Download 39-2 Human Endocrine Glands

Biology
Slide
1 of 50
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Slide
2 of 50
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
The endocrine glands are scattered throughout the
body.
The human endocrine system regulates a variety of
activities.
Any improper functioning of an endocrine gland may
result in a disease or a disorder.
Slide
3 of 50
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
The major glands of the endocrine system include:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
the pituitary gland
the hypothalamus
the thyroid gland
the parathyroid glands
the adrenal glands
the pancreas
the reproductive glands
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Slide
4 of 50
End Show
39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Pituitary Gland
Pituitary Gland
What is the function of the pituitary gland?
Slide
5 of 50
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Pituitary Gland
The pituitary gland secretes nine hormones
that directly regulate many body functions
and controls the actions of several other
endocrine glands.
Slide
6 of 50
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Pituitary Gland
The pituitary gland is a structure at the base of
the skull.
The gland is divided into two parts: the anterior
pituitary and the posterior pituitary.
Slide
7 of 50
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Pituitary Gland
The Pituitary Gland
Hypothalamus
Anterior
pituitary
Posterior
pituitary
Pituitary
gland
Slide
8 of 50
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Pituitary Gland
Slide
9 of 50
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Pituitary Gland
Slide
10 of 50
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Pituitary Gland
Slide
11 of 50
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
Slide
12 of 50
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus is the part of the brain
attached to the posterior pituitary.
The hypothalamus controls the secretions
of the pituitary gland.
Slide
13 of 50
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Slide
14 of 50
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus is influenced by hormone levels in
the blood and by sensory information.
Interactions between the nervous system and the
endocrine system take place at the hypothalamus.
The close connection between the hypothalamus and
the pituitary gland means that the nervous and
endocrine systems act together to coordinate body
activities.
Slide
15 of 50
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Thyroid Gland
Thyroid Gland
What is the function of the thyroid gland?
Slide
16 of 50
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Thyroid Gland
The thyroid gland is located at the base of the
neck and wraps around the upper part of the
trachea.
The thyroid gland has the major role in
regulating the body's metabolism.
Slide
17 of 50
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Thyroid Gland
The thyroid produces thyroxine.
Thyroxine regulates the metabolic rate of cells.
Slide
18 of 50
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Thyroid Gland
Thyroid Gland
Larynx
Thyroid gland
Esophagus
Trachea
Slide
19 of 50
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Thyroid Gland
Thyroid Disorders
Hyperthyroidism: the body produces too much
thyroxine. It is characterized by elevated temperature
and metabolic rate, increased blood pressure, and
weight loss.
Hypothyroidism: the body produces too little
thyroxine. It is characterized by lower temperature
and metabolic rate, lack of energy, and weight gain.
Goiter: enlargement of thyroid gland. Caused by an
iodine deficiency.
Slide
20 of 50
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Parathyroid Glands
Parathyroid Glands
What is the function of the parathyroid
glands?
Slide
21 of 50
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Parathyroid Glands
The four parathyroid glands are found on the
back surface of the thyroid gland.
Hormones from the thyroid gland and the
parathyroid glands act to maintain
homeostasis of calcium levels in the
blood.
Slide
22 of 50
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Parathyroid Glands
Parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone
(PTH).
PTH regulates calcium levels in the blood by
increasing reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys and
by increasing uptake of calcium from the digestive
system.
PTH affects other organ systems, promoting proper
nerve and muscle function and bone structure.
Slide
23 of 50
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Parathyroid Gland
Parathyroid Glands
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Slide
24 of 50
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Adrenal Glands
Adrenal Glands
What is the function of the adrenal glands?
Slide
25 of 50
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Adrenal Glands
The adrenal glands are two pyramid-shaped
structures that sit on top of the kidneys, one
gland on each kidney.
The adrenal glands release hormones that
help the body prepare for and deal with
stress.
Slide
26 of 50
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Adrenal Glands
Adrenal gland
Kidney
Slide
27 of 50
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
An adrenal gland has
an outer part called
the adrenal cortex and
an inner part called
the adrenal medulla.
Adrenal Glands
Adrenal
cortex
Adrenal
medulla
Slide
28 of 50
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Adrenal Glands
Adrenal Cortex
The adrenal cortex produces over 24 steroid
hormones.
The hormone aldosterone regulates reabsorption
of sodium ions and the excretion of potassium ions
by the kidneys.
The hormone cortisol controls the rate of
metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
Slide
29 of 50
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Adrenal Glands
Adrenal Medulla
The release of hormones from the adrenal medulla
prepares the body for energy-intense activities.
The two hormones released by the adrenal
medulla are epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Slide
30 of 50
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Adrenal Glands
Epinephrine and norepinephrine:
• increase heart rate, blood pressure, and blood
flow to the muscles.
• cause air passageways to open wider, allowing
for an increased intake of oxygen.
• stimulate the release of extra glucose into the
blood to help produce a sudden burst of energy.
Slide
31 of 50
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Pancreas
Pancreas
What is the function of the pancreas?
Slide
32 of 50
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Pancreas
The pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine
functions.
It is a digestive gland whose secretions break down
food.
It produces insulin and glucagon.
Slide
33 of 50
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Pancreas
Insulin and glucagon help to keep the
level of glucose in the blood stable.
Slide
34 of 50
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Pancreas
Insulin stimulates cells in the liver and muscles to
remove sugar from the blood and store it as glycogen
or fat.
Glucagon stimulates the liver to break down glycogen
and release glucose back into the blood.
Slide
35 of 50
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Pancreas
Maintaining Blood Sugar Levels
When glucose levels rise, the pancreas releases
insulin.
Insulin stimulates cells to take glucose out of the
bloodstream.
Slide
36 of 50
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Pancreas
Glucose taken out of circulation is stored as
glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscles.
In fat tissue, glucose is converted to lipids.
When blood glucose level drops, glucagon is
released from the pancreas.
Slide
37 of 50
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Pancreas
Glucagon stimulates liver cells and skeletal muscles
to break down glycogen and increase glucose levels.
It causes fat cells to break down fats for production of
carbohydrates.
This makes more chemical energy available and
helps raise the blood glucose level back to normal.
Slide
38 of 50
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Pancreas
Diabetes Mellitus
When the pancreas fails to produce or properly
use insulin, diabetes mellitus occurs.
Slide
39 of 50
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Reproductive Glands
Reproductive Glands
What are the functions of the reproductive
glands?
Slide
40 of 50
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Reproductive Glands
The gonads are the body’s reproductive
glands.
The gonads serve two important
functions: the production of gametes,
and the secretion of sex hormones.
Slide
41 of 50
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Reproductive Glands
The female gonads—the ovaries—produce eggs.
The male gonads—the testes—produce sperm.
The gonads also produce sex hormones.
Slide
42 of 50
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Reproductive Glands
The ovaries produce the female sex hormones
estrogen and progesterone.
Progesterone prepares the uterus for the arrival of a
developing embryo.
Estrogen is needed for the development of eggs and
for the formation of physical characteristics of the
female body.
Slide
43 of 50
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Reproductive Glands
The testes produce testosterone, which is needed for
normal sperm production and development of male
physical characteristics.
Slide
44 of 50
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
39-2
Click to Launch:
Continue to:
- or -
Slide
45 of 50
End Show
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
39-2
Diabetes mellitus is a disease that results when
the pancreas fails to produce or properly use
a. glucose.
b. insulin.
c. glucagon.
d. carbohydrate.
Slide
46 of 50
End Show
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
39-2
Metabolism is regulated by
a. thyroxine.
b. parathyroid hormone.
c. epinephrine.
d. estrogen.
Slide
47 of 50
End Show
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
39-2
The gonads are the body's
a. target cells.
b. exocrine glands.
c. reproductive glands.
d. reproductive cells.
Slide
48 of 50
End Show
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
39-2
The endocrine glands responsible for
maintaining homeostasis of calcium in the blood
are the
a. thyroid and parathyroid glands.
b. adrenal and pituitary glands.
c. hypothalamus and thyroid glands.
d. gonads.
Slide
49 of 50
End Show
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
39-2
Epinephrine is a hormone produced by the
adrenal medulla and is responsible for
a. the “fight or flight” response to stress.
b. controlling the level of insulin in the blood.
c. maintaining proper levels of sodium and
potassium in the blood.
d. regulating the water content of the body.
Slide
50 of 50
End Show
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
END OF SECTION