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2 Introduction
Our body: ‘The Universe Within’
Welcome to ‘Our Body:
The Universe Within’
Dear Students,
Have you ever thought about how your body works? Do you wonder how you are
able to do simple activities like run, breathe and eat?
We use our bodies every day, but we often take for granted how complex and special they are. Our bodies are made up of amazing systems, and it is important that
we understand how they work. The more we learn about our bodies, the better we
will be able to take care of them. And through science’s commitment to learning
about bodies, many injuries and diseases are now treatable, and we are all able
to live longer and healthier lives.
Our Body: The Universe Within is an exhibit that teaches ordinary people about
the extraordinary details of the body. The exhibit contains more than 200 real human
bodies and specimens, and literally goes “under the skin” to show their inner makeup. Visitors can get an up-close, three-dimensional look of the human body as a
whole and of each major system of the body.
If you want to be a doctor, scientist, athlete or artist — or if you are just curious about
how the body works — you will be amazed by The Universe Within exhibit. The activities inside this guide will help prepare you for a visit and will begin to answer your
questions about the many mysteries of the human body.
How Well Do You Know Your Body?
What do you already know about the human body? Quiz yourself about some of the body’s major systems.
Directions:
Match each body part
on this illustration with
the paragraph at right
that describes it. Draw
a line connecting
your answers.
Musculoskeletal System — Body parts in
the musculoskeletal system are responsible
for moving and supporting the human body.
Respiratory System — Body parts in the
respiratory system help bring oxygen into the
body and release carbon dioxide.
Digestive System — Body parts in the
digestive system help turn food into energy
by breaking down larger molecules into
smaller ones.
Nervous System — Body parts in the nervous system transmit information from nerves
and senses to the brain.
Cardiovascular System — Body parts in the
cardiovascular system move blood and other
materials around the body.
Our body: ‘The Universe Within’
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The human bodies featured in the Our Body: The
Universe Within are preserved using a recently
discovered technique called polymer impregnation. This method of preservation uses liquid
plastics to keep everything from delicate tissues
to organs to the body’s structure intact. This is a
breakthrough in the way people are able to
study human specimens.
Studying Human Specimens
While exhibits like Our Body: The Universe Within
are relatively new, doctors and scientists have
been studying human specimens for years.
When working with real human bodies in
the past, the first challenge was to prevent
the body from decay. Decaying begins when certain cell enzymes are released after death. It is
furthered when all normal body functions have
shut down, and the body no longer has
a way to fend off bacteria and other microorganisms. Slowly, the microorganisms feed
off the body’s fats and liquids and eventually
break the body down.
In the last century, the preferred method of
keeping bodies from decaying has been to
embalm them. This involves injecting a chemical
called formaldehyde into the body.
Formaldehyde has many unique qualities, including the ability to kill most bacteria and to harden
the body.
However, there are many disadvantages in this
method of preservation. First, formaldehyde is
a toxic chemical, and high amounts are needed
to preserve bodies for an extended length of
time (1-2 years). Also, it has a strong odor, making it unpleasant to work with. Finally, in order
for organs to maintain their normal shape, fluids
cannot be drained from the body. However,
these fluids cause the brain to decay more
rapidly.
Polymer impregnation was invented to resolve
problems associated with embalming and has
become an important tool for studying bodies.
However, embalming is still used for funerals and
medical study due to its low cost and fast processing time.
The Power of Plastic
Polymer impregnation begins with the lawful donation of bodies. All of the bodies in Our Body: The
Universe Within have been donated by
medical facilities and schools within China
for the purpose of promoting medical and
scientific knowledge. Donations are anonymous to protect the donors and their families.
The bodies are embalmed using a diluted form of
formaldehyde and dissected. Then an acetone
solution is used to remove all the water and fatty
tissues from the body. These fluids are replaced
with a liquid plastic (also called a polymer solution).
This basketball
player in the
exhibit reveals
the structure
of the body’s
muscles.
At first, the polymer solution is soft and malleable.
It allows scientists to position the bodies in different
life-like shapes and poses. Needles and pieces of foam
rubber are used to keep all the parts (internal and external) in place. Scientists then encourage the liquid plastic
to harden by introducing gas, light or heat.
This process takes 1,500 hours, and results in specimens
that are odorless, durable, safe to handle and resistant to
decay.
Science
in the news
Polymer impregnation is a breakthrough in science that has made
it possible to study the human body
in new ways. Breakthroughs occur
almost every day in different fields
of science. With the Detroit Free Press
and Internet as resources, find a
science breakthrough that interests
you. Write a paragraph summarizing
the breakthrough, why it is significant,
whom it will benefit most and how
soon.
4
Polymer Impregnation
Our body: ‘The Universe Within’
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Polymer Impregnation?
Polymer impregnation is a new process that is
revolutionizing science education. Doctors, scientists and educators have been invigorated by the
possibilities that this new technology can offer.
The impact of polymer impregnation is already
being felt in schools and labs around the world.
Some students are now learning the fundamentals of anatomy, not by staring at lifeless models,
but by viewing real human bodies.
University of Michigan
Medical School
Plastination Lab
In 1989, Dr. Roy Glover brought polymer impregnation to the University of Michigan with the goal
of promoting anatomy education.
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He began a research lab where students and
professionals could learn the techniques of polymer impregnation. Learning how to work with the
different chemicals involved in the process is rel-
atively easy. The real challenge comes with dissection. Those who work in the lab have to learn
how to best dissect and position specimens so
that important body systems are visible.
Before a specimen is dissected, a scientist has
to think about what he or she wants the viewer
to learn. If the goal is to highlight the musculoskeletal system, a scientist might want to keep
the outer body intact and position the body so
that some muscles are flexed and others are
relaxed. However, if the aim is to show the digestive system, a scientists may choose to open
up the abdomen so that internal organs can be
viewed from various angles.
Thus far, 50 students have done anatomy
research in the lab using polymer impregnation.
The high quality specimens are used as teaching
tools in the anatomy department of the
University of Michigan and sent to other medical
schools and educational programs nationwide.
Polymer Impregnation Researchers
Dr. Armeed Raoof is a doctor and professor
at the University Michigan. Never having feared
working with dead bodies, he has been active
in the projects that the lab is doing.
Raoof first became interested in polymer impregnation when he realized how effective it was in
preserving bodies. Since the specimens are safe,
odorless and durable, he knew that he would be
able to give students in his courses hands-on
experience in dealing with human organs and
tissues.
After using the specimens in the classroom,
he has found them an invaluable educational
tool. However, he recognizes that widespread
use is still years away. Due to the expense of
preserving the bodies, specimens are not
readily available for general public observation.
Yet, new innovations may give future scientists
more affordable methods for preserving bodies.
Currently, a thin-sheet plastination process is in
development. This would allow scientists to use
polymer impregnation on thin layers of organ tissue.
Science
in the news
Polymer Impregnation is used
primarily to further science education. Look through today’s Free Press
or the Internet for articles about other
projects or policies designed to
improve science education. Write
a short paragraph suggesting ways
that your science teacher could use
new technology to make class more
exciting or interactive.
Our body: ‘The Universe Within’
The Nervous System
5
How do we think and feel?
The nervous system
The nervous system is responsible for controlling your thoughts, emotions and body movements. It is made
of two main parts, the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.
Brain Power
The central nervous system (CNS) is made up of
the brain and the spinal cord. They work together
to control your body. The brain is in charge, but
the spinal cord carries messages from the brain
to the rest of the body.
While the brain weighs less than 3 pounds, it’s
made of more than 10 billion nerve cells and more
than 50 billion other cells. It has three main parts:
the forebrain, the midbrain and the hindbrain.
The forebrain is where most of the action happens. The biggest part of the forebrain is the
cerebrum, and it holds all of the information
that makes us individuals. It controls our
intelligence, memory, personality, speech and voluntary muscles, which are the muscles that we
can control.
The hypothalamus and pituitary gland, which are
also located in the forebrain, control some of our
involuntary muscles, such as breathing and heartbeat. The hypothalamus controls our pulse, temperature, hunger and thirst, while the pituitary
gland, makes and releases hormones that allow
us to grow, digest food and deal with stress.
Also in the forebrain is
the cortex. It is
responsible for
processing
the infor-
mation that we see, hear, feel, taste and touch.
The hindbrain is located at the back of the cerebrum and is made up of the cerebellum, pons and
medulla. The cerebellum is very small, but it has a
big function – it controls our balance, movement
and coordination. Without it, we would not be able
to stand, walk or move around.
The pons and the medulla work with the midbrain
to transmit information from the brain to the spinal
cord. The threesome is also referred to as the
brainstem, and they take in, send and organize
the brain’s messages. They also control some
automatic body functions that keep us alive, like
breathing, blood pressure and blinking.
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The spinal cord is a bundle of
nerve tissues that is 18 inches
long and ? inch thick. It runs
from the brain to the lumbar
(located at the lower back).
Radiating from the spinal cord
are nerves, which make up the
peripheral nervous system (PNS).
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6
The Musculoskeletal System
Our body: ‘The Universe Within’
How do we move?
The musculoskeletal system
The musculoskeletal system is actually two
systems in one: the muscular system and the
skeleton system. Together they shape and support the body, and make it possible for people
to move.
The human body contains more than 650 individual muscles attached to the skeleton. The
primary function of the muscular system is to
provide movement.
The muscular system consists of three different types of muscle tissues: skeletal, cardiac
and smooth. Skeletal muscles attach to bones
and move them, cardiac muscles control heartbeat and smooth muscles control contractions
of hollow organs to move blood through blood
vessels, food through the digestive tract and
air through the lungs.
The body has two types of muscles: involuntary muscles and voluntary muscles.
Involuntary muscles are those people cannot
control, such as those that control the beating
of the heart, breathing of the lungs or contractions of the digestive tract. Voluntary muscles
are those people can control, such as biceps,
leg muscles or stomach muscles.
The skeletal system determines the shape of
the body and protects its organs. The skeletal
system is made up of all the body’s bones,
tendons and ligaments. It provides a firm base
for attaching muscles and protects important
organs.
The chest and rib cage, for example, protect
the heart, lungs and other organs that could
be damaged by blows to the body.
Bones are mostly made of the element calcium, which is found in milk. That is why it is
important for kids to drink plenty of milk when
growing up—calcium is the material that
“builds strong
bones.”
Bones and muscles
are attached by
tendons. When a muscle contracts, it pulls on
the tendon, which pulls on the bone and
moves it.
Bones, such as those that connect at the knee
or elbow, are held together by ligaments.
Inside bones is a spongy material called bone
marrow. This makes the bones lightweight yet
strong enough to support the body. Bone marrow also produces red and white blood cells.
Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to
all parts of the body. White cells produce antibodies that help the body fight off bacteria,
infections and diseases.
Fast-twitch, slow-twitch
Some muscles are richly supplied by blood pumped
from your heart. Others receive less blood from the
heart. You have probably observed this at holiday dinners. If you eat turkey, you know that some of the meat
is dark meat and some is white meat. The dark meat is
the muscle rich in blood. The white meat is the muscle
that gets less blood. The same is true for people.
There is another difference between these muscles.
The “dark-meat” muscles are called slow-twitch muscles, which means they contract and move more slowly. The “white meat” muscles are called fast-twitch
muscles, which means they contract very quickly and
yield a short burst of energy.
Everyone has a mix of fast- and slow-twitch fibers in
their muscles. You may have 70 percent slow-twitch
and 30 percent fast-twitch. Your friend might have 40
percent slow-twitch and 60 percent fast-twitch.
That would help determine what kind of athlete you
are. Endurance sports like cross-country skiing or
marathon running are slow-twitch events. Speed sports
like a 100-yard dash, basketball or figure skating would
be fast-twitch events.
Caption informations should go here
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Caption informations
Our body: ‘The Universe Within’
The Musculoskeletal System 7
Word Find
The parts of the system
Biceps
Bones
Tendons
Ligaments
Ribs
Marrow
Heart
Muscles
Skeleton
Movement
Cardiac
Smooth
Voluntary
Involuntary
Directions:
The musculoskeletal
system has many
parts. Find the following words hidden
in the letters below.
Then write a sentence
for each describing
what each
part does.
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Science
in the news
Bones get stronger by a person eating a healthy diet rich in calcium.
Muscles get stronger with good nutrition and use. Everyone uses muscles
in their daily lives. Some people, like
athletes, use their muscles in
extreme ways. Other people use their
muscles in moderate ways, such as
walking to class or carrying school
books. In the stories, photos or ads of
today’s Detroit Free Press, find a job
that interests you. Write down what
muscles a person would use in that
job. Then brainstorm three ways that
person could exercise to strengthen
those muscles and become physically stronger at what they do.
8
The Digestive System
Our body: ‘The Universe Within’
How do we create energy?
The digestive system
The digestive system contains organs that
change the food we eat into materials and energy the body can use. It uses natural chemicals
and enzymes to process foods and breaks them
down into usable proteins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats and other substances that can be
absorbed by body tissues.
The digestion process begins in your mouth
when you start eating. The teeth tear and grind
food, and the salivary glands produce secretions
of saliva that mix with the food. This saliva, or
spit, starts the process that breaks down starches and carbohydrates.
After your teeth have chewed your food, your
tongue pushes it down your throat into your
throat and esophagus. There it is moved by muscle contractions called peristaltic waves to the
stomach. This movement is completed in only a
matter of seconds.
The stomach mixes the food with gastric juice,
which contains chemicals such as hydrochloric
acid and enzymes
like pepsin, rennin
and lipase.
Pepsin breaks down
proteins, rennin separates milk into liquid and solid portions and lipase acts
on fat.
From the stomach, food moves into the upper
small intestine, where digestion is completed.
The small intestine really isn’t that small. It’s folded up in your body, but if it were stretched out, it
would be 22 feet long. That’s more than twice as
tall as a basketball hoop!
After the solid food has been digested, the fluid
that remains is called chyme. In the small intestine all the nutrients are absorbed from the
chyme into the bloodstream.
This process is aided by the way the walls of the
small intestine are constructed. The inside sur-
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face of the small intestine is covered with tiny
structures called villi, which look a lot like very
short hairs. The presence of villi gives the small
intestine a much greater surface through which
to absorb nutrients from food than if the surface
were smooth. Through the walls of the villi, nutrients from food pass into the bloodstream and
are distributed to cells throughout the body.
The unusable residue left from the food passes
through colon or large intestine to the rectum.
The solid waste, called feces, is then passed out
of the body.
Digestion Helpers
The pancreas, liver and gallbladder are
organs that do important things that help
the digestive system. The pancreas makes
enzymes that help digest proteins, fats and
carbohydrates. The liver makes bile, which
helps the body absorb fat. Bile is
stored in the gallbladder until it
is needed. Interestingly, people
don’t really need a gallbladder. If it is removed, the bile
just flows right from the liver
into the small intestine and
does its job.
Caption informations
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Science
in the news
Food is fuel for the body. The digestive system breaks down the food,
removes the energy and nutrients the
body needs and discards the waste
materials. Many other fuels are used
by people and machines in daily life.
In the Detroit Free Press find a story
or photo of something that uses fuel
to run. On a sheet of paper, write out
what the fuel is, where it comes from,
how it is broken down to provide
energy and what waste materials are
left at the end. Compare use of this
fuel with the way food is used as fuel
for the body.
Our body: ‘The Universe Within’
The Circulatory System 9
How do we move nutrients throughout
the body? The circulatory system
The body’s circulatory system is a transportation
system. It carries nutrients, water and oxygen to
cells all over the body and takes away wastes
such as the gas carbon dioxide that body cells
produce by using oxygen.
through the circulatory system by the heart (a
child has about a liter less). The average person’s heart will beat 3 BILLION times in a lifetime
and pump 48 million gallons of blood through
the body!
The circulatory system connects all parts of the
body — and it is huge!
The lungs, the heart and the blood vessels work
together in the system. The lungs bring oxygen
from the air into the blood, the heart pumps the
blood through the body and the vessels and
capillaries deliver the blood to all parts of the
body.
The human body contains more than 60,000
MILES of arteries, veins and capillaries—enough
to circle twice around the Earth’s equator if
stretched out end to end!
The circulatory system is responsible for three
distinct functions that are essential for life.
These are: pulmonary circulation (through the
lungs), coronary circulation (the heart) and systemic circulation (the body’s blood vessels system of arteries, veins and capillaries).
On average, an adult human body has approximately five liters of blood continually pumped
The Heart
The heart is a muscle that works as a kind of
pump. It is about the size of your fist and is
located just to the left of the middle of your
chest. The right side of the heart receives blood
from the body and pushes it into the lungs
where it can receive oxygen and discharge carbon dioxide gas that body cells have produced.
The left side of the heart receives blood that
has gotten oxygen from the lungs and pushes it
through the circulatory system to cells throughout the body.
Blood vessels that take blood away from the
heart are called arteries. Vessels that carry
blood back to the heart are called veins.
The Blood
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The blood is an amazing substance. It is made
up of red blood cells, white blood cells,
platelets and liquid called plasma. Red blood
cells play an enormously important role in the
body. They carry oxygen breathed in by the
lungs to all the cells in the body and pick up
the waste gas carbon dioxide that the cells
have produced. The carbon dioxide is taken
back to the lungs, which expel it when people
breathe out, or exhale.
White blood cells play an equally important
role in the body. In fact, they are vital to
keeping the body healthy. White blood cells
attack bacteria and germs when they
enter the body and fight off infection and
sickness. Most of the time, there are
enough white blood cells to keep a person’s body healthy. If someone gets
really sick, however, a doctor might
prescribe antibiotic drugs to help fight
an infection.
Caption informations should go here near this photo. Caption informations hould go here near this photo.
Platelets are another special kind of blood cell.
Their job is to help stop bleeding when people
cut themselves and more platelets stick together, they seal off the cut and stop the bleeding.
Plasma is the liquid part of the blood. Plasma
carries the blood cells and other materials
through the body. Plasma makes up about half
the blood.
10 The Respiratory System
Our body: ‘The Universe Within’
How do we breathe? The respiratory system
The main job of the respiratory system is to supply the body’s cells with the oxygen they need to
survive. The respiratory system does this through
breathing and the circulation of blood.
When people breathe, they inhale the gas
oxygen from the air and exhale the gas
carbon dioxide. This exchange of gases is
the respiratory system’s means of getting
oxygen to the blood.
Respiration is achieved through the mouth,
nose, trachea, lungs and diaphragm. Oxygen
enters the respiratory system through the
mouth and the nose. The oxygen then passes
into the trachea, which is the tube that enters
the chest area from the throat (also known as
the “windpipe”).
In the chest area, the trachea splits into two
smaller tubes called the bronchi. Each of these
then divides again, forming the bronchial tubes.
These tubes connect with the lungs, where they
divide into smaller tubes and connect to tiny
sacs called alveoli.
The alveoli play a crucial role in respiration: They
are the point at which inhaled oxygen passes
into the blood through tiny vessels called capillaries. At the same time, the waste gas carbon
dioxide produced by the body’s cells passes
from blood into the alveoli to be expelled from
the body by the lungs.
Breathing is made possible by the action of the
body’s diaphragm. The diaphragm is a sheet of
muscle that lies across the bottom of the chest
cavity. These muscles are involuntary muscles,
contracting and relaxing on their own. When the
diaphragm contracts, it moves down in the body,
leaving room for the lungs to expand and take in
oxygen from the air. When the diaphragm relaxes, carbon dioxide is pumped out of the lungs.
Speak Up
The lungs make it possible for people to breathe.
They also make it possible for people to talk.
Air coming out of the lungs is essential for making sounds.
How does this work?
At the top of the trachea is the body’s larynx, sometimes called
the “voice box.”
The larynx has two
tiny ridges of tissue
across the top called
vocal cords. When air
passes out of the
body from the lungs, it
travels through the
trachea and larynx to
the vocal cords. If the vocal cords are closed
and the air flows between them, the cords
vibrate and sound is created.
How loud the sound will be depends on how
much air is expelled. The more air, the louder the
sound. The less air, the softer the sound. The
amount of air also determines how long you can
make a sound.
Don’t Smoke
Every student has heard adults say “Don’t
smoke.”
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Here’s why. The lungs and trachea have little
structures called cilia that look like short little
hairs. The job of the cilia is to filter out things
that enter the lungs in the air that you breathe.
Smoking damages or even kills the body’s cilia,
making it impossible to filter out particles and
chemicals in air that can damage the lungs.
Smoking also can damage the alveoli that are
so important to breathing. When people smoke,
chemicals and tar from cigarette smoke build
up in the lungs, causing the alveoli to
become thick, swollen and unable to
exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide
with the blood. This condition leads to
emphysema. The tar and chemicals of
cigarette smoke also can cause lung
cancer, which is usually fatal.
Caption informations should
go here near this photo.
Caption informations
Science
in the news
Smoking is a health risk for both
teens and adults. The nicotine in cigarettes is addictive, making it difficult
to stop smoking once a person starts.
Many efforts have been made to
persuade teens and younger students
not to smoke. In teams look through
ads in the Detroit Free Press to see
which ones are most effective for
young people. Then design an ad
seeking to persuade students not to
smoke. Use health information from
newspaper stories or the Internet in
your ad if you wish. Pick celebrities to
be spokespeople in your ads. Display
ads and discuss ideas as a class.
Our body: ‘The Universe Within’
Ethics
11
Would you donate your body to science?
The ethics of polymer impregnation
Our Body: The Universe Within provides
exhibit visitors the opportunity to study
human anatomy by going “under the skin.” In
this exhibit, the public gets to see what only
doctors and scientists got to see
in earlier times.
The exhibit’s human specimens have been
displayed in an artful, compelling and dignified environment to give the public a deeper
understanding of the body’s form and function, and a stronger appreciation of the
uniqueness of each individual body.
All of the bodies in the Universe Within exhibit have been donated by medical facilities
and schools in China for the purpose of promoting medical and scientific knowledge.
The anatomical specimens come from
voluntary body donors or individuals who agreed that upon their
death, their bodies could be
used for medical science and
the study of anatomy.
Donations are anonymous to protect the
donors and their families.
All of the specimens have been provided for
the exhibit in keeping with the laws of China.
The specimens are not owned by the
exhibitors, but by a Chinese foundation that
has agreed to their display to promote education, science and medical research.
Specimens in the
exhibit come from
voluntary donors.
What do you think?
As a class, discuss whether you would want
to donate your body, or the body of a relative,
for polymer impregnation and display for
education or research. Then discuss whether
you think it is a good idea to exhibit polymer
impregnation specimens for the general
public.
In your discussion:
• Consider what motivates a person to donate
his/her body for Polymer Impregnation for
education or an exhibit.
• Consider how the friends and relatives of
a donor might feel.
• Imagine that a member of your immediate
family wanted to donate his/her body for
polymer impregnation.
Caption informations should
go here near this photo.
Caption informations
• Consider what you might learn—or did
learn— about your own body from viewing
Our Body: The Universe Within.
Credits
The student supplement “Our Body: The
Universe Within” was created by Detroit
Newspapers In Education for the Detroit
Free Press. Copyright © 2007. All rights
reserved.
The writers were Cynthia Leger, Peter
Landry and Sara Shahriari of Hollister Kids
with resource materials from the traveling
exhibit “Our Body: The Universe Within.”
The graphic designer was Breonna
Rodriguez of Hollister Kids.
The manager of Detroit Newspapers In
Education is Sharon Martin.
For more information about Detroit
Newspapers In Education, visit the Web site
www.dnie.com