Download Offensive Against Islam

Church History II Survey
Session #6 – Ch 30
Offensive Against Islam
The Church in the Middle Ages
© 2010, Ed Sherwood, Berachah Bible Institute
Acre (Akko) is located in northern Israel by the Mediterranean Sea, on the northern edge of the Haifa Bay. The old city of Acre with its walls, citadel and green‐
domed mosque is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Crusader Castle of Akko with its Gothic ceilings, long passages and the spectacular Knights’ Halls dates from 1104 AD. 1
© 2010, Ed Sherwood, Berachah Bible Institute
Session 6 – Ch 30 – Offensive Against Islam –
The Crusades
Overview of Session
• p. 292‐293 ‐ Introduction
• p. 293‐296 – The First Crusade
• p. 296‐297 – Later History of the Crusades
• p. 298 – The Spanish Reconquista
• p. 298‐300 – Consequences of the Crusades
“Among the many ideals that captivated the imagination of western
Christendom during the Middle Ages , no other was as dramatic , as
overwhelming, or as contradictory as was the crusader spirit. … . What was
hoped for was to defeat the Muslims who threatened Constantinople, to save
the Byzantine Empire, to reunite the Eastern and Western branches of the
church, to reconquer the Holy Land, and in doing all this, to win heaven.”
Justo Gonzales, TSOC, p. 292
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© 2010, Ed Sherwood, Berachah Bible Institute
Opening Prayer ‐ A Prayer of Richard of Chichester
“Thanks be to Thee, my Lord Jesus Christ, for all the benefits which Thou hast given to me, for all the pains and insults which Thou hast borne for me. O most merciful Redeemer, Chichester Cathedral, 1095AD
friend, and brother, may I
know Thee more clearly, love Richard of Chichester (1197 – 3 April 1253 Thee more dearly, and follow in Dover) who was Bishop of Chichester. His Thee more nearly, day by day. tomb in Chichester Cathedral was a center Amen.”
of pilgrimage which was destroyed in 1538.
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© 2010, Ed Sherwood, Berachah Bible Institute
The Modern Distortion of the Crusades April 31, 2002 cover story by Andrew Curry (re‐published April 7, 2008 Article Extracts
http://www.usnews.com/usnews/culture/articles/020408/archive_020533.htm
“The battle between Saladin and Richard marked the high point of the Crusades, the first major clash between Islam and Western Christendom, which lasted more than three centuries.” • “But ask most Muslims, and they'll tell you all about Saladin and his generosity in the face of Christian aggression and hatred. And they'll be right.”
• "The impact of the Crusades created a historical memory which is with us today‐‐the memory of a long European onslaught," says Akbar Ahmed, chair of Islamic studies at American University in Washington, D.C. • “When Osama bin Laden declared his own jihad in 1998, he accused America of ‘[spearheading] the crusade against the Islamic nation’. And in a tape released to his followers last year, he promised that the world would ‘see again Saladin carrying his sword, the blood of unbelievers dripping from it’."
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© 2010, Ed Sherwood, Berachah Bible Institute
A Common, Christian Pacifist View of the Crusades
“If there is one lesson in this course that I would like to leave out it would be this one. I would at least like to leave out the first part of this lesson, because it is embarrassing. It is hurtful for me to have to talk about the crusades. There is not much good that I can say about that event in church history. It is part of the record, however, and it is something we need to know about. These things took place in the name of the Lord. Perhaps they were not done by true Christians, but they were done in the name of the Lord, with the sign of the cross. The crusades were a disastrous period. People went forth into battle not realizing that Jesus Christ is the Prince of Peace and not the leader of a battle. There are times when we encounter something like this in church history and our only response can be to study and to forgive.” David C. Calhoun, Covenant Theological Seminary, Saint Louis, Missouri
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© 2010, Ed Sherwood, Berachah Bible Institute
The Crusades Were Defensive in Nature
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635 AD – Muslims conquer Gaza in and made Damascus capital of the Caliphs?
637 AD – Muslims conquer Jerusalem
639 AD – Muslims first attack Armenia (and conquer in 694 AD) 641 AD – Muslims destroy library of Alexandria
641 AD – Muslims conquer Persian Empire Islam replaces religion of Zoroaster
643 AD – Muslims conquer Tripoli (Libya)
649 AD – Muslims conquer Cyprus in 649?
670 AD – Muslims attack North Africa and destroy churches
697 AD – Muslims destroy Carthage (Tunis) 671 AD – Muslims siege Constantinople
674 AD – Muslims reach the Indus River (Pakistan)
670 AD – Muslims conquer Algiers (Algeria)
700 AD – Muslims compete destruction of Christendom in North Africa?
711 AD – Muslims conquer most of Spain
716 AD – Muslims conquer Lisbon
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720 AD – Muslims establish foothold in France at Narbonne
732 AD – Charles Martel’s victory over Muslims at Tours (or Poitiers) halts Muslim advance into Europe
778 AD – Charlemagne returns from campaign against Muslim Saracens when his rearguard was ambushed and decimated by the Basques, in a massacre memorialized forever in the Chanson de Roland?
826‐827 AD – Muslims conquer Crete, plunder Greek Isles, take Sicily and Sardinia
838 AD – Muslims conquer Marseille and settle in Southern Italy?
846 AD – Muslims make direct attack on Rome and papal seat
869 AD – Muslims conquer Malta
904 AD – Muslims destroy Greek city of Salonika
994 AD – Muslims destroy Monastery of Monte Cassino
1004 AD – Muslims sack Pisa (Italy)
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The Spread of Islam
http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/262/268312/art/figures/KISH_07_156.gif
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Routes of the Crusades
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Routes of the Crusades – First to Fourth
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Crusader Fortress City of Acre
Chief Port City for Crusades Acre
Israel
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Over 50 crusader forts are still extant Shobak Jordan, 1115 by Baldwin I of Jerusalem
Crusader Stronghold in the County of Tripoli, Syria, 1250
Castle of the Knights, Homs, Syria, 1031
Chateau de Beaufort or Belfort in Southern Lebanon, 1139
Mamure, the old Crusader castle Anamur Turkey
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© 2010, Ed Sherwood, Berachah Bible Institute
The First Crusade- p. 293-296
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Causes of the Crusade (p. 293):
‰ Christians hold the “holy sites” in the east in high
esteem, pilgrimages there act of highest devotion
‰ Decline of Carolingian Empire (Charlemagne)
‰ Declining power of Byzantine Empire and threat to
Constantinople by Seljuk Turks
‰ 1093 AD - Pope Urban 11 proclaims first crusade
‰ Indulgences to those who fought
Medieval Image of “Peter the Hermit”
‰ Crop failure, disease rampant
‰ Unrestrained zeal, ambition “Peter the Hermit”
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Results of First Crusade (p. 293- 296)
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Began 1095, reached Constantinople, retook Nicea, the
Turk capital city, p.293
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Thousands of Jews murdered, p.293
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Captured Antioch, defeated Turkish army, massacred
women, p. 295, 295
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Captured Jerusalem, July 1099, bloodbath followed,
including atrocities against women and children
Medieval painting of siege of Antioch
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© 2010, Ed Sherwood, Berachah Bible Institute
Bishop Urban II’s Letter Supporting the First Crusade Urban, bishop, servant of the servants of God, to all the faithful, both princes and subjects, waiting in Flanders; greeting, apostolic grace, and blessing. Your brotherhood, we believe, has long since learned from many accounts that a barbaric fury has deplorably afflicted an laid waste the churches of God in the regions of the Orient. More than this, blasphemous to say, it has even grasped in intolerable servitude its churches and the Holy City of Christ, glorified by His passion and resurrection. Grieving with pious concern at this calamity, we visited the regions of Gaul and devoted ourselves largely to urging the princes of the land and their subjects to free the churches of the East. We solemnly enjoined upon them at the council of Auvergne (the accomplishment of) such an undertaking, as a preparation for the remission of all their sins. And we have constituted our most beloved son, Adhemar, Bishop of Puy, leader of this expedition and undertaking in our stead, so that those who, perchance, may wish to undertake this journey should comply With his commands, as if they were our own, and submit fully to his loosings or bindings, as far as shall seem to belong to such an office. If, moreover, there are any of your people whom God has inspired to this vow, let them know.
By the time his speech ended, the captivated audience began shouting "Deus le volt! ‐ God wills it!" The expression became the battle‐cry of the 13
crusades.
© 2010, Ed Sherwood, Berachah Bible Institute
Later History of the Crusades, p. 296‐297
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Efforts difficult to sustain, p. 296
Misguided religious fervor and piety, p. 296
Crusading spirit was a constant for several centuries, p. 296
Ebb and flow of victories and defeats led to numerous crusades (see next slide)
THE KNIGHTS HOSPITALLER DEFEND ACRE IN THE HOLY LAND
KNIGHTS TEMPLAR
http://hubpages.com/slide/Holy‐Crusades
KNIGHTS IN BATTLE
http://www.37thtexas.org/image/crusades.jpg
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© 2010, Ed Sherwood, Berachah Bible Institute
DATE
CRUSADE
RESULT
1095‐1099 AD
First Crusade ‐ Defend Byzantine Empire, supported by Pope Urban II (Franks and Italy)
Siege of Antioch successful, reached Jerusalem, June 1099
1147–1149 AD
Second Crusade – Response to Fall of Edessa (Franks and Germans)
Two prong offensive retook Portugal/Spain in west, failed in east.
1187–1192 AD
Third Crusade – Response to Saladin re‐
conquest of Jerusalem, called by Pope Gregory VIII (English, Franks, Germans)
Retook Antioch, unsuccessful siege to Jerusalem ‐ Treaty with Saladin
1202–1204 AD
Fourth Crusade – Initiated by Pope Innocent III, attack on Constantinople (Franks, Italians, Venetians)
Sack of Constantinople, establishment of “Latin Empire” (1204‐1261)
1217–1221 AD
Fifth Crusade ‐ Pope Innocent III’s plan to free the Holy Land (France, Hungary, Germany/Austria), and Dutch
Recapture of Jerusalem, successful attach on Egypt results in 8 year treaty
1228–1229 AD
Sixth Crusade ‐ Frederick II, Emperor of Holy Roman Empire Leads attack on Egypt, via diplomacy gains rule over most of Jerusalem, Muslims retain Dome of the Rock.. Lasts for 10 years. 1248–1254 AD
Seventh Crusade ‐ Louis IX of France organized crusade against Egypt Total failure, Egypt supported by Persia. Louis IX retreats to Acre
1270 AD
Eighth Crusade – Again organized by Louis IX, to aid crusader states in Syria
Diverted to Tunis where Louis IX dies
1271–1272 AD
Ninth Crusade – Led by Edward I of England against Egypt and Syria
Failed, end of crusades to Holy Land/Egypt, 15
slaughter of Christians, loss of all territories. © 2010, Ed Sherwood, Berachah Bible Institute
The Crusader States
BERNARD of CLAIRVAUX PREACHES FOR THE SECOND CRUSADE
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© 2010, Ed Sherwood, Berachah Bible Institute
The Spanish Reconquista, p.296
• 8th cent AD, Muslims destroy ancient Visigoth Kingdom
• “Santiago” = Saint James
• Santiago de Compostela Cathedral said to house the bones of James Son of Zebedee and apostle (can not be proven)
• Pilgrimage site for western Christianity since 9th century (when bones were relocated to the town)
• Pilgrim road from France called “The Way of Saint James” and brings Western Europe and northern Spain into close contact
• “Saint James” became patron saint of the reconquest and becomes known as “Santiago Matamoros” (Saint James the Muslim Slayer”
• 1002 AD ‐ Caliph of Cordova dies
• 1085 AD – Toledo, former capital of Visigoth Kingdom, captured by Kingdom of Castile
• 1242 AD – Only Moorish state is Granada
• 1492 AD – Granada falls to King Ferdinand and Isabella
• Spain and Siciliy ‐ only areas where military campaign was successful
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© 2010, Ed Sherwood, Berachah Bible Institute
Consequences of the Crusades, p. 298‐299
• Lasting enmity and mistrust between Christians and Muslims
• Enhanced the power of the Pope who called for the crusades and appointed their leaders
• Positive Impact on Christian piety, connected Europeans to the historical narratives of the Bible
• Veneration of relics from the Holy Land increased • Monastic ideal took a new direction with the founding of military orders ‐ “monk warriors” • Crusades resulted in greater attention to heresies
• Contact with the great Muslim centers of learning enriched European culture
• Development of cities, trade, and merchant class which would eventually overcome both crown and nobility
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