarla and Nallni are intelligent girls.The subject is a compound subject,
Singular nouns are joined by the word
Two singular nouns joined by ’and* take a
plural verb.
(72)
and
Select and write the correct verb.
basic nece-
(a)
The air.and the water
ssities of a wan (are/is)
<b)
He and his friend
for a walk in
the evening everyday, (goes/go)
(c)
Her father and mother
U.S.A. (has/have)
gone to the
(d)
„___ __his father and mother
M s cehaviour? (Does/do)
know about
If all your answers are not correct, study frames
70 and 71 and then try this frame again. If
all your answers are correct, try frame No.75.
LXIV
(73)
a .are
b.
go
c.
have
d.
do ‘
Friends, compound subjects are formed by join­
ing two singular nouns by ’and*. They take
plural verbs.
Read the following sentences*
(a)
Bread and butter is a good breakfast.
(b)
The political leader and social worker
appeals to maintain communal harmony.
(c)
The principal and trustee of this school
is not a good man.
In tlie above sentences* the subjects are com­
pound subjects and the verbs are in
because the subject in sentence (a) refers 'to
one dish and subjects in sentences (b) and (c)
refer tc one person.
(74)
When two nouns referring to two different
persons o r .things are joined by ’and *, they
make a compound subject.
It takas a '
verb.
singular
When a compound subject refers to one person
or thing, it takes a
verb;
(75)
plural
singular
Write *R* if the verb in the sentence is
correct and ’F s if it is false.
(a) Tea and coffee are available in this
restaurant.
(b)
Slow and steady wins the race*.
(c)
The politician and orator has mads
a good impression or. the audience.
•
(d)
Bread
and b u t t e r are o u r d a i l y food.
(e)
You and
If y o u r o n e
74
and
a;
b;
E
' a nd'
but
this frame
t r y fra m e No,
subjects
also
s t u d y f r a m e s 73,
again.
If n o
answer
36 £3.
are formed by using not
by using
only
some o t h e r words,
R
p
A*
Compound
the wrong.
answer is wrong,
then try
is wrong,
(7 6 )
I am in
Read
the f o l l owing
sentences and
(a)
Either Nalini or Leela is
st u d y them.
P
*
always in her
house.
(b)
Neither Nalini nor Leela is
In the
above
are written
sentences,
by
in h e r house.
the compound
Joining two
subjects
singular nouns
and
u s i n g the w o r d s -
. ___ :___
1
,___ ___
2
7f
(77)
1.
2.
Either or
Neither nor
/
/
' i -f t- rt'r r
and
the v e r b s
(a)
Neither
(b)
are in
the manager nor
the
politely in
this office.
Neither
clerks nor
the
politely in
In
singular.
the
above
are written
clerks
the manager
speak
speaks
this office.
sentences,
by using
the
compound
subjects
.
But
the
LXVI
compound, subjects, a singular and a plural noun,
are Joined.
The verb in sentence (a) is in
_________ because the noun near the verb is in
plural.
The verb in sentenc^^Ls in ________
because the noun
(7 8 )
neither nor
plural
singular
near the verb is in singular.
When, in a compound subject, two
nouns are
Joined by ‘and1, they take a
1 1 ■ verb, but
if they refer to only one thing or a person,,
they take a _________ verb. When, in a compound
subject, two singular nouns are Joined by
1 . either.....or, 2 . neither.....nor and 3 . or
the verb is always in
(79)
plural
singular
singular
.
-
When, in a compound subject, a singular and a
plural noun or a pronoun are Joined by using
‘either.
or*, ‘neither.... nor’ or ‘or* and
if the noun near the verb is in plural, the
, verb is in _ _ _ _ _ _ and if the noun near the
verb is in singular, the verb is in
(80)
.
When, ih a compound subject, a singular and a
plural nouns or pronouns are Joined by using
‘either.«...or*, ‘neither..*.nor* or 'or*, the .
plural
singular
verb agrees with the noun or pronoun near it.
(a)
Either the king or his ministers were unwise.
(b)
Either the king or his ministers was unwise.
In which sentence is the verb correct?
(81)
Neither Anil’s mother nor his brother was at
home.
Lxra
m
If we change the word 'brother* to 'brothers',
should we change the verb?
(82)
(a)
(yes/no)
Neither his language rior his idea was
original*
(b)
Neither his language nor his ideas _
appealing, (was/were)
yes
' (83)
Select and writ® a correct verb in the following
sentences:
'
(a) Neither the -^radic^. nor the -^newspapers):
■
(b)
were
us correct information, (give/gives)
Neither my brothers nor I _ _ _ _ _ _ in a
> hurry to leave that placet (was/were)
(c)
<
Neither his book nor his note book _______
here. (is/4i» are)
(d)
Either he or you
1
in the wrong,
(is/are)
(e)
Either you or sheela ________ responsible
1 for it. (was/were)
(f)
He or his brother _______ in England.
If your one answer is wrong* study frames 76.
to 83 and then try this frame again. If your
no answer is wrong, try frame No. 88.
(8f§)
We know that generally in the English, language
the verb follows the subject.
But sometimes
we begin our sentences.with the words like
•here*, 'there' and 'if* and if the subject
,
LXVIII
in such sentences follows the verb.
a.
b.
e»
d.
e.
f.
give
was
is
are
was
was
Read arid study the following sentences!
,
(a) The books of Satish are here on the table.
(b)
Here are the books of Satish on the table.
5, :*
The usual order of the subject and the verb is
changed in sentence
.
It begins with
the word _________ and in it the subject follows
the ______
(85)
Study the following sentences:
(a)
' (b)
♦b*
‘here
verb
There is a pen in, my bag.
There are some boys on the playground,
(c)
There-was a terrible storm in Saurashtra
in the year 1975*
(d)
There'were many books in my cupboard.
(e)
There has been a complaint against you.
(f)
There have been many persons writing for
you in. the hall.
,
■
In all the above sentences, the subjects are in
the third person.
The verbs in sentences (a), -
(c) and (e) are in ________ because the subjects
following those verbs are in
.
The verbs in sentences (b), (d) and (f) are in
________ and the subjects following those verbs
are in
.
LXIX
(86)
In the following pairs of sentences* read
sentence (a) and supply the verb in (b),
&•
singular
singular
plural
plural
2,
3.
(a)
There is a man waiting at the door.
(b)
There
(a)
There are many spots on your shirt.
(b)
There ^ _____^
a spot on your shirt.
There was a letter for you.
There
(87)
men waiting at the door.
•
letters for you.
Good, so you know that in the sentences begin­
n ing with the introductory word ♦there’, the
verb agrees with the subject which follows the
verb.
The same principle is true when the
1 .are
sentence begins with introductory ’here*.
2.is
3. were
(a)
Here'
(b)
Here
a book for you.
'
the books for you.
We must use the verb ’i s ’ in sentence —
because in it the subject is in
must use the verb ’a r e ’ in sentence
,
We
'
because in it the subject is in
a.
b.
is
are
’a*
singular
*b*
plural
(88)
Read the following sentences and use the verb
is/are appropriately.
(a)
There
(b)
Here
vour child sleeping.
his books which he was sear-
ching.
(c)
There
vour papers on the floor.
(d)
Here
1
the p u p i l s w h o shouted in the
' classroom. ■ .
(e)
Here
a dish re a d y for you-.
If all your a n s w e r s are n o t correct,
study-the
fram e s 84 to 87 again and then t r y this frame,
again*
If your all the answers are correct,
try frame No. 96,
(89)
a.is
b, are
c.
are
d.
are
e.
is
N o w study the f o l lowing sentences*
(a)
To w a s t e m o n e y is foolish.
(b)
To h e l p o t h e r s is a l w a y s good.
.
The s u b jects i n sentences (a) and (b) are
and
___
.
The w o r d s
’to w a s t e ’ and
’to h e l p ’ are the r o o t
forms of v e r b s b ut they are n o t the v e r b s in
those sentences.
They are called
’i n f i n i t i v e s ’.
The verbj in both the sentences is' in
A.
1.......... 1
t
to Waste
to help
singular
(90)
.
.
W h e n an i n finitive is the subject i n a sentence,
the v e r b is i n ________ r, ■
(91)
Read the fo l l o w i n g sentences*
(a)
It,was fo o l i s h to wa s t e money.
(b)
It is always good to h e l p others.
, (c)
(d)
It is a jo y to meet an i ntelligent person.
It i s a mi s t a k e to allow a stranger
house.
in
the
LXXI
Iri the above sentences, the sub.iect is
and the verbs is in
.
/*•
',r"
1" " .
'
singular
In the above sentences, the subject ’it1 stands
for the words 1. to waste, 2.
4. ^ w h i c h
(92)
.
3. ________
are i________s.
Read the following sentences?
(a)
It is raining.
(b)
It is eleven G*clock.
Sinful ax'
2.
to help
3.
to meet
4.
to allow
nfinitive
In both these sentences, the subject is
but there is no infinitive in either of the
sentences.
The verbs are in .
Sentence (a) speaks about weather and sentences
(b) about time.
1
- * is used as the subject in sentences
which speak about weather and time.,
It
-singular
It
(93)
When the subject of a sentence is either an
infinitive or a pronoun •it*, the verb is
always in
(94)
singular
..
(a)
Walking is the best exercise.
(b)
Swimming is a skill.
(c)
Reading of novels is my hobby.
,
In the above sentences, the subjects 'are
1'*
» 2.
and 3.
.
LXXII
Thege are the '-mg* forms of verbs but they are
used as subjects i.e, nouns*
So they are called
gerunds and the verbs are in
1♦walking
(95)
2.
swimming
3.
reading
.
When a gerund or an infinitive is the subject
in a sentence, the verb is always in
,
singular
(96)
Pill in the blanks selecting an appropriate word
from the brackets.
(a)
The television programmes _ _ _ _ _ good,
(was/were)
(b)
Each of the members
(make/makes)
(c)
Anyone _ _ _ _ _ lucky to get a prize,
(is/are)
(d)
Rakesh _ _ _ _ _ think seriously, (don’t/
singular
!
(e)
• his. decision,
doesn’t)
You _ _ _ _ _ certainly welcome Vat the picnic.
(was/Were)
(f)
A basket of apples
~ '„
on the table,
(is/are)
(g)
Each of the boys _ _ _ _ _ his own problems. ’
(solve/solves)
(h)
There _______ many flowers in the garden,
, (was/were)
(l)
(j)
'
They
you surprised yesterday?
-
(was/were)
my old friends, (was/were)
LXXIII
'
■(k)
(l)
Neema
■1
care for music, (don’t/doesn’t)
The class _______ decided to have a debate.
(has/have)
(97)
Fill in the blanks selecting an appropriate word
from the brackets.
1.
were
2.
makes
3.is
4.
doesn’t
5 .were
6.is
7.
solves
8.
were
9. were
10. were
11.
doesn’t
12.
have
(a)
The mother with her daughter _________ at
the end of the room, (sit/sits)
(b)
There
some fresh apples in the ice ;■
box. (is/are)
(c)
At the end of the street ________ some new
,
houses. (was/were )
(d)
One of my friends _________ me a gift on my
birthday, (send/sends)
.(e)
Everybody _______ that song sweetly.
(sing/sings)
(f)
Neither Nitin nor his mother _______ here.
(is/are)
(g)
The doctor, together with his nurse,
'
taking a ride, (is/are)
(h)
There _______ some beggers on the roads
(was/were)
(i)
Not any of us _______ eager to go.
(o/w)
(d>
His gift.to the school .
cupboards, (was/were)
(k)
_______ the children come home? (has/have)
(l)
Either of the two
three big
to be trusted.(is/are)
LXXIV
1. sits
2. are
3. were
4. sends
5. sings
6. is
7. is
8. were
9. is
10. was
11. have.
12. is
LXXV
TENSES
Friends,
English
cular
and. y o u
sentence
(a)
I
(b)
You
(c)
He
our
following
a
boy
are
a
is
a
is
(e)
We
(f)
They
The
verbs
in
2*
.......
.
m
refresh
in
way
different
the
uses
the
our
tenses,
of
the
let
verb
of
age.
student.
of
the
p r e - U n i v e r s i t y ,ep£-
class.
sister,
are
citizens
our
the
3#
of
India.
teachers.
above
sentences
......... .
The
present
!
in
criticised
also
years
verbs
tense
4#
.|
'am*,
forms
are:
.... .
’i s "
of
'to
&
0
days,
14.
9
tx
the
k
Ȥ
and
No.
of, s e v e n t e e n
the
.,
these
not
and
about
of
frame
student
6
0
U!
Tense
sentences:
good
my
are
are
written
v/e t a l k
try
we
revise
are
that
sentences
tenses
knowledge
Please
a®
we
say
the
that
of
before
She
the
use
But
(d)
are
0
:
1.
mmmmmmmmmm
5.
and
am,
'are*
be'*
S3
C+
the
see
sentences
6.
0 0
Past
,
parti-
0
Read
write
the
b e ’.
people
shall
the
commerce
•
Tense,
a
0)
of
to
To
way,
refresh
*to
H -H * 0
whether
in
0
same
which
us
0 0
say
Present
But
able
tenses#
tenses?
fU
to
sentences
■d
the
in
V*l
in
Tense#
not
knowledge
*
able
write
fy
0
in
*
is
can
©
are
correct
0 \\J 1 £ - *
are
you
SB
Future
many
•
that
O t T
a m
(2)
know
p.
■
I
s
(1)
lxxvi
tense forms of *to be*.
(4)
The verbs
and
present tense forms of *to be*,
(5)
Study the following sentences#
is
am
is
are
(a)
I am a student of Education.
(b)
He is a good boy#
(o)
She is a good, girl.
(d)
It is a wooden table.
(e)
We are your friends.
(f)
They are my class-mates.
are the
The verb in the above sentences are
and
They are the
(6)
tense forms of
We are your friends.
They are ray neighbours.
am
is
are
present
*to be*
The subjects in the above sentences are:
1.
2.
and the verb is w
The pronouns *we* and *they* are in plural and
they always take a verb in plural number.
(7)
Read and learn:
(a)
I am a college student.
(b)
He is a wellknown person.
LXXVII
1*we
2.they
are
(O
She is a very talkative girl*
(d)
It is a good scooter*
The above sentences are in simple present tense and the
verb is ’to be’*
In sentence (a), the subject is
the first
person singular pronoun and the .verb is
In sentences (b), (c) and (d), the subjects are
•He*, ’She* and *It’f the third person singular
pronotans and the verb is; ’aaxfeacfe.
. •
(8)
When the sentence is in simple present tense
and the subject of the verb ’to be’ is
(a)
tine first person singular pronoun, the
form of the verb is always
am
*
(b)
the third person singular pronoun, the
form of the verb is always
sta is*
(c)
k pronoun in plural number, the form of
the verb is always
are .
(a)
When 5am* is a verb in the sentence, the
subject is always the
person
singular pronoun*
(b)
teen ’is1 is a verb in a sentence, the
subject is always a
person singu­
lar pronoun*
(c)
When ’are’ is a verb in a sentence, the
subject is always a pronoun in .....
number*
am
is
(9)
LXXVIII
(lO)
first
third
plural
Wien the sentence is in simple present tense
and the subject of the verb *to be* is*
(a)
The first person singular pronoun i.e.
*I*r the form of the verb is always
(b) . The third person singular pronoun i«e.
*He% *She* and ’It*, the form of the verb
is always
(c)
(11)
a,am
b. is
c*are
, .
A pronoun, in plural number l.e. *We* or
•They*, the form of the verb is always
Now study the following sentences*
(a)
You are a good student.
(b)
Children, you are not the students of
primary classes.
In the above sentences, the verb is '
and the subject is
.
In sentence (a), the subject *you* Is in
number, and in sentence (b), it is
in o
number.
The pronoun *you* is the second person pronotua
and it is used in singular number as well as in
plural number* When in a simple present tense
sentence *you* is the subject of the verb *to
be*, the verb is always
(12)
Read the following sentences*
.
JL.XXIX
are
my neighbour’s son*
(a)
Mefctul is
(b)
fhose boys ar© my students*
Ihe above sentences are in simple present tense
you
singular
lural
and the subject in sentence (a) is a noun in
singular number and the form of the verb H o
be* is ’is* and the subject in sentence (b)
Angular
<are
is a noun in plural number and the form of
tiie verb H o be * Is ’are**
(13)
When, in a simple present tense sentence, the
subject of the verb H ® be* is a noun in sing­
ular number, the verb is always
*
When, in a simple present tense sentence, the
subject o f :the verb H o be* is a noun in plural,
the verb is always
<14)
is
are
■
When the sentence is in simple present tense
and the subject of the verb H o be’ is
(a)
the first person singular pronoun *!*,
the verb is always
‘*
(b)
the third person singular pronoun (He,
She, It), the verb is always
(c)
T h e pronoun in plural number (we, they)^
'the verb is always
(d)
«
the second person pronoun ’You*, the verb
is always
(e)
»
»
the noun in singular number, the verb is
always
*
LXXX
(f)
the n o m in plural number, the verb is
always
«
If your four or more than four answers are
wrong* study from frame Ho*1 onwards.
If
more than four answers are correct, try frame
Mo* 16*
(15)
a.
Is*
c.
d*
e.
f.
am
is
are
are
is
are
When the subject of the verb *to be* in simple
present tense is
(a)
a singular noun or pronoun in third person
singular (He, She, It), the verb is always
..................... ............... » *
(b)
a plui*al noun (or the nouns joined by *and*>)
or a pronoun in plural, (we, you, they), the
verb is always
*
(c)
the first person singular pronoun (I), the
verb is always
'
I
(16 )
Supply the appropriate forms of *to be* in the
following sentences?
a* is
b. are
c. am
(a)
He
'
my teacher and 1 ^
h
i
s
student*
(b)
Kiey _ _ _
my friends.
(c)
Mrunaiini
(d)
A wolf and a tiger
animals*
(e)
A cobra ^ a l w a y s
a very v/ellknown dancer*,
very dangerous
poisonous*
LXXXI
If your answer *<t* is wrong, study frame No*7.
If your* answer
'
k
'is wrong* study frame No. 6 *
*0 to *0 are wrong* study frames
If your answer
Nos* 11# 12* If all your answers are correct#
x
try frame No* 22*
(17)
i:
Study the following sentences*
a. is
am
(a)
Kavia was my room partner in the hostel*
b. are
<b> ***** 80(3 Ila «ere(o-studentS.
c. is
d* are
is
The above sentences are in simple past tense*
The verbs in those sentences are
'
•
and
Was * end *wer©’ are the past tense
forms of tike verb *to be*
(18)
was
were
Study the following sentences*
(a)
Navin was my room partner in the hostel*
(b)
They were in the garden in the evening
yesterday.
In sentences (a) and (b), the subjects ares
(a) a noun and it is in
verb is
(b) in
(19)
number and the
»
number and the verb is
.
When# in a sentence# the subject is in singular#
a*singular
was
the form of the verb *to be* in past tense is
b .plural
were
in plural, the form of the verb *to be* in
«
When, in a sentence# the subject is
past tense is always
..
1
LXXXII
(20)
was
were
Read the following sentences*
(a)
He was in London last year*
(b)
You were not In a good mood yesterday*
(c)
I was a student in the year i960.
(d)
They were absent yesterday#
■
J0k In the above sentences* the subjects are
pronouns*
In sentences (a) and (c}# the subjects are in
singular and the.verb is
(b)
was
were
*
When* in a sentence* the subject is in singular,
the form of the verb *to be* in the past tense
is
and when the subject is in plural
or in second person* the form of the verb ’to
be* in past tense is
(22)
In sentences
and (d), the subjects are in plural and the
verb is
(21)
*
»
Write an appropriate past tense forms of the verb
’to be* in the following sentences*
(a)
Ifcey
ready to go out at 6 p.nu
(b)
I
(c)
Ramesh and Sheela
_ at Matheran
during the last summer vacation,
(d)
We
(e)
Jignesh
(f)
Praguesh, why
in ray house in the morning*
in great trouble last year*
my student in the year 1972.
•tie class yesterday?
you not present in
LXXXIII
was
were
Cg)
D hira.H a!
a good a d m in is tra to r.
(h)
Bovs, you .....
2 p.m*
n o t i n th e l i b r a r y a t
I f f iv e o r more th an f iv e o f your answers a re
wrong, go back to th e frame N o.16 and study a l l
th e fram es. I f s ix o r more th a n s ix answ ers a re
r i g h t , t r y frame No. 23.
(23)
1.
2,
3#
4*
5*
6.
7*
8.
were
was
were
were
was
were
was
were
Study th e fo llo w in g sentences?
(a )
She h e lp s h e r m other.
(b)
I t (th e c h ild ) h e lp s i t s e l f to w alk.
(c)
He h e lp s M s f a th e r in h i s work*
(a)
Rajesh h e lp s everybody*
(e )
I h e lp my f r i e n d .
(f)
He h e lp o u r frie n d s*
(g )
You h e lp your frien d *
(h )
Shey h e lp t h e i r f a t h e r .
In sen ten ces Nos*
a
.
h .'
c
d
* th e s u b je c ts a re i n th e t h i r d person
s in g u la r . She form s o f th e v erb to h e lp i n
p re s e n t te n s e a re
and
. I n 't h e
sim ple p re s e n t te n s e se n te n c e s, i f th e s u b je c t
i s o th e r than th e t h i r d person s in g u la r , th e
v erb i s th e r o o t form o f th e v e rb .
(24)
1:
Wien, i n a se n te n c e , th e s u b je c t i s th e t h i r d
p erso n s in g u la r pronoun i .e * *he*, ‘ she*, ♦it*
LXXXIV
helps
help
or a noun ar verb In simple present tense is
always
form*.
When a sentence is in simple present tense and
the subject is in third person singular, a verb
is always the
.
(25)
In a simple present tense sentence, a verb is
always the *
* when its subject is in
third person singular,
(26)
Study the followings
form*
»___ s form*
(a)
He comes to his office at the right time*
(b )
Rashmi, goes to M s office in the evening,
(c)
I would like to go to.ay college everyday.
(d)
You send him tomorrow- to my house.
(e)
We go for a walk in the evening,
<X)
Ihey go to Bombay every year,
(g)
Savin* and Nlrmala go to their office on
scooter.
In sentences (a) and (b)„ the subjects are in
third person singular and therefore the verbs
are'in the
* la sentences (c), (d),
(e), (£) and (g), the subjects ar© not in third
person singular. They are other than the third
person singular and therefore the verbs are not
the
of the verb.
LXXXV
(27)
When a sentence is in simple present tense and
the subject is other than the third person
singular, a verb is always the ^ f o r m
of the verb.
(28)
Fill in the blanks selecting an appropriate form
of the verb.
1 s form*
*_s form*
A.
1
.
Ha
2. fflaey
root
- 3.
B*
.
a bicycle* (ride/rides)
_ „ verv loudly, (talk/talks)
I
w that he is a good man, (think,
thinks)
4.
She _ _
a clear hand, (write/writes)
5-
You
starts)
_ for Bombay tomorrow, (start/
Write ah appropriate form of Hie verb given
in the brackets in the following sentences*
1.
Toe earth
2.
Sheela
3* Kahehdra
round th& sun* (to move)
very fast, (to run)
,
for his family every­
day* (cook)
4 . You
hard to get the first
rank* (to study).
5, My daughter
to bed early, (to go)
If all your answers aro correct, try frame No.
34. If your more than three answers are wrong,
study frames Nos* 23 to 27 and try this frame
again.
LXX.XVI
(29)
A.
1.rides
talk
think
A.writea
5*start
2,
3.
B.
Now study the following sentences*
(a)
My friend worked very hard last year*
(b)
Prakash learnt the art of reading fast
last year.
(c)
1 .moves
I believed you yesterday.
2 .runs
3#cooks
Sie verbs in the above sentences ares
A.study
1....'... . 2 ._____ 3
5 .goes
* . ________________________________
The verbs in the above sentences are formed
by adding *
*. *
*. *
*
and »
1 respectively to the root form
of the verb,
When t',.... .ed« , ,
^ d or , v / ^ t is added
to the root form of a verb, the verb is in past
tense.
(30)
worked
id
learnt
believed
ed
t
d
past
When ,/^^.^.ed,
d or
is added
to the root form of a verb, it is in
tense.
(31)
When <v/ v / ^d»
, . or
1
is added to
the root form of a verb, it is in
(3 2 )
cl
ir
p c is t f'enst.
We all know now how the past ten.se form of a
regular verb is formed. But in English langtiage, there are some irregular verbs and let
us see how those are used in past tense.
Study the following sentences
LXXXVII
(a)
Ra»esh found a fountain pen yesterday*
(b)
Karalesh fought with his brother today
morning*
Cc)
Swat! bought ray book*
(d)
Shreyas bought a beautiful picture yes­
terday*
(e)
My father taught me an art of speech.
The verbs in the above sentences ares
2
5.
4
• m m m m m m -m .f
.
i .................... ......
»
.
These verbs are in past tense. But they do not
esd in ,, ,. d 0r ;//// ^ ,ed. These verbs are
not regular verbs.
They are ir
ar verbs,
She root forms of ill© verbs in the above
sentences are 1* _
» 2. ______, 3._______ ,
4
(33)
1 .found
2*fought
3.
bought
4.
bought
5. taught
regul
to find
to fight
to to buy
to buy
to teach
(34)
past
changed
.
___and 5.
When some verbs are used in simple past tense,
they are totally changed*
The spellings of
some irregular verbs, when used in simple
past tense, are totally changed.
The spellings of some irregular verbs, when used
in simple .
, tense, are totally
.
Friends, we have seen many irregular verbs and
I believe that you will be able to use them
in simple past tense without committing a mistake.
LXXXVIII
Supply the past tense forms of the verbs?
1 . lata
a sweet song, (to sing)
2*
Rasul
.
(to buy)
3.
Yesterday you
the scissors at a
wrong place, (to put)
4.
Who
bring)
5*
We
6.
Meena _
(to fight)
7 * He
a fountain pen yesterday.
this basket of mangoes?(to
up at 60*clook. (to wake)
with her brother today*
wife with a stick, (to hit)
If your four or more than four answers are
wrong, study the frames from 27 onwards.
If your six or more than six answers are right,
go ahead.
1.
2.
3 *put
4.
5.
6.
7.
(35)
sang
bought
brought
woke
faught
hit
(36 )
fiends, let me tell you that you could supply
the past tense forms of verbs almost correctly
but remember that everyone has to study the
past tense forms of the Irregular verbs which
one comes across* One can remember them
either by using them often or by memorising,
them, fry frame No. 40.
Read the following sentences?
LXXXIX
*A*
*B*
(a)
Satish is playing
football#
(b)
I am reading my
lessons#.
(c)
He is talking very
loudly*
He was talking in the
classroom yesterday.
(d)
Sae is knitting
socks for her baby
brother.
She was knitting in
the evening*
(e)
We are studying
English.
We^ r e studying English
when you saw us.
(£)
They were quarrelling
They are quarrelling now for nothing• in the afternoon.
(g)
You are writing
answers.
(A)
Sentences In o t o u d 'A* are in
continuous tenses and sentences in' group *B* are
in
continuous tense.
<B)
The forms of ’to be* used in sentences in
s t o u d *A* are
.* ...... * ...
CO
The forms of *to be* used in sentences in
group *B* are
Satish was playing
football at 5 p.m.
I Hu was reading my
lessons when you
shouted.
You were writing answers when she came.
You must notice that the forms of the verb *to
be* are not the main verbs but they are added
to the main verb of a sentence in present con­
tinuous as well as past continuous tense*
xc
(37)
a.
present
past
b.
ls
am
are
c.
was
were
(a)
Blvya is writing a letter*
(to)
They are playing table-tennis*
(c)
Kajai was going in a oar in the evening*
(d)
We were talking to our teacher at 4 O ’clock*
In the above sentences, the forms of *to be*
are written but they are
the
verbs*
<*,... *-in#* is added to the main verbs of the
above sentences because they are in
•
tense*
(38)
not
main
continuous
When
.. -ing* is added to a verb, it is called
a participle*
When in a sentence 1
1 is added to a verb
and some form of the verb
is written
but it is not a
verb, the sentence is
in continuous tense*
(39)
*— -.iag*
to be
main
To write a sentence in continuous tense, we
must write an appropriate form of the verb
1
* and add
to the main verb
i*e* we must write a participle fora of the
_______ verb*
(40)
to be
ing
main
Pill in the blanks with the correct fora of
present continuous tense or past continuous
tense of the verbs given in brackets.
XCI
(a)
It
take an umbrella with you.
(to rain)
(b)
He
don*t disturb him, (to sleep)
■;
(41)
1,is raining
2*is sleeping
3.^ w r i t i n g
4,
was going
3*are preparing
6,is calling
7,were talking
(c)
I
a letter at nine O ’clock in the
morning, (to write)
(d)
The hunter saw a tiger in front of him
when he
through a forest* (to go)
(e)
They
for the annual examination
which is to be held in the month of
April, (to prepare)
(f)
Someone
you, please go and see who
he is, (to call)
(g)
You
^ to someTbne when I saw you
at the bus-stop* (to talk)
Friends, you know that in English language, we
have two perfect tensess present perfect and
past perfect* You are able to write as well
as find out which sentence is in present
perfect tens© end which is in past perfect
tense*
Shall we see very hurriedly how these
tenses are written?
Try frame No. 47*
(42)
Study the following sentences*
*A*
(a) Ramesh has returned
from Abu.
«B«
Ramesh had come to
see me whan you
phoned me.
XCII
(b)
Sheela has gone
home.
I had finished my work
before 4 O ’clock.
(c)
Those boys have
won prizes.
They had entered their
classroom before the
teacher entered.
In the sentences in both the groups, some form
of the verb fto
* is used but they are not
the main verbs and idle past participle forms of
the main verbs, are written.
(43)
In sentences in present perfect tease, the pre­
sent tense form of the verb *to have* i«e.
and
are written and the past
participle of the main verb is written. In <a>
*"C- ^
sentences^form of the verb *to have* i.e.
,-li-ll-lllll^ is written and the past participle
of the main verb is written.
(44)
To write a sentence in perfect tense, we must
write an appropriate form of the verb *to
and the
participle of the main verb.
(45)
To write a sentence In perfect tense we must
write an appropriate form of the verb
and the
of the main verb.
(46)
To write a sentence in perfect tense, we must
write an
form of the verb
and
the __ ____________ of the m a i n ________•
have
has
have
had
have
past
to have
past
participle
XCUI
(47)
W r i t e an a p p r o p r i a t e f o r m o f the v e r b
*to h a v e ’
i.e. p r e s e n t te n s e f o r m o r p a s t tense form In
the fo l l o w i ng sentences.
a p propriate
to h a v e
past
par t i c i p l e
verb
(a)
She s t udents are n o t here,
they
gone f o r a picnic.
(b)
The tr ain
■
a l ready arrived, w h e n w e
r e a c h e d the station.
(c)
I
■ seen the ca p i t a l o f India.
(d)
H e i s h a p p y because h e
a house of
h i s own.
(e)
I --------- de c i d e d to g e t u p to d a y a t 6 0 * cl o c k
i n the morning, but I could not.
it)
M y fri end
l e f t f o r the a irport w h e n
I w e n t to h i s house.
(*>
Swati
read that book, y o u can take
i t home.
If y o u r m o r e t h a n f i v e a n s w e r s a re correct, r e a d
the f r a m e Ho* 48.
I f y o u r five o r m o r e than five
answ e r s are wron g ,
study the f r a m e s f r o m 41 to
4 6 and t h e n t r y this fr a m e again*
(48)
I am sure y o u k n o w the tense o f the f o l l owing
sentences.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.has
have
had
have
has
had
had
Read them.
(a)
I shall c o m e to your h o u s e some day.
(b)
W e shall w r i t e a l e tter to h i m tomorrow
(c)
H e w i l l g o to B o mbay n e x t week.
(a )
W i l l you g i v e m e y o u r pen?
xcxv
(e)
She will not speak to a stranger.
(f)
They will stay there for a wg0c.
These sentences are in simple future tense*
sentences (a) and (b), the form of the verb
•to be' is
2*
In
and the subjects are 1*
the
i>— . person pronouns*
to
In sentences (c), (d^and (f)» the subjects are
not the first person pronouns and the verb is
But the verb fto be* is not the main verb in
the above sentences*
future
shall
(49)
1. I
2. We
first
will
In sentences of future tense, when the subject
is the first person pronoun, the form of the
.verb ’to be* is usually
(50)
»
In sentences In future tense, when the subject
is not the first person pronoun i.e* when It
is in second or third person, the form of the
shall
verb H o be* is usually
(51)
will
.
The form of the verb ’to be* with the first
person pronoun in future tense sentences is
. The form of the verb ’to be* with
the second and third person pronouns in future
tense sentences is
(52)
(a)
. .
I shall come to your house tomorrow*
XCV
j
W
He will go to Bombay next week.
(c)
They will stay there for a week*
|
The above sentences ax's in future tense.
In all ,
Shall
the above sentences* some form of the verb _
vylll
is written but it is not the main verb.
*
The
:
main verbs in all the above sentences ares
1
1*
;
..... « 2.
and 3,
They
are the root forms of the verbs*
\
»
i!
(53)
to be
1.
corae
2. go
3* stay
TO write, a sentence in future tense, w e u r t
:
write some form of the verb ‘to be*,either
!
•shall1 or •will* and the root form of the main
|
verb.
(
We can write a future tense sentence by writing ’
or
verb _
.
which are the forms of the
aid the ^
f
o
r
m
\
of the
verb*
;
^
j
i
(54)
We saw earlier how to write statements which are
i
affirmative in simple present tense.
We shall
!
now see how to write simple present tense
\
statements in negative*
,
We shall also see
h o w to write affirmative and negative questions ;
in simple present tense.
I
Now* you know well how to use appropriate forms J
of the verb ’to be* to writ® sentences in differ­
ent tenses.
You also know how to write sen ten- i
ces in different teases when the verb is an
action verb.
But you please note that you have
!
i
S
XCVI
learnt how to write affirmative Reuses. To
|
write a sentence in negative in different tenses
you have to keep in mind a few things* Let us |
see now what different points we have to keep
j
in mind to write a negative sentence^ In differ­
shall
will
to he
root
main
ent tenses*
■
Try frame No, 59*
(55)
i,
,
!
Study the following sentences*
«B»
*A*
(a) I work hard.
I do not work hard.
(b) Ramesh studies hard*
Ramesh does not study
hard.
She does not go to sch- \
(c) She goes to school
regularly,
ool regularly^
i
(d) We like to talk in
Gujarati.
We do not like to talk
in Gujarati.
!
i
i
Sentences in group *A* are changed into negative
in group ?B'*
To rewrite the sentences into negative, an
|
appropriate form of the verb *to do* is used
j
and the word
is written between a form ;
of the verb *to do* and the root form of the
;
main verb,
The verb ‘to do* is a helping verb, an auxili- ;
ary verb, because it helps us to write a sen-
I
tence in negative*
i
XCVII
(56)
not
To write sentences in negative an appropriate
form of the (auxiliary) helping verb
.is used, the word
is written after
it and then the
form of 'the main
is written.
■
1
'
!
i
j
(57)
to do
not
root
verb
To write the sentences in negative an appropriate
fc-rm of the (auxiliary) helning verb *
* :
is used, the word *
* is written after it :
and then the
form of the
is written.
1
(58)
Study the following sentences!
*A«
to do
not
root
main
verb
i
«B»
|
(a) Ketana goes to
Bombay every year*
Ketana does not go to 1
Bombay every year,
(b) We go for a walk
in the evening*
We do not go for a walk
in the evening,
\
(o) They went to the
station in the
evening.
They did not go to the;
station in the evening,
i
Sentences In group *A* are changed into _ _ _ _
in group *B* by using the appropriate forms of
the verb *
* and writing *not* between a
form of the verb *
’* and the root form of
the ______
verb. Sentences (a) and (b) are
rrn
in simple present tense and the forms of the
verb ‘to do* used are *do* and 'does*. Senten­
ce (e) is in simple past tense and the form of
t,
'(
!
:
!
-j
j
XCVIII
Hr
the verb *to do* is used^wfeieh is *did*•
( 59)
negative
to do
to do
main
Rewrite the following sentences into negatives
(a) Arun usually goes to school at 9 O ’clock.
(b) We went to the station at 6 O'clock in the
morning.
(c) I travel often by train.
(d) They quarrelled amongst themselves.
If your two or more than two sentences are wrong
study the frames Nos. 55 onwards.
If 3 or all
answers are correct* please go ahead.
(60)
I.Arun usually
does not go to
school at 9
0*clock.
2*We did not go
to the school
at 6 0*clock in
the morning.
3.1 do not tra­
vel often
by train.
4.They did not
quarrel among­
st themselves.
You know that a helping word is used to write a
sentence into negative but when the helping verbs
are used as the main verb in a sentence* the
sentence is changed into negative in a different
manner.
Try frame No. 67,
Study the following sentences!
«B*
'A'
(a) You are at fault.
Youjare not at fault.
(b) 2 am well today,
I am not well today.
(c) She is in the
terrace*
She is not in the
terrace.
(,d) He was in the
garden yesterday.
He was not in the garden
yesterday.
XCIX
(e)
They were my friends*
They were not my
friends*
Verbs in sentences in group *A* are: 1.
«
2t.
i 3*...... * 4*....... and 5*..... *
They are the forms of the verb
. The
verb ‘to be‘ Is a helping verb but it is used
here as Hie main verb and not as a helping verb.
l.are
(61)
2»aia
3*is
4,was
5.
were
to be
Sentences in which the helping verb 1
1
is used as the
verb the helping verb
‘to do* is not used to change them into
-negative*
(62)
To write a sentence in negative with Hie verb
•to be‘ as the main verb, we must write the word
*
1 after the verb without using the
helping verb *
*»
(63)
Study Hie following sentences?
to be
main
‘A*
ill
(a) Kamal is going to
Bombay tomorrow.
Kamal is not going to
Bombay tomorrow.
(b) Those boys were
playing mischiefin the classroom.
Those boys were not
playing mischief in
the classroom.
(c) We were studying
in Hie evening.
We were not studying
in the evening.
(d) He has finished
his work.
H© has not finished
his work.
(e) I have done my duty*
X have not done my duty
c
-She had fini^tied her
meals at 8 p.m.
not
to do
She had not finished :
ner meals at 8 p*o* :
In sentences (a)* (b), (c)» the forms of the . I
helping verb _______ are used and in sentences j
(d)» (®) and ( f ) , the forms of the helping verb;
_________ are used*
I
i
To rewrite the sentences in group ♦A* into nega­
tiv e in group *B% the word *
* i s used l
a fte r the helping verb* In those sentences*
|
the helping verb *to do*
Is
not used*
|
'
(64)
t© be
not
to have
Sentences in which the (auxiliary) helping
verbs are used are written in negative by
using the word 1
1 a fte r the helping
verb and ^ie helping verb *to do* i s not used.
!
I,
j
>
!
'
(65)
not
egativ
not
Sentences in which the (auxiliary) helping verbs
are used are w ritten in h
e by using the ;
wot*d '
* a fte r the
helping verb.
J
l
(66) Sentences in which the (auxiliary)
. verbs
are used are written in _________ by writing the ;
word *
* a fte r the _________ verb*
i
(67) Rewrite the following sentences into negative*
(1) He has come today*
j
j
i
helping
negative
not
helping
(2)
She w ill sleep before 11 p*m.
(3) You may go home now*
;
:
C l .
(4)
You write this essay now.
(5 )
Tejal can play this game very well,
(6 )
He could manage to get this result before
two days,
(7 )
They were very particular about every
detail.
If your five or more than five sentences are not
correct, study frames Nos* 60 to 67, If five or
more than five sentences are correct, go ahead.
(68)
1,He has not come
Read the following sentences*
(a)
H© does his work regularly,
today.
2 .She will not sleep (b) He does not do his work regularly,
before 11 p.m.
(a) The main verb in the sentence (a) is the
3.You may not go
form of the verb
which is a helping
home now.
verb.
4*You do not write
this essay now.
To rewrite the sentence (a) into negative, the
5.
Te^al cannot play
this game very
helping verb 1
* is used; the word
well,
is written after it and the root form of the
6.
He could not man­
main verb H o do* is written.
age to get his
result before
two days.
(69) When the verb H o do* is the sain verb in a
7 *They were not
sentence, it is changed into _
by using
very particular
<1) the
verb *
*« (2 ) the word
about every
detail.
1
*T and (3) by writing the root form
to do
of the verb H o do*,
to do
not
Try frame No* 7^*
r
cn
;
{
(70) Now vie shall see how to write- affirmative inter**
rogative sentences in simple present and simple ;
past tense.
‘A*
.8B*
'
i
l
negative
helping
to do
not
(a) What do I hear about Where did you p u t my
you thdse days?
book yesterday?
i
(b) Where does he go in
the evening every
day?
What did he t e l l you? ,
(c) Why do they make
noise everyday?
When did Prakash go to
h is o ffic e ?
!
i
i
Sentences in group ’A* are in simple present
ten se and those in group *B* are in simplep a st
tense aid the question wordsare used in a l l
the sentences*
j
!
1
j
A fter the question word in a l l the above sen- ;
fences, an appropriate form of the verb *
1;
i s w ritten and a f te r i t , the subject i s written*;
The ro o t form of the main verb i s w ritten a f te r \
the subject*
I
j
i
(71)
When a question word i s used in an in te rro g a tiv e
sentencet an appropriate form of the verb
j
8
* i s used, t h e _________ i s w ritten
j
a f te r Hie verb ♦to do*. The ro o t form o f
;
the
w ritte n a f te r the su b ject.
(72)
In an in te rro g a tiv e sentence, beginning with
to do
j
GUI
to do
subject
main
a question word* an appropriate fora of the
verb *
word, a
* is written after a
.
is written after the verb
_ _ _ _ _ _ and the root fora of the _______ verb
is written after the subject.
(73)
An interrogative sentence beginning with a
question word is followed by an _______ form
to do
question
subject
to do
main
of the verb
s the subject is written
between an appropriate form of the verb _____
cud the _______ form of the _ _ _ _ _ verb*
(74)
Change the following sentences into Interrrogatlve sentences using the question words
appropriate
to do
to do
root
main
given in bracket.
Study the illustration:
Children like to.read novels these days,
"What do children like to read these days?
(1)
This machine makes buttons. (Whatl)
(2 )
He goes to the garden in the evening,
(where)
(3)
Framed failed in the examination because
he did not study his lessons regularly,
(why)
(4)
They came home very late yesterday,
(when)
(5 )
Sheela buys one saree every month, (what)
If all your answers are, ^rqng, study the frames
Mo b * 70 to 73^a«d if your four or all theplve
answers are correct, try frame Ho* 81. and then
try this Jsseme again.
CIV
(75)
Study the following sentences?
(i*
1»What does this
machine make?
m b m m U i*
2.
Where does he (a)
go in the
evening?
(b)
3.
Why did Pramod
fail in the
examination?
4. When did they
come home
yesterday?
5.
What does
Sheela buy
every month?
Why do you study at
night?
Why is he absent today?
Why does he go to
his friendS house
everyday?
Why had he come in
the morning?
>
;
i
,
i
(c) What did she tell
you yesterday?
What can I do for you?
(d) Where did Lata go
in the morning?
Where must he be today?
Sentences in both the groups are interrogative
;
sentences and they begin with the question words*'
i
In the interrogative' sentences in g r o u p * A %
forms of the helping verb *
* are used.
■
;
'j
I
J*
Ihe helping verb *
(76)
to do
to do
helping
1 is not used in the
j
interrogative sentences in group *B* and the
i
verbs ’to be*, *to have1, *must* and *cah* are
j
used as the
verbs.
J
The verbs written after the question words in
;
j
,
sentences of group
;
1• -
,
of frame N o *75 ares
* 2.9 .............* O*
........ .... » 4 ,
:...........*
j
?
fhey are the helping verbs and so in the inter- |
rogative sentences, the helping verb *t'o do*
is not used,
|
(77)
1*to be
2.
to have
3.
can
4.
When the auxiliary verb to
, . to...... .
and
t are used in the in
sentences, the verb *to d o 1 is not used.
ve
must
(78)
When the au&iliary
and
be
have
an
mus
terrogati
verbs to
. to
are used in the interro­
gative sentences# the verb *to
used.
(79)
be
have
can
oust
do
.
1 is not
Study the following sentences:
. (a)
Who broke the lamp?
(b)
vaaich is your book?
(c)
Who could find the answer?
In the above sentences* the question words _____
and _______ are used. These questions ask about
the subject of a verb and the word order of a
statement is not changed and the helping verb is
not used.
(80)
who
which
verb, the _______ _
_
is not changed and
the _______ verb is not used.
(81)
word
order
helping
Wien the questions ask about the subject of a
Using a question-word given in the bracket near
every sentence, change them into interrogative
sentences,
(a) He had gone to the college in the morning
to attend the first lecture, (why)
(b) She can go to the station (where)
K
CVI
(c)
Pupils
must labour hard,
(d)
they returned h ome v e r y late*
(e)
Accidents
(f )
Karal e s h w a s
can be
avoided,
1
A e s e . Cwheare )
hooKS
If your five
or sore
again.
five answers are
1 .May h a d h e gone
to t he c o l l e g e
- in the morning?
2.
Where can
she
go?
3.
Who idaouM
labour hard?
4.
Who returned
h o m e very late?
5.
What can be
avoided?
correct,
(a)
Do
you read
(b)
Do
they come
Co)
Do
rfe t a k e
Does
she
(f)
Did he
go
to 8 0 and
to
then try
more
tr y f r a m e No,
than
89.
sentences*
your lessons
everyday?
your house?
tea ?
Does h e help
(e)
answers are-not
If your five o r
Study the following
wwsf ( d )
than five
study frames 6 8
this frame
(82)
(what)
_
Se»V
correct,
(who)
late today because of rain,
(why)
(3 >
(who)
you?
sing well?
to
school yesterday?
2he above sentences are
in
va
Why was Kaolesh
sentences but they do n o t begin w i t h the
late today?
question words.
They begin wit h an appro­
7.
Where are their
boohs?
priate f o r m of the verb *
*.
These
6.
questions are called
(83)
terrogati
to do
’S h o r t R e s p o n s e * q u e s ­
tions as well
as
’Y e s - N o *
questions.
Interrogative
sentences which
with question words but which
verbs are
called
do n o t
begin
begin with
Inverted questions*
They
CVII
are answered In 9yes* or *no*.
Inverted questions
begin with the verb *to do* and it is followed
by the s
t.
The ^
;
. form of the main ;
verb is written after Hie subject.
,
(84)
An inverted question begins with an appropriate :
form of Hie verb *
* and it is followed
by the
. The
form of the _
!
verb Is written after the
. These
questions can be answered in
or
..1
They are also called 1
response* questions*
(85)
An inverted question begins with an appropriate l
form of the verb *
* and it is followed
j
ubjee
root
to do
subject
root
main
subject
yes
no .
by Hie
. The
verb is written, after the.
form of the
:
. . These ques- |
tions can be answered in
They are called *
fhovt
(36)
os'
.. -
response Questions*
Study the following sentences*
'
-i
i
to do
subject
root
(a)
Is Hie book on the table?
!
(b)
Am I your friend?
j
main
subject
yes
no
short
(c)
Have you a pencilplease?
'
j,
,
t
(d)
Can you write that?
[
(e)
May I go?
f
The above interrogative sentences are also inverted questions but they do not begin with
the verb *to do **
,.
They begin with Hie verbs
_______ t
!
j
CVIII
and
.
.
The verbs *to be*, *to have*, •may* and *ean*
are helping verbs* (auxiliary verbs)
These questions also can be answered in *yes*
or
. They are also *
response*
questions.
(87)
to be
to have
can
may
da no
tliary short
(88)
be
have
can
may
do
iliary
verbs). The Inverted questions do not begin
with toe verbs to '
when aux
verbs other than *to do* are used.
The :
questions do not begin with toe
verb
used.
or
(89)
inverted
to do
auxiliary
yes
no
The verbs to
. to
«««-»«»» and
are called helping verbs (auxiliary
when other
verbs are
They also can be answered in
. ..
Change.toe following sentences into inverted
questions i.e. *yes* or *no* question!
(1)
These teachers are very good to their
students.
(2)
They work very hard these days.
(3)
The students must call off toe strike*
(4)
He went to Kashmir last week.
(5)
You know the true story*
CIX
(6 )
Sie can deliver a lecture before a very
big gathering*
(7 )
You had finished your dinner before X
reached your heae-hou.se,
If your five or more than five answers are
not correct, study frames Nos. 82 to
then try this frame again.
88 and
If your five or
more answers are correct, try frame No. 94.
(90)
1 . Are these
teachers
very good to
their students?
You now know how to write the affirmative
interrogative sentences*
how to write interrogative sentences in
negative.
2. Do they work
very hard these
days?
3. Must the stu­
dents call off
the strike?
4. Did he go to
Kashmir last
week?
5. Do you know the
We shall now see
Study the following:
*A*
1. Why is he not
Are you not well today?
present?
2. Why was I not
Is he not here?
called?
3 . Why did you-net
help him?
Do you not help your
friends?
true story?
6*Can she deliver
a lecture before
a M g gathering?
7 .Had you finished
your dinner be­
fore I reached
your house?
4 . Why did he not
tell the truth?
5. Why can he not
•
Did he not talk to
you yesterday?
Was she not with you
O L
walk^pdong
yesterday?
distance?
6. Why has she not
come still?
7 . Why had he not
applied earlier?
Can you not land me
your book for two days?
Has he not written a
letter?
CX
(8) Why should he not
take part In it?
Will he not come
tomorrow?
She sentences in both the groups are interro­
gative sentences* All the sentences are
negative because the word
. is used in
them* In negative interrogative sentences*
the word ♦not* is written after the subject.
(91)
In the interrogative sentences which are
negative the word *
* is written after
the subject.
(92)
In the interrogative sentences which are nega­
tive, the word »
» is written after the
not
not
s_______t.
not
ubjec
(9 3 )
In interrogative sentences which are negative
the word 1
* is written after the
.
(94)
Rewrite the following affirmative interrogative
sentences changing them into negative*
not
subject
(1 )
Why were you here yesterday?
(2)
Are you favoured by your class teacher?
(3)
Was there heavy rain last year?
(4 )
Who is in the library now?
(5)
Did she come to see you yesterday evening?
(6 )
Where can you get such an umbrella?
(7)
Does he. play different games?
CXI
If your five or more answers are not correct,
study frames Nos. 90 to 93 and then try this
frame again.
If your five or more than five
answers are correct* try frame N 0 .115.
(95)
1 .Why were you
not here yes­
terday?
present tense and simple past tense correctly.
Now we Shall learn
a* We in what situation the
use of simple present tense is correct and
2.Are you not
favoured by
your class
teacher?
in what situation the use of simple past tense
is correct.
3*Was there not
heavy rain
last year?
4.Who is not in
the library now?
5. Did she not
come to see
you yesterday
morning?
6.
You are now able to write sentences in simple
let us make sure about it.
We begin with the
use of simple present tense.
Study the following sentences:
(a)
The earth moves round the sun.
(b)
The moon moves round the earth.
(c)
Honesty is the best policy.
Where can you not
(d)
get such an
umbrella?
(e)
7# Does he not play
different games?
I do not doubt your knowledge but
Truth triumphs in the end.
We see with our eyes.
(f)
My house faces north.
(g)
My college is not in the University campus.
What the above sentences say is true for all the
time* They tell us the universal truth and the
permanent fact. Verbs used in those sentences
are in simple
(96)
present
Simple
tense.
tense is used to tell the unlvar-
sal truth, and the permanent fact.
CXII
(97)
present
(98)
present
truth
fact
Simple
^
tense is used to tell the univeiv
s a l __
and the permanent
.
v
f
Head the following sentences!
(a)
I go to college on scooter*
(b)
My mother gets up early in the morning.
;
|
(c)
My uncle goes to the garden everyday.
(d)
1 takeAflve times a day.
ie * .
.
1
!
the verbs In the above sentences ares'
i'
in
.
.
*
Each of the above
sentences tells us what a person toes everyday, j
Each sentence tells us what the habit of the
doer of the action is*
simple
(99)
present
tense
i
,
i
,
Whan we want to talk about a habit of a doer
or an everyday action, we mist.usesimple
...... tense*
;
„,
(100)
preset
everyday action, we must .use^
(101)
simple
present
tense
When we ifant to talk about a habit or an
^
!
Study 1he followings
!
(a)
My father goes to Bombay next week*
•
(b)
When do you come to my house now?
I
!
(c)
Shreyas is to take part in the speeches
competition next week*
:
j
All these sentences talk about definite future i
CXIII
actions*
The verbs in the above sentences are in
tense*
We can say that these sentences talk
;
about definite future action, and the verbs
are in simple present tense*
(
102 )
simple
present
To
talk about definite future actions# we use
*
— '------------------
-fu tu r
simple
present
tense
•£ -
(103)
To talk about
(104)
Read the following paragraphs
G a n d h i # is on M s
the evening prayer*
definite
simple
present
tense
|
^ ^action, we use
w a y to Birla Bhavan for
There comes Godse and
he shoots bullet at G a n d h i # ,
down on the ground.
He dies*
G a n d h i # falls
\
H e speaks "Ram Ram",
The whole world weeps.
j
This paragraph describes G a n d h i # *s death.
It is an event of the past*
'
The verbs are in
*‘
]
,
To describe an event of the past (a historical ;
event)# simple present tense is used*
simple
present
tense
(105)
present
tense
(
To describe an event of the past (a historical I
event) simple'
106)
To describe an event of the _
event, single
is used*
_
a _
is used*
CXI\f
(107)
Study the following sentences now*
(a)
Pragnesh always comes to school late*
(b)
Often^. that old man sits in the garden
alone#
past
historical
present
tense
(c)
Once a week.*, h e comes home at twelve at
night#
<d)
I
to bed before twelve at flight.
(e)
M y friend does not remain in the house on
Sundays.
In the above sentences, verbs are in
tense#
*once a week*,
T h e words
’before*,
♦always*,
’often*,
on Sundays*.are
in -the
•ibo'Je
senT-enc&s,
written and they tell us^about the actions
that take place regularly.
and
They are adverbs
they are the expressions of the time of
an action.
When the adverbs o r adverb phrases
expressing time are written in a sentence,
simple present tense is used#
5 fm p l<
present
(108)
When adverbs p r ^ v o r ^ ^ a ^ . e ^ ^ ^
time are written 1 H a s e n t e n c e ^ a l m p l e --------
•tre&£9~
tense is used.
(109)
present
When
ar*e written ^ i ^ ^ s e n l S S t
tense is used.
(110)
But there are some verbs which are never used
in present continuous tense, though they talk
about actions which are continuous at the time
of speaking# Let us study the following sen­
adverbs
adverb
phrases
time
simple
present
tences*
(a)
I see with my eyes#
(b)
I hear with m y ears.
(c)
I notice this change in your house*
(d)
Do you recognize me?
(e)
Shis flower smells sweet*
The verbs in the above sentences are (a)
(b) _______ # (c)___(d)„____________ (e),_______•
The verbs ‘see*, *hear*# Notice*, ♦recognize1
’smell* are the verbs of sense# They are used
in simple present tense*
see
hear
notice
recognize
smells
(111)
Verbs denoting perception by physical senses
and feelings are always written in
tense*
simple
present
(112)
Verbs denoting perception by physical senses
and
are always written in
tense#
feelings
simple
present
(113)
Verbs denoting perception by physical s
and feelings are always written in
-— 11(lll-ll^
enses
feelings
simple
present
(114)
tense#
Study the following sentences*
(a)
I believe your words#
CWI
(b)
T h i s
(c)
I
(d)
d o u b t
o f
l a n d
b e l o n g s
to
statement*,
t h e
t r u t h
o f
M y
d a u # t e r
l i k e s
a
(e)
W e
l o v e
m o t h e r #
(f)
Sie
(g)
%
T h e
o u r
b a t e s
i n
w a n t s
t h e
5 . ____________ ,
6 , ............ *
T h e
v e r b s
‘l o v e * ,
....
i
r
.*
'hate*,
s i m p l e ^ t e n s e *
i n
a
c o n t i n u o u s
a n
a
g o o d
gard.en
y o u *
,
s e n t e n c e s
3 * .
ares
. »
'
I
4*
. »
7 # , ____________
t e a s e *
‘b e l i e v e * #
S e l e c t
s e e
i n
i n
A#
w i t h
'■
to
a b o v e
2-m
u s e d
h o u s e
j
1 * ........... >
a r e
y o u r
me.
m e *
f a t h e r
v e r b s
T h e y
( 1 t 5 )
p l o t
‘b e l o n g * #
‘w a n t * ,
T h e s e
‘d o u b t 1 9
‘c o s t * #
v e r b s
‘s e e *
a r e
‘l i k e * #
a r e
n e v e r
!■
u s e d
!
u s e d
t e n s e $ .
I
a p p r o p r i a t e
w o r d
a n d
f i l l
i n
the
n
t h e
sun*
(mo v e #
b l a n k s *
1 *b e l i e v e
1.
T he
e a r t h
^
r
o
u
d
I,
2 . b e l o n g
m o v e s #
m o v e d )
!
3* d o u b t
4 * i t k e
2#
M y
m o t h e r
t o
t e m p l e
e v e r y d a y *
5 * l o v e
6 .
h a t e
7 .
w a n t
St’mpIC
(go,
3*.
I
a m
4 *
g o e s #
w e n t )
t h a t
a m
s i c k *
(feel#
f e e l i n g )
S h u s h i l
C o m m i s s i o n e r ^
i s
I
w o r k i n g )
f e l t #
.
i n
t h e
o f f i c e #
d i t y ^ I n c o m e
(v/ork,
T a x
w o r k s #
;
!
‘
CXVII
5* Groundnut oil
fe«9 a kilogram
;
these days* (cost, costs, is costing)
B.
Answer the following questions In full
!
j
sentences with the help of words or phrases
given in brackets*
J
|
(a) How do you generally go to college/
school? (in bus)
,
I
;
(b) What books does your brother like to
read? (story books)
j
(c) What games do you generally play with '
your friends on holidays? (cricket)
(d) What do you always take in the morning? (tea)
!
;
i
(e) How often do you go to cinema ©very
;
month?' (three times)
j
(f) How do you feel now? (better)
j
(g) When does your mother generally get
j
up? (at five 0*clock)
j
•If your three or more than three .answers.
■
are not correct, study fram®No.95 to 114 ■
and then try this frame again*
1
If your
!
/Vl
:
two or less than two answers are^iorrect, |
try frame No, 129)
(116)
A*1.moves
2,
goes
3,
feel
4,
works
5*costs
i.
We shall see now the uses of present continuous
tense*
(a)
Jitesh is tapping on the table.
;
t
!
CXVIII
B. 1.1 generally go
to college/
school in bus.
(b)
The principal is ringing a bell.
(c)
Ramesh is writing a letter to his
mother.
2.My brother likes
to read story
. books.
The above sentences tell us about actions
. 3.1 gener-lly play
cricket with my which are in progress and not completed at
friends on holi~ the time of speaking.
days.
4.1 always take
tea in the
morning.
lhe above sentences are in 3C:.vO.. C
tense,
5.1 go to cinema
three times
every month.
6.1 feel better
now.
7,My mother gene­
rally gets up
at 50*clock.
resent
pontinuous
(117)
I
The present continuous tense is used to talk
about actions which are in
com
(118)
progress
plete
A at the time of speaking.
{
I
The present continuous -cense is used to talk
about an action which is
at the time of so
(119)
continuous
completed
eakin
,
and not
and not
g.
!
j
Study the following sentences*
(a)
Mummy is knitting a sweater these days.-
;
(b)
Kamal is not staying with his parents
!
these days.
(c)
My daughter is studying in third standard.
GXIX
She above sentences tell us about the actions
;
which are going
on* i.e. in progress not at
;
the time of speaking but are in progress in
;
more general sense and cover a longer period
'
of time.
The present continuous tense is
used to talk about actions which are still
;
going on i.e. in progress (continuous) not at
j
-
!i
the time of speaking but in more general sense •
:
and which cover
(120)
a longer
period of time.
!
The present __________ tense is used to talk about
actions which are ________ not at the time of
. speaking but which are continuous in more
i
'
’
j
general sense and which cover a longer period j
of time.
(121)
continuous
continuous
'
The present
.
1
tense is used to talk about
\
actions which are ___________ not at the time of
speaking but which are continuous in more
_________ sense and which cover a longer period :
of
<
'
(122)
continuous
continuous
general
time
Read the following sentences*
(a)
(b)
I
•
:
My brother is not coming from U.S.A.
this year.
!
Mr. Patel is going to teach history next
j
year.
;
f
The above sentences tell us about the actions {
which will take place
showing definite
in
time of
future with the words
action.
j
.
j
I
j
I
i
czx
Tiie p r e s e n t
(123)
• • •
■ tense is used
to
talk about
future, a c t i o n s w i t h
a definite mention of
time.
The present
tense is used
about
continuous
_
• -actions w i t h
a
■
to
talk
mention
of
time.
talk
about
» .
(124)
continuous
future
definite
T h e p r e s e n t _ _____
(1)
the
actions which
are
c
are
c
used
to
at the
time
o f ’ s p ^ _______ .
(2)
The
actions which
g
(3)
1
(125,)
in
sense and which
p
of
f
action with
of
.continuous
continuous
eaking
ontinuous
enera
longer
eriodtime '
uture
.e f i n i t e
time ,
tense is
more
c o v e r si
*
d
mention
.________ .
You know
that
by physical
the v e r b s
senses
simple present
d e n o t i n g p e r c e p t i o n -•
are generally written
tense.
But
they are also
tiis.es u s e d i n p r e s e n t ,c o n t i n u o u s t e n s e .
shall
see h o w
present
(126)
those verbs
continuous
Study the
a r e ‘w r i t t e n
I am
some
We
in
tense.
following
sentences*
♦A 1
(a)
in
»B«
seeing
this
I see with m y
eyes.
picture.
(b) H e
is h e a r i n g the
radio
(c)
She is
broadcast.
smelling
•the m a n g o
to f i n d
He hears
some o n e
n e x t door.
I
smell' s o m e t h i n g
being
cooked.
,
CXXI
o u t w hether i t i s
, rip e .
,
;
.( i
|,
(d) T ru p ti i s t a s t i n g
c u rry to f in d o u t
w hether i t i s hot..
I t a s t e g a rlic . In
th e v e g e ta b le s .
.
•
!
She verbs used in th e above sen ten c es a re th e
v e rb s p£ se n se s. Hie v e rb s o f sen ses a re
w r itte n in •
_______ te n s e and a re n o t
norm ally used, i n _______ _______ te n s e .
!
;
i
i
I
,
;
j
I
j
The v erb s o f sen se s a re w r itte n i n sen ten ces
i n group ‘A* i n ________ _______ te n s e because j
they t e l l u s about a c tio n s which w i l l c o n tin u e 1
o n ly f o r a s h o rt tim e .
j
i
sim ple
p re se n t
p resen t
continuous
(127)
Wien th e v e rb s o f sen ten c es used i n a sen ten ce j
speak about a c t i v i t i e s which w i l l co ntinue only!,
f o r a s h o rt tim e , ________ _________ te n se i s
:
u se d .
'
l
(128)
When th e v e rb s o f senses t e l l about a c t i v i t i e s ;
which w i l l c o n tin u e ________ f o r a _______ tim e !,
_______ _______ te n s e i s used.•
(129)
A.
p resen t
continuous
only
s h o rt
p resen t
continuous
F i l l in th e blanks w ith th e r i g h t form
(sim ple p re s e n t te n s e o r p re s e n t continuous!)
o f th e v e rb s given i n b r a c k e ts j
*
(1 )
I t seldom _______ in ^une in Ahmedabad.
( to r a in )
i
CXXII
(2)
Take vour overcoat with vou. it
raining,, (to rain)
(3)
Swati ____ _
with her friends, she
will not come now. (to play)
(4)
Tne teacher
(to like)
(5)
Mr. Joshi ________ a new novel these
days* (to write)
him very much.
If more than three answers are wrong, study
frames 116 to 128 and then try this frame
again# If less than three answers are
wrong, try frame,No. 149.
'
;
j
|
j
i
B.
Read the following sentences. Put
if the sentence is correct and a x
it is not correct.
«*ek-l
f&s&k i f
r
!
(1)
He is going to his office everyday in "*
his car.
_______ t
(2)
Raman stays with his friend.
(3)
They are discussing thesame
problem.
!*
,
j
I
-
(if.)
'
,
|
He is hearing a radio programme
very attentively.
________
(§) I am seeing with my eyes.
(6)
i
_______
_______
Rajesh is reading his lessons
regularly.'
_____________
j
}
j
\
i'
CXXIII
(7 )
( 130)
.
A. 1 *rains
2 .will rain
3 .is playing
4.likes
'5 .is writing
He spends his money very
carefully.
Friends, you know well how to write single
past tense.
Shall we see now the situations
which are talked about by using simple past
tense?
-< J 0 \ U 1 -P ~ U ! tV) -X
Study 'che following sentences!
(a)
He came to see me yesterday evening with­
out sending me any information.
(b)
I took lunch at twelve 0 *clock today,
(c)
He gave me this book yesterday.
(d)
She left my house at five in the evening.
(e)
Taral flew fifteen kites yesterday.
The above sentences talk about the actions
completed in the past and the time of the
action is also given. To talk about the
actions completed in Hie past at some given
time, simple past tense is used.
(131)
To talk about actions completed in the past
at some, given time, simple _ _ _ _ _ _ tense is
used;
(132)
To talk about actions'
in the past (and
when the time of action is given) ______.
’tense is used,
past
(133)
To talk about actions _______ in the _ _ _ _ _ _
completed
simple
past
CXXIV
completed
past
, time
(and when the
_____
of action is given)
.tense is used.
single
past
(l34)
Study the following sentences:
(a)
The train was tan minutes la te ,
(h)
The president was late for the meeting
by half an hour,
(c) How did you get your present job?
In the above sentences, time of the action
completed i s not mentioned bjit Hie sentences
t e l l clearly the time of the action and so
the sentences are in
tense.
(135)
To talk about a completed aetion which shows
time clearly without any mention of i t s time
tense is used. '
(136)
Hi talk about a
• action which shows
time clearly without any mention, of i t s time
______ ______ tense i s used.
(137)
Study Hie following sentences:
simple
past
simple
past
(a)
completed
simple
past
When did you join th is office?
(b) When did your father leave for Bombay?
(c) When did they finish th eir work?
’
The above sentences are questions and they ask
the time of action already completed and so
■the sentences are i n ____ __
tense.
cxxv
(138)
Sentences in which the time of action completed
tense.
is asked are written in
(139)
Sentences in which the
leted is asked are in
of action comp-
Sentences in which the
is asked are in
of action
simple
past
simple
past
time
simple
past
*
(140)
(141)
tense.
Read the following sentences}
(a)
time
completed
simple
past
tense.
Ramanlal worked in this school for twenty
five years.
Cb)
Saria lived in Ahmedabad for six years.
(c)
Mr. Singh stayed in my house for two
years.
(d)
He worked as the secretary for three
years.
In the above sentences, iv>e time of action is
not given, but the sentences clearly show the
actions which occupied a period of time which
has now ended. The above sentences are in
_______ _ ______ _ tense.
(142)
simple
past
To talk about actions which occupied a period
of time or which happened in a period of time
which has now ended, simple
is used.
CXXVI
ftilwui"
(143)
?ast
ense
To talk^actions which occupied a period of
time or which happened in a
of
which has now ended, simple
is used,.
(144)
period
time
past
tense
T o
t a l k
a b o u t
o f
t i m e
o r
_
_
_
.
a c t i o n s
w h i c h
n o w
w h i c h
h a p p e n e d
en d e d ,
___
o c c u p i e d
i n
a
a
_ _ _ _ _
.
o f
s i m p l e
I s
u s e d .
(145)
period
period
time
past
tense
Read the following sentences:
(a)
H e
(b)
S h e
(c)
M y
a
(a)
a l w a y s
u s e d
m o v e d
to
f r i e n d
w i t h
a
go
to
t h e
u s e d
to
r e a d
s t i c k
i n
h i s
h a n d .
temple,.
f o r
t h r e e
h o u r s
d a y .
The
b l a c k
s o m e
d o g
a l w a y s
d i s t a n c e
f o l l o w e d
w h e n e v e r
I
w e n t
me
u p t o
O u t
o f
h a b i t
o f
m y
h o u s e .
T h e
(146)
above-
s e n t e n c e s
tense*
T h e y
p e r s o n s
a s
To
t a l k
a b o u t
a n
a n i m a l ,
To
t a l k
t a l k
w e l l
a r e
i n
a b o u t
a s
the
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
"the
p a s t
animals*
p a s t
h a b i t
o f
a
p e r s o n
o r
s i m p l e
________
___________
t e n s e
i s
u s e d .
p a s t
s i m p l e
(147)
a b o u t
the
_____
t e n s e
i s
To
a b o u t
the
t e n s e
i s
p a s t
h
t.
p a s t
a b i
(148)
t a l k
used.
_________
s i m p l e
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
p a s t
used.
h a b i t ,
___________
•
cxm i
(149)
A,
Answer the following questions in full
i
;
sentences:
i
.
(1)
i
What time did you get up today morn-
;
ing? (6 0»clock)
f
(2)
Who built the Tad Mahal? (Shahjahan)
j
(3)
Where did Gandhiji go after his
matriculation? (to London)
!
!
°
past
simple
tense
H
(4)
When did Suresh return from Bombay?
(yesterday evening)
'
;
(5)
When did you write last letter to
j
your brother?
j
<
B,
f
Fill in the blanks with appropriate form
j
In
j
of the verbs given
(1 )
The hunter was not brave and so he
•
when he
(to be afraid)
(2)
brackets.
They
’
a cobra,
(to see)
whenever this teacher
spoke, (to laugh)
(3)
Susixil _______ to India last year.
(to come)
(k)
________ you
to visit your
friend last week? (to go)
(5)
Which book
you
yesterday?
' ifaUp
If more than three answers are wrong, study
frames 130 to 148 and then try this frame >
again.
If less than three answers are
j
i
wrong, try frame Ho. 161.
I
gxxviii
(150)
A.1.1 got up today
morning at 6
0 *clock,
2.Shahjahan built
the Ta3 Mahal,
3. Gandhiji went to
London after
his matricula­
tion.
4.Suresh return­
ed yesterday
evening from
Bombay.
Read the following sentences!
(a)
My friend was sitting in my house at
7 O ’clock.
(b)
She was reading a novel till late at night.
The sentences show that actions were in progress
(going on) at some time in the past and therefore
past continuous tense is used.
To talk about actions which were in pr
at some time in the past _ _ _ _ _ _
s :
co
tense is used.
5.1 wrote the last
letter to my
brother before
a week.
B. i.was afraid
saw
2.laugb@d
3.
4. Did
5.
came
go
did
buy
(151)
at some time in the past, ________
ogres
past
ntinuous
,
tense is used.
(152)
progress
past
continuous
To talk about actions which were in
Read the following!
(a)
She was reading the novel when I went to
see her.
(b)
I was sleeping when my friend entered my
house..
(c)
The sun was shining when she
the morning.
out in
CXXIX
(d5
My baby was playing when I w as reading.
Each of
the
above
action that was
sentences
talks
in progress when
about
a&
some other
action took place.
To talk about an action that was in progress
when some other action took place, past
co
(153)
ntinuous
tense is used.
To talk about an action that was in
when some other action took place _
_ _ _ _ _ tense is used.
(154)
tense when we want
to talk about an action that was in progress
progress
past
continuous
when some other action took place.
(155)
past
continuous
We use
Read, the following sentences:
(a)
Rajesh has' just gone out,
(b)
They have just completed their work.
(c)
He has recently bought a radio.
(d)
He has not done my work yet.
(f)
Lately he has stopped smoking.
in
The above sentences are^present perfect tense.
In the above sentences, the words ’just*,
‘recently*,
’yet* and ’lately* are used,.
word *just* expresses a recently completed
action and the words ’recently’, ’yet* and
The
cxxx
• l a t e l y 5 show an inconralete p e r i o d o f t i m e . ,
W h e n the w o r d s like
'just5, 'recently*,
5y e t 5
and flately* a r e u s e d i n a sentence,
•
(156)
present
perfect
tense i s used.
W i e n the w o r d s expressing rece n t l y completed
actions and an incomplete p e r i o d of time are
u s e d in a sentence,
tense is
used.
Y o u p l e a s e r e m e m b e r that the p r e s e n t pe r f e c t
tense r e f e rs to the p r e s e n t as w e l l as to the
p a s t and t h e r e f o r e adverbs o r a d verb p h r a s e s
showing d e finite time such as * l a s t w e e k *,
•last year*,
’before two days*,
*ten days ago*
•yesterday*,
'at 5 O'clock* c a nnot be u s e d in
the sentences i n which p r e s e n t p e r f e c t tense
is used.
(157)
present
perfect
Study the f o l l o w i n g sentences*
(a)
The t ra i n h a d left before w e r eached the
station.
(b)
He h a d l o s t h i s books and h a d to b o rrow
K i r l t *s books.
(c)
I h a d gone to h i s ho u s e a t 11 O'clock.
Sentences (a) and (b) talk abo u t two actions
f o r an action w h i c h took p l a c e e arlier than
the o t h e r acti o n took place, p a s t perfect
tense is used.
CXXX1
Sentence (c) talks about an action which took
place before a definite time in the past and
the p_______ p
t tense is used..
(158)
ast
erfec
______
(159)
rlie
past
perfect
——
— , tense ds used,
To talk about an action which took place
b e a definite time in the o
the _______ __________ tense is used,
(160)
©for
ast
past
perfect
.
To talk about an action which took place
'
than the _ _ _ _ _ _ action took place,
the _ _ _ _ _ _
(161)
earlier
other
past
perfect
To talk about an action which took place
ea
r than the other action took place,
________ tense is used-.
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of
the verb (past continuous, present perfect,
past perfect tense) given in the brackets.
(D
He was sleeping, when she
(to read)
(2)
I saw him in his house, when I ______
here (to come)
(3)
Kamal _______ not _ _ _ _ _ _ tea yet*
(to take)
(4)
When my younger sister shouted, I
.
(5 )
.
(io sleep)
I _ _ _ _ _ _ to see my aunt in the hospital
last Thursday, (to go)
CXXXII
(6)
I
to see my friend yesterday,
but I
nat see him .because my sister;
t
_
from 3ombay only, for a day,
(i.want, 2, can, 3.to come)
(7)
What cities in India
^
!
;
J
you
? ;
(to visit)
(8)
you
|
my papers, sir?
■;
(to correct)
|
j
If six or more than six answers are wrong,
study frames 150 to 160 and then try this •
,
i
frame again. If less than three answers are
wrong, try frame No. 158.
■
?
-
(162)
Read the following:
(a)
1*Hq was sleeping
when she was
reading.
(b)
2.1 saw him in his
(c)
house when I was
coming here.
3.
Kamal has not taken
(d)
tea yet.
4 .When my younger
sister shouted,
I was sleeping.
5.1 had gone to see
see my aunt in
the hospital last
Thursday.
6.1 teatf wanted to
see my friend
yesterday, but I
could not see
him because my
sister came from
Bombay only for
a day,
7.What cities in
India have you
visited?
-
I am sure he will return your book.
I
j
,
!
He will perhaps go tosee a.movie tonight,
I feel that she will get goodtutions
next year.
j
!
He believes that 1*11not help him
;
anymore.
i
!'
The above, sentences are in P
tense.
In the above sentences, words like ’sure*,
i
’perhaps’, ’feel’ and ’b
e* are written.
These words express the speaker’s confidence,
opinion, supposition, hope and belief about
!
the future.
CXXXIII
S.Yave you
corrected
my papers,
Sir?
(163)
To express the speaker's confidence, supposi­
tion, hope and belief about the future,
tense is used.
'
uture
elieve
(1 6 4 )
future
future
To express the speaker's confidence, opinion,
supposition, hope and belief about the _______
_______ tense is used,
(1 6 5 )
future
future
Read the following sentences*
(1 )
If you begin to do it, you will enjoy it*
(2 )
When she will be in good mood, she will
do her work speedily.
(3)
I study hard so that I will be able to
get my degree.
(4 )
When it will strike four in this clock,
I ’ll be in my shop.
In the above sentences, there are two verbs.
Hie verbs 'w^J^^^oy',
be able to g e t a r e in
'will do
'will
,
tense.
When a part of a sentence talks about either
condition or time or purpose,
. tense
is used.
(166)
When a part of a sentence talks about either
a c
n . or t
or ou
e.
________ tense is used,
(167)
When a part of a sentence talks about either
future
future
CXXXIV
onditio
ime
rpos
future
a _______ or _ _ _ _ _ _ or
is used.
(1 6 8 )
condition
time
purpose
future
. _ _ _ _ _ tense
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of
verbs given in the brackets expressing future
time.
(1)
My father _ _ _ _ _ from his office after
5 O ’clock., (to return)
(2)
It _______ a hard time this year because
of very heavy monsoon, (to be)
(3)
Ramesh ________ for the U.S.A. on 15th of
August next year, (to leave)
(4)
Mr. Morarji Desai said, "We _______ the
atom only for peaceful purposes."(to use)
(5)
Please do not talk now, my radio broad­
cast _______ about to begin, (to be)
If more than three answers are wrong, study
frames 162 to 167* If two or less than two
answers are wrong, try frame Mo. 179.
(169)
returns
will be
will leave
will use
is
Friends, you know now how the sentences are
written in different tenses and in what differ­
ent situations, different tenses are used.
Shall we now see what the differences in the
use of different tenses are? This will be
very interesting and will help you to avoid
mistakes in the use of different tenses.
cxxxv
*A*
(1 ) A
cow
'
eats
grass.
A
cow is
eating
grass
now.
(2)
The
earth is
round.
He
is
going
to
school
now.
(3) H e
gOes
to
school
everyday.
(4)
Honesty is
the
best policy.
The
sentences in
tense.
The
_________
(170)
simple
present
_________
In frame Ho.
a b o u t 1.
_ _
'B*
are
in
tense.
166,
h
’A ’ a r e i n
in group
sentences in group
1
action,
2.
’A *
talk
the u n
1
truth.
present
continuous
Sentences
which
(171)
abitua
iversa
rogres
in
*B*
tense
(1) h a
action,
1
v action
Present
talk about
the
at
the
To
talk about
talk
s at
Simple present
a d
(172)
group
is in n
truth.
bitua
•verb
ail
versal
progre
group
sentences
time of
the
is used
and
the
time
to
of
a nro
(4)
the u n i
continuous
action
speaking.
talk about
(2)
. (3)
tense is used
actions which
to
are in
ss
speaking.
a habitual
action,
a daily action or universal
_ _ _ _ _
about
_________
tense.
a proverb,
truth,
we use
CXJOCVT
To talk about the action which is in progress
at the time of speaking, we write
tense#
(173)
Read the following sentences*
*B»
*A*
simple
present
present
continuous
(a) Sushil has gone to
the U.S.A.
Sushil went to the
U.S.A. last year.
(b) Mr. Jain has left
this college.
Mr. Jain was the
principal for seven
years.
(c)
He studied this prob
He has studied
this problem for
lera for three years.
three years.
The sentences in group ‘A ’ are in
- tense.
!•
Present perfect tense i's used in sentences in
group ’A ’ because they talk about actions which
began in the past and which are Just completed
Adverbs showing definite time in the past must
not be written in the present perfect tense
sentences. The third sentence shows that
adverbs or adverb phrases referring to a
past time continuing upto the present, such
as 'now*, ’today*, ’this' week*, ’this year*,
•from*, ’since’, ’ever since’, 'by now’, ’for
the last 15 days’, ’for the time', word or
phrases for *a time’, ’yet’, etc. are used in
present perfect tense sentences.
CXXXVII
Sentences in group ’B 1 mean that the actions
began in the past and they are completed.
(174)
present
perfect
To talk about actions which began in the past
and which are just completed, ___ ___ ________
tense is used.
Adverbs showing d
time
in the _ _ _ _ _ _ must not be written in the
________ tense sentences. Adverbs of time
referring to the past and continuing upto
the present time can be used in' ________
______ _ tense sentences.
To talk about actions which began in the
and which are completed,
, _______
tense is used.
(175)
present
perfect
efinite
past
perfect
present
perfect
past
simple
past
definite
past
past
present
past
perfect
completed
past
In present perfect tense sentences, adverbs
showing _ ___ _ time in the _ _ _ _ _ _ must not
be written, but adverbs of time referring to
the _________ and continuing upto the ________
can be used. A sentence in _ _ _ _ _
•
tense talks about an action which began a n d •
______ _ in the _______ .
(176)
JAJ.
(a) I have lived in
Ahmedabad for
*B’
1 had finished my work
when he came to see me.
fifteen years.
(b) He has done his
duty well.
She had come back from '
the college at 4 O ’clock.
c x x x ra i
( c ) You have seen t h a t
movie.
He had caught th e t h i e f
b e fo re th e p o lic e
|
reached,,
j
Sentences in group ’A' a re i n _______
te n s e and in group *B% th ey a re i n
.
te n s e .'
_______ |
‘
;
i
Sentences i n group ’A’ t a l k about th e a c tio n s j
t h a t began i n th e
and a re e it h e r j u s t t
completed o r a re s t i l l c o n tin u in g up to th e
;
p re s e n t. S entences i n group *B’ t a l k about two
a c tio n s and show t h a t one a c tio n was com pleted J
b efo re th e o th e r a c tio n was com pleted.
'
(177)
p resen t
p e rfe c t
p ast
p e rfe c t
p ast
P re se n t p e r f e c t te n s e t a l k s about an a c tio n
which
i n th e _ _ _ _ _ _ and which i s
e i t h e r j u s t _ _ _ _ o r which i s s t i l l
c
i n s up to th e p r e s e n t. P a s t p e r f e c t
te n s e t a l k s about an a c tio n which was comp­
le te d ■
th e o th e r a c tio n was
.
,
>
5
,
(178)
_______
_____te n se t a l k s about an a c tio n
which began in th e
and which i s e i t h e r
j u s t _______ o r which i s s t i l l
* upto
th e
.
,
__
'
te n se t a l k s
f
about an a c tio n which was
b efo re th e ;
o th e r a c tio n was _______ .
j
(179)
A.
began
past
completed
o n tin u
b e fo re
completed
T n m r r r r i Tiffin
m rifinini n id iirirrnrnimm
P u t a>/ »a*^r i n th e b ra c k e t n e a r th e
sentence i f th e verb form a v erb p h rase
w r itte n i n a sentence i s c o rre c t* I f
5
>
,
i
CXXXIX
present
perfect
past
completed
continuing
present
past
perfect
completed
completed
!
the verb form or asfrverb phrase in a sentence
is incorrect, put a x
in the bracket, i
1)
It will be good for the world if there ;
will be no war at all,
(
) J
(2 ) If she comes for the picnic, I
shall go,
(
|
)j
(3 ) He had met me yesterday.
):
\
^
(4 )
(
!
•
j
visited Kankaria zoo
yesterday,
I
j,
(
)i
(5) Jayant had reached the station
before the train arrived.
(
;
(6 ) Everyday they were meeting
in the garden.
)
l
(
3;
(7) Kaffilafs father was beating
!
her very severely when Kaml-a
was young,
j
(
);
,
i
(8) My mother is going to temple
IK8& everyday in the morning.
C
(9) hast month, my son went to his
teacher *s house for tuition
everyday.
•
);
'
(
)
i
(10) I am reading my study hooks
all day.
j
(
);
B, Fill in the blanks selecting an appropriate
form of the verb.
!
(1) I _________ my friend at the restaurant •
!
i
,
|
(
i
CXL
l a s t n ig h t,
(2 ) He
d a y s,
I
(have seen^ saw, see)
1
' a te a c h e r f o r th e l a s t te n " ;
(h a s been, i s was) .
f
(3 ) N a lin i
him v ery much,
l i k i n g , l i k e s , was lik in g )
(is ,
;
;
(4 ) That man ■
q u ite young, though
;
he i s n o t. ( i s a p p ea rin g , was a p p earin g )
(a p p e a rs)
j,
i
(5 ) We alw ays
1our p a re n ts , (a re
obeying, obey, have obeyed).
;
'
(6 ) Swati
not
,her le s s o n s
y e t. ( d i d - f i n i s h , h a s - f in is h e d , h a d f in is h e d )
1
(7 ) He
me th e book y e ste rd a y .
(g iv e s , h a s g iv en , gave)
[
(8 ) The te a c h e r —_ _ _ _ _ my d a u # ite r, when |
I e n te re d th e h o u s e .(ta u g h t, h a s ta u g h t,
was te a c h in g )
]
(9 ) Where
you
y e sterd a y
n ig h t when I came to see you?(d id -g o , |
had-gone, have-gone)
j
(10) Groundnut o i l
Rs.5/~ p e r k ilo
today, ( i s c o s tin g , c o s ts , was c o s ts )
(11) Five m iles
f o r me. ( a r e , i s )
j
a v e ry long d is ta n c e
1
j
I f your more than th re e answ ers a re wrong,
study fram es Nos. 169 to 178 and then t r y
t h i s frame a g a in .
!
\
f
CXLI
2. s/
3. ^
4* s f
5. -J
6. x
7. s/
8. x
9. \/
10.-.x
B.
1 . x saw
2. |*ts b u n
3. likes
4. appears
5. obey
6. has - finished
7. gave
8. was teaching
9* had ~ gone
10. costs
11. sake©
is
CXLII
1.
Sequence of Tease
Friends, in our everyday life, we talk about many
things like games and films, about our experiences
with different people and our future plans, This
means that we talk about something that happened
in the past i.e. in the time that has gone and
we call it past tense*
We also talk about some­
thing that may happen in future i.e. in the time
that is still to come and it is known as future
tense.
And, we also talk about that^we do every
day or may be doing while talking i.e. in the time
now and we understand it as present tense. When
we have to use more than one tense in a sentence,
we have to be very careful,
(In other words, when
we, have to use tense in sequence, we have to be
very careful,} We have to use more than one tense
in. a sentence when the sentence that we write or
speak is not a simple sentence. I believe that
you know all this. And* Friends, use of different
tenses in a sentence is not at all difficult if
we understand some basic principles very well.
Before we see those principles, we shall see what
is a simple sentence, a compound sentence and a
complex sentence*
Try frame No. 1^.
2.
Simple Sentence
, Saurabh likes to play cricket.
Find out the Verb,
CXLIII
This sentence has only one verb.
So it is a.
Simple sentence.
3.
(a)
Shreyas enjoys
a lecture in English.
(b)
Trupti writes good essays.
Verbs in the above sentences are 1 .
2.
.
likes
In sentence (a) as well as in sentence (b),
there is only one verb. So* both the senten­
ces are Simple.
4.
1 . enjoys
2. writes
(a)
Tejal does not read newspaper everyday.
(b)
Sharad does not hear a radio everyday.
In sentences (a) and (b)f the verbs ares
1.
an d 2 .
,
Both the sentences are _ _ _ _„ simple sentences.
Each sentence- has only one verb.
1 .does not
read.
2.does not
hear
simple
5
simple
one
6.
Sucheta quarrels with her mother.
This is a '
verb.
sentence because it has only
How many verbs has a simple sentence?
A simole sentence has
7.
_______ verb.
(a)
Prashant comes to my house to play.
(b)
We are poor people and we do not have enough
food bo eat.
CXLIY
Sentence (a) is a _______ sentence because it
it has _______ verb.
only
one
In sentence (b), there are _ _ _ _ _ (one, two)
verbs. So there are two sentences and they
are joined by the word
.'
8.
simple
only
one
two
and
The guests saw Laxmi sitting and they were very
much afraid.
In this sentence, there are ________ verbs and
so ‘there are _ _ _ _ _ _ sentences.
are joined by the word
.
The sentences
Both the
sentences are independent. When, in a sentence,
there are more than one sentence, they are
called clauses.
9.
two
two
and
You do this sum or you go out of my classroom.
In the above sentence, there are ____________ verbs
and so there are two
.
We can say that
in the above sentence/?, there are ________
clauses. The clauses in the above sentence are
joined by the word _ _ _ _ _ _ and they are inde­
pendent.
10.
two
sentences
two
(a)
The thief saw a policeman and ha ran very
hard,
(b)
The life of a mosquito is very short but
very active.
(c)' She must weep or she will die.
In sentences (a), (b) and (c), there are
CXLV
verbs*
So there are
. ..
clauses in each
sentence*
The clauses in, sentences (a), (b), (c) are join­
ed by the words
«■
and
»
The clauses in all the above sentences are
independent.
A
A sentence in which all the clauses are indepe­
ndent i*e* all the clauses are of equal import­
ances it is called a Compound-sentence.
11*
two
two
Raja studies well and he-stands first in his
■
class.
,and
but
The above sentence is a compound sentence because
it has more than one clause and. every clause
is in
.
or
12
.
dependent
(a)
I came, I saw and I conquered.
(b)
I like games, but my brother likes reading. ,
(c)
He fell down and he hurt himself.
In the above sentences, there are more than
.
__ and all are
clauses
and so the above sentences are
d
sentences.
13.
one
clause(verb)
independent
compoun
Friends, you must know that somatimes compound
sentences are shortened, to avoid unnecessary
repetitions.
Study the following examples:
CXLVI
(a)
Bie boy fell down and hurt himself.
(b)
Nalini is sad but hopeful.
(c)
He could neither jump nor run.
(d)
Satlsh as well as Shaila has lost the
family feeling.
(1 )
In sentence (a), there are two verbs but
only one subject.
!Ehe subject in the
second clause is not expressed because
it is the same as in the first clause.
(2)
la sentence (b), the words not expressed
in the second clause are ’Nalini i s ’
as these words are written in the first
clause.
(3)
In sentence (c)» the missing words in the
second clause are t(
(4}
could*',
In sentence (d), the missing words in the
first clause are ,;has lost tie family
feelings” .
Cz fi
In sentence
t-fee-m>4a-3-i.ng •w erd-s i » tie
clause are
14.
3 . he
Now you know well that when, in a sentence,
there are more than one clause
and
all the clauses
are independent, it is a compound sentence.
3m
Study the following sentences and write ’s ’ if
the sentence is simple and *c* if it is compound
CXLVII
(a)
Jayesh studies hard these days.
(b)
You as well as I studied in the
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
_________
Wilson College.
_________
Sarla likes my daughter and
brings books for her.
_________
Either Mr* Pandya or Mr.Thakore
will come to see me tomorrow.
_________
Kamalini as well as Kisan likes
to talk but Smr-utj. to work.
' •
Keesha and Naliai are friends.
•
If your more than four answers are not correct,
study frames Nos. t to 12 and then try this again.
If your more than four answers are correct, go
ahead.
15
(a)
Ajit goes to shop and Amar goes to office.
s
c
c
c
(b)
This is the house which'1 like very much.
(c)
They went home when the pay was over.
©• c
(d)
The 'thief ran away because he saw a police­
a»
b*
c.
d.
f. s
man.
(e)
You wait here till I return.
In all the above sentences, there are _____
clauses. In sentence (a)# both the clauses
are joined by the x^-ord
» They are
in
t clauses.
So it is a c
d
sentence.
In sentences (b), (c)r (a ) and (a), both the
CXLVill
clauses are not independent* In each of these
sentences, the second clause depends upon the
first one and therefore all these sentences
('B V ’c f, *d* and *e1) are not compound sen­
tences.
They are complex sentences.
fry frame No.
16,
(a) , I like the shirt which you bought yester­
day.
(b)
Did you like the radio which I showed, you
yesterday?
(c)
two
and
dependen
compoun
fe^u remembers me when her uncle 'beats her.
In the above sentences, there are ■
clauses.
Both the clauses in the above sentences are
independent,
fhe clause in each sentence
depends upon the first one,
A clause which depends upon, another clause is
called a subordinate clause.
fhe subordinate clauses in the above sentences
ares
2
.
3.
17.
(a)
I asked him why he was late*
(b)
I believe that I shall finish my work soon.
CXLIX
two
not
(c)
If you eat too much, you will be ill.
(d) Wien Rama called me, I was eating.
1.
which you bought
yesterday.
2.
which I showed In sentences (a), (b), (c) and (d), the subor­
you yesterday.
dinate clauses are:
3.
when her uncle
1 * _ _ _ _ _ _________ ________
.
beats her.
2
3
4
The above sentences are complex sentences be­
cause there is a _ _ _ _ _ _ clause in each one
of them.
1.
why he was
late.
2.
tha;t I shall
finish my
work soon.
3.if you eat
too much.
4.when Rama
called me*
fu bo'fcknat&j
dependent
(a)
I asked him why he was late.
(b)
When Rama called me, I was eating.
The clauses ‘why ho was late' and ‘when Rama
called me* in the above sentences are ________
clauses.
The clauses 91 asked him* and ?I was eating*
in the above sentences are making complete
sense.
They do not depend upon another clause
but the other clause in a sentence depends
upon' them.
When a clause in a sentence makes a complete
sense without any help of another clause and
when some other clause in the sentence depends
upon it, it is called a Principal or a Main
clause.
(a)
I lost a book which you gave me yesterday.
'HtboKdS-'nokej
(b)
Akshay met me when I was at the station.
dependent
(c)
If it rains, we shall go home.
19.
A.
The principal clauses in the above sentences
are!
1 . _ _____
'
. ___
____
2
B.
and the subordinate clauses in the above
sentences eras
1.
A.
1.I lost a
book.
2.
Akshay met
me.
We shall
go home.
B.
1.which you
gave me
yesterday.
2.when I was
at the sta­
tion.
3.if it rains
,
.
2.
i ... ^^ ;m ^
3.
-
^
Write *c* if the sentence is compound and *d’
if ft is complex* ,
(a)
Gita read her lessons hut Sita did
not read.
«*___«_«
3.
(b)
Though Swati did not work hard,
she got the first rank,
(c)
If he runs fast, he will catch
the train.
(d)
He is a millionaire, however,
he is not proud.
'
CLI
(e)
Biis is the place where Mahatma
Gandhi was born.
(f)
When my teacher came to my house,
I was reading a story-book,
(g)
It is time to go, let us start,
(h)
Neither Nallni nor Meera could
get first class marks*
If your more than four answers are wrong, study
frames Nos, 15 to 18 and try the frame
again.
If your more than four answers are correct, go
ahead.
21,
a,
b,
c,
d,
e,
f,
c
d
d
c
d
d
Friends, you know quite well 'that a simple sen­
tence, a compound sentence acid a complex.sentence.
Now, we shall see how sequence of tense must be
observed in a complex sentence.
You must remem­
ber that there are rules according to which the
tense .of a verb in a subordinate clause must
I* c
c
h»
follow the tense of a verb in the principal
clause, These rules are called the rules of
sequence of tenses. The question^ of sequence
of tenses do^not arise in a compound sentence.
The principles of sequence of tense apply
chiefly to the complex sentences.
Try frame No, 27.
C\1
Study the following sentences!
(a)
Agam does not understand what Dipt! says.
CLIX
(to)
San^ay thinks (that) he will get the first
prize,
(c)
I tell you (that) you would miss the train.
-She principal clauses in the above sentences are
in _ _ _ _ _ _ tense.
!Bae subordinate clause in sentence
(a) is irt_______ tense.
(to) is in _ _ _ _ _ _ tense
(c) is in
tense
The above sentences show that when the principal
clause is in present fcan.se, a subordinate clause
can be in present tense, future tense or past
tense.
present
present
future
past
23.
a subordinate clause can be in _ _ _ _ _ tense.
_______ tense or
24.
present
past
future
When the principal clause is in present tense,
.
tense.
(a)
She will not speak what she feels.
(to)
Rakesh will give you his book when he
will finish it.
(c)
She will accompany us if you would invite
her.
Ihe principal clauses in the above sentences
are in
tense.
ihe subordinate clauses in sentence
(a)
is in
.
tense .
CL III
(b) is in
tense
(c) is in .
tense
The above sentences show that when the principal
f
clause is in future tense, a subordinate clause
can be in any tense l.e. it can be in present,
past or future tense*
25*
future
present
future
past
tense or in future tense, a subordinate clause
can be in any tense i.e* it can be in
______
26
present
past
future
When the principal clausa is'either in present
or
*
tense*
Study the following sentences:
(a)
Ha found that he dropped a one-rupee note.
C*o),
Kailas said that she saw a lion yesterday,
(c)
Ihough he was poor, he was happy.
The principal clause in the above sentences .
is in
...
tense.
tQie subordinate clause in sentence
(a) is
in
tense
(b) is
in
tense
(c) is
i n ______
tense
She above sentences show that when the princi­
pal clause is in past cense, a subordinate
clausa is in past tense.
Please remember that
very often past perfect tense is also used.
cm
27*
Select an
verbs
appropriate form of
given in
the verb from
brackets and write
it in the
the
space
provided,
(a )
When
Rakesh
talked very
some on e
past
past
past
past
loudly in
. (shouts,
will
the
theatre,
shout,
shouted)
(b)
'Ihe H o m e M i n i s t e r r e p e a t e d v/hat t h e P r i m e
Minister
, (has
spoken,
spoke,
will
■
speak)
(c)
(d)
Karalesh a c h i e v e d h i s
hard,
(works,
Heena
liked
to go
tired,
(is,
very
(e)
Ag
soon as
room,
28,
a,
~ shouted
b, s p o k e
c,
worked
d, w a s
e, e n t e r e d
tne
will
Study frames
21
if
your more
than
If
correct,
go
You know now
tense,
in past
tense.
Let us
see
sentences,
(a)
My father
(b)
to 26
because
was,
will
she
be)
~
st o o d up,
the class
(entered,
and
try
this
four answers
frame
again,
are not correct.
ahead.
a
gold,
ihe
teacher
there
clause
are
some
exceptions.
said
not
the* p r i n c i p a l
subordinate
But
those
ing
out
•
enter)
that when
in past
because he
worked)
teacher
the pupils
■ enters,
aim
will work,
that
said
all
that
Study
c l ause is
is
always
exceptions.
the f ollow­
that glitters is
the
e a r t h i s x*ound.
* ’
CLV
(c)
I learnt that the Taj Mahal is built of
white marbles.
The principal clause In the above sentences is
in ________ tense.
The subordinate clauses in the above sentences
are not in _________ tense, they are in ________
tense.
The subordinate clause in sentence (a) is a proverb, .
(b) is the universal truth.
(c) is the fact which is true today.
(29)
Mien the principal clause is In past tense, a
subordinate clause may not be in past tense
if it is either a nr
or a un
1
truth or a fact which is true
.
(30)
Mien the principal clause is in past tense,
a subordinate clause may not be in past tense
past
past
present
overb
iversa
today
if it is either a _______ or a __________ truth
or a fact which i s _______ _______ .
(31)
proverb
universal
true
today
When the principal clause is in past tense,
a subordinate clause is in __________ tense, but
when a subordinate clause is either a _________
or a __________ ________ or a. fact which is
_________
tense.
. it may not be in _________
CLVI
32.
Put a V *
if the sentence is correct and
a *x' gsrk if it, is not correct.
past
proverb
universal
truth
true
today
past
(a)
Bina said that there is no one
in the house.
(b)
Ashita said that honesty was the
best policy,
(c)
The teacher said that Mount
Everest is the highest peak
of the Himalayas.
(d)
He attended-his office though
he was sick,
(e)
He was insured before his jet
•plane flight because the
flight in the jet-plane was
always risky.
(f)
I desired that he.will not
hear my talk with my friend.
(g)
a. x
b. x
c. /
d.
e.
f.
g.
/
x
x
x
He asked me why I have come.
(a)
A w ood c u f ^ r
(Jb) V\/oe>4
fo
cu'Vs ilo e w ood,
c u d ~tV>e W o o d ,
lv> sewdeviee *V le tte r V »S> added
ck ______ a v ) 4 \Y !-$> i vo - - - - - - - - *
i_Y) SevtteVxLfL ^\o le tter s,1 i -S added
^ _ _ _ _ _ a v > 4 >V~ ^ ' vo - - - - - - - ~ »
Wttevo le tte r vs' U a d d e d do a
voou w 9 i V i
i vo — - - - - - - .
\Mhev\ le tte r 's 1 U a d d e d tt> a
yerlo, \1~
ivo-----------