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Community Ecology Chapter 46 Presentation #1: Symbioses • October 1 • Choose a partner today • Topic due to me by email Friday, Sept. 13 • 8-‐minute, PowerPoint-‐style presentation • Two primary resources, detailing original research (since ~2000) Presentation #1: Include… • Identity of organisms involved • Type of symbiosis • Details of relationship – who benefits & how, who is harmed and how, etc. • Locality & habitat – where found, geographically and ecologically • What makes your symbiosis cool? • Tarantula wasp, figs & wasps, red-‐billed oxpeckers, mycorhizzae, leaf-‐cutter ants, cellulose-‐eating Methanogens, lichens, zooxanthellae, roundworm, chlamydia, cuckoo bumblebees Resources • Primary – very structured report of scien2fic study, reviewed by anonymous peers prior to publica2on • Secondary – Review of primary literature • Ter/ary– excerpt of primary literature, worded for a broader audience • Opinion – subjec2ve interpreta2on of primary research findings • Most websites, commentaries, editorials Where to Find Primary Resources • Google scholar: • scholar.google.com • Web of Science: • weboCnowledge.com • Be sure to use “and” between your search terms In this chapter… • Community • Symbioses • • • • • Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism Competition Predation • Predator & prey interactions • Succession • Keystone species • Invasive species • Biogeography Community • A group of interacting species sharing an environment Community structure • Describing community structure: • Richness – number of species in the community • Diversity – number of species as well as their distribution • What influences community structure? • Abiotic factors (climate, etc.) • Gradients of topography (mountains, plains, etc.) • Species interactions (direct and indirect) Species interactions • Symbioses – long-‐term interactions between two species (sometimes more) 1. Commensalism 2. Mutualism 3. Competition 4. Predation Table 45-1 p810 Symbioses 1. Commensalism – helps one but doesn’t affect the other • Nesting, epiphytes, cattle egrets Symbioses 2. Mutualism – both species benefit 1. Facultative – helpful but not vital • Ants & aphids 2. Obligatory – must participate in association • Specialist pollinators • Leaf-‐cutter ants & fungi • Coevolution Mutual Protection Aphid movie Azteca movie Yucca movie Parasitism • Parasite – live in or on another organism, from which it gets nutrition. Weaken but not kill. • Lower birth rates • Increase death rates • Affect predation Endoparasites Ectoparasites Botfly movie Strangler Fig Parasitoids • Insects that lay eggs in other animals • Life cycle requires the death of the host • Their larvae develop in the host’s body, feed on its tissues, and eventually kill it Parasitiod wasp Sinalfa Social Parasite • Take advantage of host’s social behavior to complete life cycle • Sexually-‐transmitted parasites • Nest parasites Cuckoo movie