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Connective Tissue A General Characteristics: • Most abundant and widely spread tissue. • Main function Supports, protection, joins, stores energy, produces blood cells, and protects against infections • Cells scattered in a matrix. (intercellular material) • Types of cells: Fibroblasts secrete proein fibers such as collagen, elastin. Mast cells produce heperin (anticollagulate) and histamines. Macrophages "wondering" cells that scavenger foreign substances. (white blood cells) • Types of matrices: Fluid matrix like that found in blood. Semiliquid called a sol( like raw egg whites) mucus. Semisolid called a gel (cooked egg whites) ex. cartilage. Solid ex. bone. • Connective tissues are classified based on their matrix. • Highly vascular tissue, rich supply of blood vessels nourishing the tissue. Exception is cartilage which has a limited blood supply. B Types of connective tissue: • Areolar or Loose Connective tissue: • Adipose • Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue • Cartilage • Osseous or Bone • Circulating or Blood Title: Dec 149:27 AM (1 of 6) 1 Areolar or Loose Connective tissue • Cells that are widely scattered. Major cell type is the fibroblast secrete protein fibers. • Collegen and elastin. Collegen is a thick, flexible protein that gives support. Elastin is a thin protein that is elastic. • Located around many organs. Under the skin. Around large blood vessels. • Function: strengthen, support, elasticity. Adipose or Fat • Large cells called adipocytes characterized by having large fat filled vacuoles that push the rest of the cell to the membrane. • Location: Along with areolar tissue, under the skin, around organs such as the kidneys, heart, abdominal membanes, bone marrow, joints, behind the eyes. • Functions: reserve of energy, cushioning, support, insulation • In general males have about 1520% females 2530% Title: Jan 88:53 AM (2 of 6) Liquids or Circulating Blood and lymph • Cells Red blood cells aka erythrocytes, White Blood cells AKA leukocytes, platelets aka. thrombocytes • Liquid matrix AKA plasma. • Found in blood vessels and lymph vessels. • Function: Transport of food, waste, oxygen etc. part of the immune system fight germs ctc. Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue • Closely packed collegen fibers, usually silvery white in color. • Location: ligaments, tendons, covering large muscles • Function; PROVIDES STRENGTH AND FLEXIBILITY Cartilage • Provides firm yet flexible support, maintains shape of structures. Forms the embryonic framework of the skeleton. (Ossification process by which cartilage is replaced by bone) • Consists of chondrocytes found in lacunae that are embedded in a gel material. Some cartilage may also have fibers of elastin or collagen. • In adults cartilage is found in external ears, tip of the nose, end of bones, between ribs and sternum, larynx • ��������������������������������� Title: Jan 89:27 AM (3 of 6) Bone or Osseous Tissue • Osteocytes (bone cells), matrix of inorganic salts and collagen (hard and ridgid) • Osteon: Series of concentric rings and canals forming the basic unit of compact bone • Bone tissue is highly vascular • Functions in support, protection, blood formation, and attachment points for muscles (movement) • Found making up the bones of the skeleton Title: Jan 811:03 AM (4 of 6) Muscle Tissue A General Characteristics: 1 Contractile tissue: Shortens on response to a nerve stimulus 2 Responsible for movement 3 Highly specialized cells that are long fibers 4 Three types of muscle tissue which are differentiated based on 3 characteristics • microscopic appearance : striated or smooth) • origin of nerve impulse : voluntary or involuntary • location: skeletal, visceral, cardiac B Muscle types 1 Skeletal, voluntary, striated • Muscles which are attached to bones, when contracted they pull on bones causing movement of body parts. • Voluntary conscious control of contractions • Striated • Multinucleated 2 Smooth, involuntary, visceral • Found in the walls of the digestive organs, walls of large blood vessels, uterus etc. • Involuntary: not under conscious control. Impulses originate from the brain stem (medulla) • Contracts in a rhythmic manner sets up wavelike contractions (peristalsis) which are stronger and of longer duration (labor) • Microscopic appearance: single spindlelike cells, no striations, single nucleus 3 Cardiac, involuntary, striated muscle Found only in the walls of the heart Unconscious control: primary control is the autonomic system, but can contract without a nerve impulse. Contracts in a rhythmic manner. Long branched fibers, striated, cells are separated by intercalated discs. Title: Jan 811:07 AM (5 of 6) Nerve Tissue • Highly complex tissue. Cells are adapteed for relating the individual to its environment. (irratibility) • Two basic types of cells • Neuron: capable of three functions: 1 sensese change (sensory) 2 motor functions response 3 associative interpret information • Neuron is the only cell capable of transmitting a nerve impulse • Neuron has three parts: cell body, one axon, and dendrites. Axons and dendrites are extensions of the cell. • Neurons highly specialized and have lost the ability to reproduce. • Neuroglia (glia) support and protect neurons. Do not transmit impulses. There are 10x more neuroglia cells than neurons. Do reproduce and these are the sites of nerve cancers. Title: Jan 89:42 AM (6 of 6)
