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AP ART HISTORY “THE ETRUSCANS AND ANCIENT ROME” THE ETRUSCANS Before there was Rome, there were the Etruscans, a thriving civilization in Northern and Central Italy. Artistic cultures links the Greeks of the past to Romans of the future. Society’s wealth is based on fertile soil and abundance of metal ore. Culture provides framework city grid plans, the Roman arch, and the perfection of the terra-cotta sculpture Religious beliefs a combination of many cultures; art reflects this trend with tombs, sarcophagi, and temples for Greek gods where statues were placed. THE ROMAN REPUBLIC, 509-27 BCE Romans adopt Greek gods into their state religion Romans divided between the patricians and the plebeians; system of government in this period was an oligarchy. The great admiration for Greek art would result in a consistency of form that would continue throughout the republic. Early portrait sculptures idealized the “worn face of wisdom” Julius Caesar one of the earliest in Rome to realize the political value of art through propaganda Roman temples placed columns into surface and were defined by their interior spaces. THE EARLY EMPIRE, 27 BCE-96 CE Augustus ushers in an era of Roman greatness after the assassination of Julius Caesar. Roman government is based on efficiency; major efforts made to improve the lives of the Roman citizens. Roman art in this period can be categorized in the use of portraiture of private individuals, historical events on public monuments, and the use of artists as tools of propaganda. ROMAN CITIES AND HOMES Romans very engaged with the natural world. Cities were designed for the citizens to be public and social; forum becomes center of city life. Wealthy citizens would have private villas with elaborate gardens, fountains, and artistic decorations that would dominate the interior. The most noteworthy of these interior artistic creations was the wall paintings that often (and obviously) revealed the wishes of the inhabitant. Many of these wall paintings can be judged as large elaborate murals of great artistic value. RY THE FLAVIANS Civil war occurs after suicide of Nero; Vespasian’s eventual victory brings Flavians to power. This era brings to power practical military men who provide peace during their reign of power. In portraiture, there is a return to the celebration of age, although some idealized pieces (especially for women) were created. In architecture, structures are created to celebrate contemporary military victories in the form of arches in public buildings. The most celebrated piece of architecture from this era is the Flavian Amphitheater, where several athletic events took place, often to the death. THE REIGN OF TRAJAN AND HADRIAN System of administrative successors brings prosperity and peace to Rome and the growth of the commission of art. Movement towards make the capital the symbol of the greatness of the Empire. These efforts included the building of forums, basilicas, and public markets. Many of these artistic creations had the dual responsibility of chronicling the contemporary greatness of Rome and providing political propaganda for the government and its leaders. Greatest evidence of adoration for Greek art found during this period. THE LATE EMPIRE Outside pressures and poor leadership lead to period of decline during Severan Dynasty; despite this numerous public monuments are created during the era. The assassination of the last of the Severan rulers leads to fifty years of anarchy; only after a military rule, divided by four rulers, did peace return. During the period of the tetrarchy, art in Rome changed as well. Portraitures were hard, geometrically abstract, and idealized from subject matter to actual creation. CONSTANTINE THE GREAT The rise to power of Constantine mirrors the edict of religious freedom in Rome. Most of the art created during the period retold (and retold) the victories of Constantine. The art from the period focused less on displaying individual emotion and more on a display of authority. This trend would continue to develop in art, as Rome went away from its pagan religious beliefs to the adoption and growth of Christianity.