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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Read the following scenario to answer the following question(s).
Over the past 60 years, many amphibian species have experienced significant population declines and some species have
become extinct. Scientists suspected that local human activities such as the destruction of wetlands, regional pollution,
and deforestation were the main reasons for these losses. However, research over the past 20 years reveals significant
amphibian population declines in protected areas of the world, such as nature preserves and parks. These global declines
suggest widespread problems including increased ultraviolet radiation, acid rain, and disease. In Switzerland, for
example, 14 of the 20 native amphibian species are threatened with extinction.
1) Some biologists urge the collection of the few remaining individuals of some of the most
threatened amphibian species, to preserve them if they become extinct in the wild. If such
captive breeding programs could produce thousands of individuals from just a few of the
remaining survivors, the species will still be threatened because of ______.
A) natural selection
B) a bottleneck effect
C) the founder effect
D) artificial selection
E) mutations
1)
2) Examine the two animals in the photographs in the following figure. Use all of the clues in this
figure. These two organisms belong to ______.
2)
A) the same genus
B) the same species
C) different families
D) different orders
E) different phyla
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Read the following scenario to answer the following question(s).
In some zoos, rare crosses between a male lion and a female tiger have produced hybrid offspring called ligers. Male
ligers are sterile but some female ligers are fertile. In the wild, lion and tiger ranges do not naturally overlap, making such
a cross unlikely. Furthermore, the solitary behavior of tigers and the social organizations of lions create behavioral
differences.
3) The natural differences in the ranges of wild tigers and lions is an example of ______.
A) the bottleneck effect
B) a post-zygotic barrier
C) a pre-zygotic barrier
D) sympatric speciation
E) the impact of mutations
3)
Read the following scenario to answer the following question(s).
Birds are a widespread group of animals, with approximately 10,000 different species found throughout the world today.
Because they are relatively easy to find and so visually appealing, they have been studied more thoroughly than many
other groups of animals. They are also valuable biological indicators, because many species live in different habitats
during different times of the year and cover long migration routes. According to the World Conservation Union,
extinction threatens over 1,200 bird species today and at least 179 are critically endangered. Some of the most endangered
species include the Tahiti monarch, with only 10 pairs remaining, and the Bali starling, with only 12 wild individuals left.
In Hawaii, the last captive po’ouli died in 2005 and the last two known to be alive in the wild have not been seen in many
months. Common birds are also disappearing. In North America, red-winged blackbird populations declined by at least 1
percent each year between 1980 and 1999. These examples can serve as a warning. Habitat destruction, degradation, and
fragmentation is the most serious problem and affects 86% of threatened birds. Unsustainable forestry and intensifying
agriculture exacerbate this problem of habitat loss. All of this shows that conservation of habitats is critical if many of the
world’s bird species are going to be saved from extinction in the near future.
4) What is a feature of birds that makes them valuable as biological indicators?
A) Birdwatching is a popular hobby.
B) Many migrate long distances.
C) Many are brightly colored.
D) Many sing beautiful songs.
E) There are over 10,000 different species of birds.
4)
5) Natural selection can be defined as ______.
A) the production of more offspring than can survive in a given environment
B) the accumulation of random mutations
C) the relationships among all organisms
D) a process in which organisms with certain inherited traits are more likely to survive and
reproduce than other individuals
E) changes in gene frequencies attributable to chance
5)
6) Natural selection ______.
A) prepares organisms for future changes in the environment
B) does not affect allelic frequencies
C) is the result of sampling error
D) is a very rare phenomenon
E) results in evolutionary adaptation
6)
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7) The first basic idea of evolutionary adaptation can be traced back to _____.
A) Darwin
B) ancient Greeks about 2,500 years ago
C) Aristotle
D) Lamarck
E) Buffon
7)
8) Which of the following statements about the voyage of the Beagle ______ is true?
A) It lasted almost two years
B) Its purpose was to identify the fastest route from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean.
C) It ended sadly with the sinking of the ship off of the coast of Australia, almost four years
into its journey
D) It turned into a tremendous opportunity for Darwin to collect fossils, plants, and animals
E) none of the above
8)
9) During his trip on the Beagle, Darwin found that ______.
A) plants and animals living on a continent seemed more closely related to each other than to
plants and animals living in similar regions on other continents
B) fossils found on a particular continent were clearly not related to the plants and animals
living on that continent today
C) plants and animals were similar on every continent and in every type of region
D) plants and animals living in temperate regions were most similar to each other, regardless
of the continent on which they were found
E) none of the above
9)
10) While on the Beagle, Darwin was influenced by a book by Charles Lyell that suggested that
Earth was ______ and sculpted by geologic processes that ______ today.
A) young . . . continue
B) old . . . continue
C) young . . . no longer occur
D) old . . . no longer occur
E) none of the above
10)
11) What did Darwin find in South America that suggested that the Andes mountains had been
gradually lifted up over millions of years?
A) bird fossils at the top of mountains in Argentina
B) sea snail fossils high up in the Andes mountains
C) impressions of ocean waves at the top of a mountain
D) dinosaur bones in the Amazon basin
E) none of the above
11)
12) In The Origin of Species, Darwin argued that the mechanism of descent with modification was
_____.
A) inheritance of acquired characteristics
B) uniformitarianism
C) natural selection
D) artificial selection
E) none of the above
12)
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13) Which of the following is a component of the fossil record?
A) bones of extinct whales
B) the similarity of the forelimbs of cats and bats
C) the distribution of murid rodents in Australia and Asia
D) the similarity of the forelimbs of sharks and penguins
E) molecular sequences
13)
14) Your family is taking a long driving vacation across the midwestern and western United States.
As you travel, you notice that the flowers, birds, and trees of the Midwest and the Rocky
Mountains are very different. As you ponder why, you remember that such differences in the
distribution of species are part of the field of ______.
A) anthropology
B) biogeography
C) geology
D) paleontology
E) morphology
14)
15) Homology is evidence of ______.
A) diversifying selection
B) genetic drift
C) convergent evolution
D) common ancestry
E) directional selection
15)
16) Which of the following are homologous?
A) the mouth of a mosquito and the beak of a hummingbird
B) the forelimb of a dog and the hindlimb of a cat
C) wings of a butterfly and wings of a sparrow
D) the wings of a dragonfly and the wings of a hawk
E) the forelimb of a dog and the forelimb of a cat
16)
17) The similarity of the embryos of fish, frogs, birds, and humans is evidence of ______.
A) genetic drift
B) common ancestry
C) diversifying selection
D) analogy
E) convergent evolution
17)
18) Natural selection results in ______.
A) offspring better adapted to a future environment
B) an increase in the size of a population
C) offspring adapted to their current environment
D) increased genetic variation
E) a decrease in the size of a population
18)
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19) Which of the following is not a requirement of natural selection?
A) inheritance
B) differential reproductive success
C) overproduction of offspring
D) catastrophic events
E) genetic variation
19)
20) Which one of the following statements is true?
A) Organisms evolve structures that they need.
B) Natural selection works on non-heritable traits.
C) Natural selection works on variation already present in a population.
D) Individuals evolve through natural selection.
E) None of the statements are true.
20)
21) Research on flat-tailed horned lizards demonstrated that natural selection favored lizards that
______.
A) buried themselves the quickest when startled
B) searched for ants hidden under logs
C) had the longest horns on the rear of the skull
D) ran the fastest when exposed to bright sunlight
E) none of the above
21)
22) The original source of genetic variation that serves as the raw material for natural selection is
______.
A) genetic drift
B) random fertilization
C) gene flow
D) mutation
E) sexual recombination
22)
23) Genetic drift is the result of ______.
A) natural selection
B) chance
C) environmental variation
D) differential reproductive success
E) a large gene pool
23)
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24) Examine the relationships between the elephants in the figure below. Which one of the following
pairs is most closely related?
A) Loxodonta cyclotis and Elephas maximus
B) Loxodonta africana and Loxodonta cyclotis
C) Deinotherium and Platybelodon
D) Mammut and Stegodon
E) Barytherium and Stegodon
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24)
25) Examine the evolutionary tree below. This tree tells us that the amnion is found in ______.
A) mammals, lizards, snakes, crocodiles, and birds
B) lungfishes and amphibians
C) amphibians only
D) birds only
E) mammals, lizards, and snakes only
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25)
26) The figure below shows the percent of selected DNA sequences that match between a
chimpanzee and other primates. This data support the hypothesis that the chimpanzee's closest
living relative is ______.
A) gibbons
B) orangutans
C) gorillas
D) Old World monkeys
E) humans
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26)
27) The figure below shows what happens in insect populations when crops are sprayed with
insecticides. This is an example of ______.
A) founder effect
B) genetic drift
C) gene flow
D) natural selection
E) none of the above
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27)
28) Which one of the following will prevent significant genetic drift?
A) There is mutation.
B) Variation in a particular trait is heritable.
C) There is genetic variation.
D) The population size is large.
E) Gene flow is absent.
28)
29) After surviving a bottleneck, a population recovers to the point where it consists of as many
individuals as it did prior to the bottleneck. Which of the following statements is most likely to
apply to this population?
A) The postbottleneck population has the same probability of going extinct as did the
prebottleneck population.
B) The bottleneck subjected the population to stabilizing selection.
C) The postbottleneck population exhibits less genetic variation than the prebottleneck
population.
D) The postbottleneck population has less of a chance of going extinct than did the
prebottleneck population.
E) The postbottleneck population exhibits more genetic variation than the prebottleneck
population.
29)
30) The founder effect differs from a population bottleneck in that the founder effect ______.
A) is a type of natural selection
B) requires a small population
C) can only occur on an oceanic island colony
D) affects an entire population
E) involves the isolation of a small colony of individuals from a larger population
30)
31) Which of the following is the most likely explanation for a particular human population with a
higher incidence of polydactyly (extra fingers/toes) than the human population as a whole?
A) diversifying selection
B) directional selection
C) founder effect
D) bottleneck effect
E) stabilizing selection
31)
32) Gene flow is accomplished by ______.
A) mutation
B) migration
C) genetic drift
D) sexual recombination
E) natural selection
32)
33) What does Darwinian fitness measure?
A) longevity
B) physical strength
C) population size
D) physical health
E) reproductive success
33)
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34) Which of the following is an example of directional selection?
A) There is an increase in antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria.
B) There is an increase in the number of different breeds of dog.
C) Garter snakes with different coloration patterns behave differently when threatened.
D) The birth weight at which newborn humans are most likely to survive and the average
weight of newborn humans are about the same.
E) A catastrophe wipes out nearly 99% of a population.
34)
35) Which of the following is an example of disruptive selection?
A) There is an increase in the number of different breeds of dog.
B) A catastrophe wipes out nearly 99% of a population.
C) Garter snakes with different coloration patterns behave differently when threatened.
D) There is an increase in antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria.
E) The birth weight at which newborn humans are most likely to survive and the average
weight of newborn humans are about the same.
35)
36) Which of the following is most likely to decrease genetic variation?
A) mutation
B) stabilizing selection
C) diversifying selection
D) sexual recombination
E) directional selection
36)
37) Which of the following is an example of stabilizing selection?
A) A catastrophe wipes out nearly 99% of a population.
B) The birth weight at which newborn humans are most likely to survive and the average
weight of newborn humans are about the same.
C) There is an increase in the number of different breeds of dog.
D) Garter snakes with different coloration patterns behave differently when threatened.
E) There is an increase in antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria.
37)
38) Which of the following is an example of sexual selection?
A) Butterflies migrate from one population to a different population.
B) Cheetahs experienced a population bottleneck.
C) Peahens choose to mate with peacocks that have the most beautiful tails.
D) Sexual recombination occurs during meiosis.
E) Bacteria evolve resistance to antibiotics.
38)
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Read the following scenario to answer the following question(s).
In some zoos, rare crosses between a male lion and a female tiger have produced hybrid offspring called ligers. Male
ligers are sterile but some female ligers are fertile. In the wild, lion and tiger ranges do not naturally overlap, making such
a cross unlikely. Furthermore, the solitary behavior of tigers and the social organizations of lions create behavioral
differences.
39) Applying the biological species concept, the production of ligers reveals that ______.
A) lions are probably a subspecies of tigers
B) a new species called ligers is forming
C) tigers and lions are actually the same species
D) tigers and lions are separate species
E) lions and tigers do not share any common ancestors
39)
40) The natural differences in the ranges of wild tigers and lions is an example of ______.
A) the impact of mutations
B) a post-zygotic barrier
C) a pre-zygotic barrier
D) the bottleneck effect
E) sympatric speciation
40)
41) The production of sterile male ligers is an example of ______.
A) a pre-zygotic barrier
B) sympatric speciation
C) a post-zygotic barrier
D) neutral evolution
E) the founder effect
41)
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42) Examine the evolutionary relationships represented in the following figure. Based upon this
diagram, the two most closely related species are ______.
A) the domestic dog and the domestic cat
B) the European otter and the wolf
C) the domestic cat and the striped skunk
D) the domestic cat and the European otter
E) the domestic dog and the wolf
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42)
43) Examine the figure below. Cladistic analysis indicates that crocodiles are more closely related to
______ than to ______.
43)
A) birds . . . lizards
B) birds . . . alligators
C) turtles . . . birds
D) lizards . . . birds
E) snakes . . . birds
Read the following scenario to answer the following question(s).
Over the past 60 years, many amphibian species have experienced significant population declines and some species have
become extinct. Scientists suspected that local human activities such as the destruction of wetlands, regional pollution,
and deforestation were the main reasons for these losses. However, research over the past 20 years reveals significant
amphibian population declines in protected areas of the world, such as nature preserves and parks. These global declines
suggest widespread problems including increased ultraviolet radiation, acid rain, and disease. In Switzerland, for
example, 14 of the 20 native amphibian species are threatened with extinction.
44) When most populations of a wide-ranging amphibian species are lost and the few remaining
populations are widely separated, we expect to see that ______.
A) mutations become less important in the evolution of the species
B) gene flow between populations is reduced
C) microevolution no longer occurs
D) artificial selection becomes a greater factor in microevolution
E) the founder effect becomes increasingly important
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44)
45) Chytridiomycosis is a fungal disease first identified in 1998 as a cause of massive amphibian
deaths. In some severely impacted populations, a few individuals have survived, perhaps
because of some natural resistance. If these resistant individuals continue to survive and
prosper, new resistant populations might emerge. This would be an example of ______.
A) sexual selection
B) genetic drift
C) artificial selection
D) the founder effect
E) natural selection
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
46)
46)
3 points
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45)
2points
Explain how this information used to develop hypotheses about horse evolution.
Explain what you might expect to find and how that fits with the concepts of
gradualism and or punctuated equilibrium. 5 Points
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ESSAY. Extra Credit 10 Points Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
47) Read
the following article and apply what you learn about Neanderthals to propose experiments or
data you would want to collect to establish the relationship between modern horses and related
organisms and the proposed ancestors of horses.
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