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Test Topics for Unit 2 Oceans: Lesson 1: Earth’s Oceans and Ocean Floor o Essential Question: What lies within and beneath Earth’s oceans? o Key Topics Be able to describe properties and physical features of Earth’s oceans. Earth’s Oceans o Earth’s Called water planet o ~70% of Earth covered by water 97% of water is salt water Pacific contains 50% of Ocean water Atlantic Ocean 2nd largest Indian Ocean 3rd largest Southern Ocean (only recognized by some scientific organizations) Arctic Ocean smallest (covered in ice most of the year) Salinity and Temperature o Why does salinity and temperature in the ocean vary? o Key factor between ocean water and fresh water is salinity Ocean water salinity is 3.5% or 35 g of salt per kilogram of ocean water. Salinity can vary slightly from place to place because of (know how): Water cycle Climate variations o Surface Temperature is affected by latitude (why?) o Know the three temperature layers and their temperature ranges. Density o How does temperature and salinity affect the density of ocean water? o Pure water has a density of 1.0g/cm3 o Ocean water has a density between 1.020g/cm3 – 1.029g/cm3. o Ocean water becomes denser when its temperature does what? o How can density differences create some ocean currents? Studying the Ocean Floor and Its Features o What tools are used to study the ocean floor, features of the ocean floor, and their formation? o Used to study ocean floor (know purpose of each): Sonar Satellites Underwater vessels Deep-sea drilling and dredging o Ocean floor two main parts Continental margin (Three main parts are) . . . Deep-ocean basin Abyssal plains o Flattest places on Earth Areas formed by tectonic plates Features that rise from the ocean floor (what are they and how do they form): Mid-ocean ridges Volcanoes Seamounts o Vocabulary Salinity Thermocline Continental margin Deep-ocean basin Mid-ocean ridge Ocean trench Lesson 2: Ocean Waves o Essential Question: How does an ocean wave form and move? o Key Topics: Be able to describe the characteristics of ocean waves and what happens as they move through the ocean. Properties of Ocean Waves Ocean waves are energy traveling along the boundary between ocean water and the atmosphere Ocean waves have the same basic shape and parts of any other mechanical wave Crest Trough Wave length Amplitude Direction of the wave Be able to describe wave periods and calculate wave speed. Wave period o The number of waves produced in a given amount of time. o Measured by number of waves that pass a given point in a certain amount of time. Wave speed (v) = wavelength () x wave period ( ) Ocean Wave Formation o Most ocean waves derive their energy and motion from the wind o Three factors that depend on three factors: The wind speed The length of time the wind has blown The fetch o The distance that wind can blow across open water As the amount of energy transferred from the wind to the water increases, the height (amplitude) and steepness of the waves increase as well. Ocean Wave Movement o Do ocean waves transport energy or water? o When the wind blows over the water it creates kinetic energy from molecules of air to molecules of water. Waves to not transport water. It just appears that way. Water travels in a fixed circle. (look in the book about this phenomenon) Waves at the Shore o What happens when an ocean wave reaches shore? Waves approach the shore the water is shallower The wave touches the bottom and this slows down the speed of the wave. Further out to sea the waves are slightly faster and catch up to the waves in front of them making the wavelength shorter. As the speed and length lessen the wave grows taller (amplitude increases) When the wave can no longer support itself and it breaks Causing water to move onto the shore and transfer its energy o Tsunamis can be caused by large amounts of water displaced by earthquake, landslide, volcanic eruption, or comet/meteorite strike. Vocabulary Wave Trough Mechanical wave Ocean wave Wavelength Tsunami Crest Wave period Lesson 3: Ocean Currents o Essential Questions: How does water move in the ocean? o Key Topics: Be able to describe the movement of ocean water, explain what factors influence this movement, and explain why ocean circulation is important in Earth’s system Surface currents in the Ocean o Surface currents are stream-like movements of water at or near the ocean’s surface Deep Currents in the Ocean o Currents that occur deep in the ocean are caused by differences in water density o Upwelling o Occurs when dense, cold water rised and brings nutrients to the ocean’s surface. Ocean Circulation o As ocean currents travel, they move energy and matter. o Ocean’s Surface Absorbs energy from the sun which warms water. Carry this energy from the equator to the poles o Ocean dissolves different kinds of matter and move them examples: Sodium chloride Gases Oxygen Nitrogen Carbon dioxide Others Animals Plants Vocabulary Ocean current Deep current Surface current Convection current Coriolis effect Upwelling