Download Community Ecology

Community
Ecology
Chapter 46 Presentation #1: Symbioses •  October 1 •  Choose a partner today •  Topic due to me by email Friday, Sept. 13 •  8-­‐minute, PowerPoint-­‐style presentation •  Two primary resources, detailing original research (since ~2000) Presentation #1: Include… •  Identity of organisms involved •  Type of symbiosis •  Details of relationship – who benefits & how, who is harmed and how, etc. •  Locality & habitat – where found, geographically and ecologically •  What makes your symbiosis cool? •  Tarantula wasp, figs & wasps, red-­‐billed oxpeckers, mycorhizzae, leaf-­‐cutter ants, cellulose-­‐eating Methanogens, lichens, zooxanthellae, roundworm, chlamydia, cuckoo bumblebees Resources •  Primary – very structured report of scien2fic study, reviewed by anonymous peers prior to publica2on •  Secondary – Review of primary literature •  Ter/ary– excerpt of primary literature, worded for a broader audience •  Opinion – subjec2ve interpreta2on of primary research findings •  Most websites, commentaries, editorials Where to Find Primary Resources •  Google scholar: •  scholar.google.com •  Web of Science: •  weboCnowledge.com •  Be sure to use “and” between your search terms In this chapter… •  Community •  Symbioses • 
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Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism Competition Predation •  Predator & prey interactions •  Succession •  Keystone species •  Invasive species •  Biogeography Community •  A group of interacting species sharing an environment Community structure •  Describing community structure: •  Richness – number of species in the community •  Diversity – number of species as well as their distribution •  What influences community structure? •  Abiotic factors (climate, etc.) •  Gradients of topography (mountains, plains, etc.) •  Species interactions (direct and indirect) Species interactions •  Symbioses – long-­‐term interactions between two species (sometimes more) 1.  Commensalism 2.  Mutualism 3.  Competition 4.  Predation Table 45-1 p810
Symbioses 1.  Commensalism – helps one but doesn’t affect the other •  Nesting, epiphytes, cattle egrets Symbioses 2.  Mutualism – both species benefit 1.  Facultative – helpful but not vital •  Ants & aphids 2.  Obligatory – must participate in association •  Specialist pollinators •  Leaf-­‐cutter ants & fungi •  Coevolution Mutual Protection
Aphid movie
Azteca movie
Yucca movie
Parasitism •  Parasite – live in or on another organism, from which it gets nutrition. Weaken but not kill. •  Lower birth rates •  Increase death rates •  Affect predation Endoparasites
Ectoparasites
Botfly movie
Strangler Fig
Parasitoids •  Insects that lay eggs in other animals •  Life cycle requires the death of the host •  Their larvae develop in the host’s body, feed on its tissues, and eventually kill it Parasitiod wasp
Sinalfa Social Parasite •  Take advantage of host’s social behavior to complete life cycle •  Sexually-­‐transmitted parasites •  Nest parasites Cuckoo movie