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Transcript
Endocrine System Chapter 9 Overview of Hormones The endocrine and nervous systems often work together to bring about homeostasis. The blood stream transports hormones throughout the body. Overview of Hormones Each hormone acts on a certain type of tissue called its target tissue. Organs, tissues, or cells lacking the specific receptor do not respond to its stimulating effects. Negative Feedback Loop A decrease in function in response to a stimulus The system controls how much product it makes by shutting down manufacturing when levels of output or the amount of accumulated product gets too high Example # 1: the regulation of the blood glucose level in the body Example # 2: regulation of body temperature Negative Feedback Loop Positive Feedback Loop An increase in function in response to a stimulus “A” produces more of “B” which in turn produces more of “A” Only a few positive feedback loops occur in the human endocrine system. Example: the process of birthing a child Positive Feedback Loop Glands Glands Exocrine glands – secretions released into ducts opening onto an epithelial surface Endocrine glands – ductless organs that secrete their molecules directly into the bloodstream Glands Endocrine glands are activated by other hormones Hypothalamus Controls the pituitary gland Receives information from the nervous system Pituitary Location: Inferior to the hypothalamus Known as the master gland I. Anterior Pituitary 1. Growth hormone (GH) General metabolic hormone Major effects are directed to growth of skeletal muscles and long bones I. Anterior Pituitary 2. Prolactin (PRL) Stimulates and maintains milk production following childbirth Function in males is unknown I. Anterior Pituitary 3. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Regulates endocrine activity of the adrenal cortex which makes a hormone called cortisol (helps the body manage stress) I. Anterior Pituitary 4. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Produces the hormone thyroxine Regulates the rate of metabolism I. Anterior Pituitary Gonadotropic hormones – Regulate hormonal activity of the gonads 5. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Stimulates follicle development in ovaries Stimulates sperm development in testes I. Anterior Pituitary Gonadotropic hormones – Regulate hormonal activity of the gonads 6. Luteinizing hormone (LH) Triggers ovulation Prepares uterus for fertilized egg Stimulates testosterone production in males II. Posterior Pituitary 1. Oxytocin Stimulates contractions of the uterus during labor Causes milk ejection II. Posterior Pituitary 2. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Can inhibit urine production In large amounts, causes vasoconstriction leading to increased blood pressure Posterior Pituitary Anterior Pituitary Mnemonic Device for anterior and posterior pituitary gland Anterior pituitary FLAT PIG 1. FSH 2. LH 3. ACTH 4. TSH 5. Prolactin (Ignore) 6. Growth Hormone Posterior pituitary Audio Osmosis = AO 1. ADH 2. Oxytocin Anterior Pituitary Gland Chart Mnemonic Device (Letter) Hormone Targeted Area Produces F L FSH LH Ovaries and Testes Ovaries and Testes Sperm and egg Ovulation and testosterone A T P I G ACTH TSH Prolactin Ignore GH Adrenal Gland Thyroid Breast Muscles and bones Cortisol Thryoxine Milk Growth of muscles and bones Posterior Pituitary Gland Chart Mnemonic Device (Letter) A Hormone Targeted Area ADH Kidneys O Oxytocin Produces Inhibit urine production Uterus and breast Uterine contraction and milk letdown Pineal Location: Between the left and right hemispheres (thalamus region) Hormone: Melatonin Function: maintains the body’s circadian cycle (a daily cycle of activity observed in many living organisms) Thyroid Located in the neck in front of the trachea Thyroid gland releases the hormone thyroxine. Function: regulates the rate of metabolism Parathyroid Location: embedded in back of thyroid gland Hormone: Parathormone Function: Controls the metabolism of calcium Thymus Located posterior to the sternum Helps develop the immune system in infants Helps lymphocytes to mature Adrenal Gland Location: on top of kidney Hormone: Adrenaline Function: Raises blood sugar level and increases heart beat and breathing rates Islets of Langerhans Location: Pancreas Hormones: Insulin Produced by beta cells Function: Stimulates glucose uptake by cells Islets of Langerhans Location: Pancreas Hormone: Glucagon Produced by alpha cells Function: Promote conversion (change of glycogen to glucose) Endocrine System Control Regulation of Blood Sugar Feedback insulin liver stores sugar body cells take up sugar from blood pancreas high liver blood sugar level (90mg/100ml) low triggers hunger liver releases sugar pancreas glucagon reduces appetite Ovary Hormones: estrogen and progesterone Functions: Estrogen helps develop secondary characteristics in females Progesterone prepares the uterus for the fertilized ovum and maintains pregnancy Testes The testes secrete “male sex hormones” called androgens. Testosterone is an androgen that develops the secondary characteristics in men.