Download The Endocrine System This system is made up of glands

The Endocrine System
This system is made up of glands that release chemical messages (__________)
into the bloodstream to be delivered to almost every ______ of the body.
Hormones are released in one part of the body and affect the activities of cells in
_____ parts of the body. Hormones only affect cells that they can bind to by
means of the cell's __________________. These cells are called ____________
for each hormone. The body's reaction to hormones is generally ________, and
the effect is typically _____________________.
_____________________:
Glands are:
1. Types:
A. _________________: release substances through tubes called
_____ directly into the organs that use them; examples include those that
release ________, ________, and _______________________.
B. ______________________: release hormones directly into the
bloodstream. The image above shows the major endocrine glands.
Hormones are classified into two groups:
1. ____________: made of the lipid __________ that easily cross the cell
membrane; they bind with a __________________ (within target cells), enter the
nucleus, and starts the transcription of specific genes to begin protein synthesis.
They can turn on or off whole sets of genes!
2. _____________: cannot pass through the cell membrane; the hormone
binds to a receptor on the cell membrane which activates an enzyme within the
cell. This enzyme activates _________________________ that carry the
message of the hormone within the cell.
________________: all cells other than red blood cells produce small amounts
of hormone-like substances called prostaglandins. They typically only affect
________ cells or tissues; cause contractions of smooth muscles such as _____
___________or _________________.
Human Endocrine Glands:
1) _________ gland: found at the base of the skull; is responsible for nine
hormones that regulate many body functions or the actions of other glands.
Example: produces _________________________ (lack of this hormone causes
_________________; too much causes __________________).
2) ____________________: controls the secretions of the pituitary glands.
Pituitary Gland Hormones
Hormones
Action
______________________
Causes kidneys to reabsorb water
Oxytocin
____________________________________
Follicle-stimulating hormone
(FSH)
____________________________________
________________
Stimulates growth in cells
Prolactin
____________________________________
_____________________
Stimulates melanin production in the skin
3) ______ Gland: located at the base of the neck; major role in regulating
metabolism; cells produce _______ which regulates the ________ rate of almost
every cell in the body, allowing cells to release more heat and energy (low levels
of thyroxine decreases the rate of cellular respiration meaning less heat and
energy may be released).
Abnormal amounts of thyroxine produced:
a) _______________________: too much thyroxine causing
nervousness, elevated body temperature, increased ______________, increased
blood pressure and _____________________.
b) _____________________: too little thyroxine causing low
metabolism, low ____________, low energy and weight gain. May cause goiter.
Thyroxine is composed of tyrosine (amino acid) and _____. Infants
with too little iodine in their diets may develop ________, which results in ______
_____________ or _________________ (skeleton does not develop normally).
4) _____________ glands: four small glands located on the back of the
thyroid gland; they act with the thyroid gland in regulating the ________ levels in
the blood. The hormone they produce is called _________________________
which acts by reabsorbing calcium in the kidneys or by causing the absorption of
calcium from the digestive system.
5)
___________
glands: these are
two triangularshaped glands
that are located on
top of each
__________. They
release hormones
that help the body
prepare for and
deal with
_________.
These glands are
composed of two
layers:
a) _________________: outer layer; 80% of the gland; produces
over two dozen steroid hormones called _______________. Examples of
corticosteroids include:
1) ______________: regulates the absorption of sodium and
potassium by the kidneys.
2) __________l: aids in controlling the rate of metabolism of
proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.
b) ______________: inner layer of the glands; produces hormones
epinephrine (80%) and norepinephrine which direct the body in "flight or fight"
responses to stress. These hormones increase heart rate, blood pressure, blood
flow to muscles, and increase in oxygen uptake.
6) _________: the pancreas is an exocrine gland with regard to digestion.
It also releases hormones into the blood making it an endocrine gland as well.
The clusters of cells within the pancreas that produce these hormones are called
__________________. The islets of Langerhans contain two types of cells, ____
cells that produce _______, and ______ cells that produce __________. Both of
these hormones regulate the level of ______ in the blood. _____ directs organs
to remove ______ from the blood to be stored as glycogen or fat, while _______
directs the liver to break down the glycogen to release sugar back into the blood.
a. ____________: occurs when the pancreas does not produce
or properly use _______, causing glucose to be released in the ________; may
also damage cells such as the coronary artery. There are two types of this
disorder:
1) ________: usually develops before age ___; little or no
insulin secreted; controlled by a strict diet and insulin injections.
2) ________: "adult onset"; typically seen in adults over
age ____; low to normal amounts of insulin are produced but their cells are
unable to respond to it; usually controlled by diet and exercise; often requires
medications and eventually insulin injections.