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DO NOW: How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration related? CELL PROCESSES Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration PHOTOSYNTHESIS • Autotrophic Process: Plants and plant-like organisms make their energy (glucose) from sunlight. • 6 + 6 + sunlight Æ +6 Why is Photosynthesis important? • Makes organic molecules (_________) out of inorganic materials (___________________________). • It begins all food chains/webs. Thus all life is supported by this process. • It also makes _________________!! Photosynthesis-the start to ecological food webs! Photo-synthesis means "putting together with light." Plants use sunlight to turn _______ and carbon dioxide into ________. Glucose is a kind of __________. Plants use glucose as food for energy and as a building block for growing. _____________ make glucose and ____________ are consumers of it. AN OVERVIEW OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS • Photosynthesis is the process by which autotrophic organisms use light energy to make ______ and _________ from __________ and ___________. Carbon dioxide Water Glucose PHOTOSYNTHESIS Oxygen gas Plants make their own food (glucose) by the process of PHOTOSYNTHESIS. What is needed for PHOTOSYNTHESIS? What does PHOTOSYNTHESIS produce (make)? LIGHT ENERGY- GLUCOSE- CARBON DIOXIDE- Glucose used during cellular respiration to make ATP. WATER- OXYGEN- Light Energy Harvested by Plants & Other Photosynthetic Autotrophs WHY ARE PLANTS GREEN? It's not that easy bein' green Having to spend each day the color of the leaves When I think it could be nicer being red or yellow or gold Or something much more colorful like that… Kermit the Frog Electromagnetic Spectrum and Visible Light Gamma rays X-rays Infrared & Microwaves UV Visible light Wavelength (nm) Radio waves WHY ARE PLANTS GREEN? Different wavelengths of visible light are seen by the human eye as different colors. Gamma rays X-rays UV Infrared Visible light Wavelength (nm) Microwaves Radio waves Why are plants green? Transmitted light WHY ARE PLANTS GREEN? Plant Cells have Green __________. Photosynthesis takes place in ____________. CHLOROPLASTS- organelles located mainly in leaves of green plants. Chloroplast PARTS OF CHLOROPLASTS 1. Chloroplasts contain stacked disks called ______________. 2. CHLOROPLASTS contain a green pigment called ___________ which is located in the GRANA. 3. Grana consist of stacks of _______________. 4. ___________ traps the light energy. 5. STROMA- The location and structure of chloroplasts Chloroplast LEAF CROSS SECTION MESOPHYLL CELL LEAF Mesophyll CHLOROPLAST Intermembrane space Outer membrane Granum Grana Stroma Inner membrane Stroma Thylakoid Thylakoid compartment THE COLOR OF LIGHT SEEN IS THE COLOR NOT ABSORBED • Chloroplasts absorb _________ and convert it to _______________. Light Reflected light Transmitted light Chloroplast Absorbed light Chloroplast Pigments • Chloroplasts contain several pigments – Chlorophyll a – Chlorophyll b – Carotenoids Figure 7.7 Different pigments absorb light differently Plants in Action Check it! What is the process that uses the sun’s energy to make simple sugars? DO NOW: • Describe the importance of photosynthesis to life on Earth. • Why will a plant die if you place it in green light only? • http://www.catie.org.uk/images/Plant_Life_R ev01_04.swf • http://www.catie.org.uk/images/Plant_Life_R ev01_04.swf • http://www.cambridgeassessment.org.uk/res earch/innovationassessmentlearning/enigma/ simulations/elodea/elodea.html Plants produce O2 gas by splitting H2O The O2 liberated by photosynthesis is made from the oxygen in water (H+ and e-) • http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flasha nimat/metabolism/photosynthesis.swf DO NOW: • List some factors that might influence the rate of photosynthesis in plants. Factors that affect the Rate of Photosynthesis PHOTOSYNTHESIS plateau CO2 is a substrate in an enyme-catalysed light-dependent reaction. At low CO2 concentration, rate is positively correlated with concentration PHOTOSYNTHESIS plateau At low light intensity, rate of photosynthesis is proportional to light intensity. PHOTOSYNTHESIS Temperature Low = Rate of photosynthesis low Temperature Increases = Rate of photosynthesis increases If temperature too hot, rate drops Optimum temperature Increased temp. gives increased energy and increased rate of photosynthesis Above the optimum temp., enzymes are denatured and rate drops steeply. Rate of photosynthesis • http://www.saddleworth.oldham.sch.uk/scien ce/simulations/waterweed.htm Describe what the number of oxygen bubbles tells us about the rate of photosynthesis. Cellular Respiration PLANTS-Autotrophs • Plants produce glucose and oxygen during _________________. • Glucose and oxygen are used during ______________________ in plants. Humans/Animals-Heterotrophs • We obtain ___________ from the environment. • We use the glucose during _______________________________ . Your system breaks down the starch you eat into monosaccarides – glucose. Your system delivers the glucose to your body cells. Your system helps you take in oxygen from the environment and get rid of carbon dioxide and water. Your system then delivers the oxygen to your body cells. Now your body cells have the molecules necessary to perform . The energy stored in glucose may be released during _________________. This energy is temporarily stored in _____________________. Cellular respiration takes place in the _________________. Two types of cellular respiration: Aerobic Cellular Respiration Molecules required: Where does it take place: What does it produce? → More ATP is produced per glucose molecule during aerobic cellular respiration than during anaerobic cellular respiration. Parts of the Mitochondria Parts of the Mitochondria DO NOW: • Describe how aerobic cellular respiration is different from anaerobic cellular respiration. • Which evolved first? • Which is more efficient? Aerobic respiration: word equation activity Anaerobic Cellular Respiration ( ) • If no __________ is available, cells can obtain energy through the process of anaerobic respiration. • A common anaerobic process is fermentation. • Fermentation is not an efficient process and results in the formation of far __________ molecules than aerobic respiration. There are two primary fermentation processes: 1. 2. Lactic acid Fermentation Lactic acid is produced in the muscles during rapid exercise when the body cannot supply enough oxygen to the tissues—causes burning sensation in muscles glucose + + •The process of lactic acid fermentation replaces the process of aerobic respiration so that the cell can have a continual source of energy, even in the absence of oxygen. •However this shift is only temporary and cells need oxygen for sustained activity. Lactic acid Fermentation Souring Spoilage • Sour cream, cheese, and yogurt are produced by the action of fermenting bacteria. Bacteria convert lactose to lactic acid, which causes milk to change from liquid to solid curd. • Lactic-acid bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus are used in the fermentation process. Spoilage, is when microbes use anaerobic respiration to break down proteins, releasing nitrogen and sulfur-containing organic compounds. Anaerobic respiration of protein often produces foul smelling chemicals such as hydrogen sulfide. Lactic acid Fermentation The pyruvic acid formed during glycolysis is broken down to lactic acid and energy is released (which is used to form ATP). Occurs in_______________. Glucose → → + Alcoholic Fermentation Process used in the baking and brewing industry—yeast produces CO2 gas during fermentation to make dough rise and give bread its holes. glucose + + Fermentation Tube Fermentation is used in food production. – Yogurt - Soy Sauce – Cheese - Vinegar – Bread - Olives/Pickles – Beer/ Meade - Wine/ Ale – Sauerkraut - Malt Anaerobic Cellular Respiration Anaerobic bacteria Salt evaporation ponds in San Francisco Bay; the bright colors are caused by the pigmentation found in proteins of Halococcus. SUMMARY Aerobic Cellular Respiration NET GAIN ATP Anaerobic Cellular RespirationFermentation Equations Aerobic Cellular Respiration Anaerobic respiration Lactic Acid Formation Alcohol Formation Organisms that Perform Process Multiple-choice quiz Relationship between Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis 1. What are the requirements of aerobic cellular respiration? 2. What are the products of aerobic cellular respiration? 3. Describe what happens to the composition of the atmosphere inside a glass box if a rabbit is placed inside and sealed in? The rabbit would not stay in the glass box indefinitely. Relationship between Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis 4. What are the requirements of photosynthesis? 5. What are the products of photosynthesis? 6. Describe what happens to the composition of the atmosphere inside a glass box if a plant is placed inside and sealed in? The plant would not stay in the glass box indefinitely. Relationship between Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis 7. Describe the relationship between cellular respiration and photosynthesis. 8.Why would a few plants and rabbit be able to survive inside a glass box with a light source and a water supply?
