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A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names PPllaanntt iiddeennttiiffiiccaattiioonn bbyy:: LLooffttyy B Baarrddaayyaall N Naaddjjaam meerrrreekk & & JJeerreem myy R Ruusssseellll--SSm miitthh LLiisstt ccoom mppiilleedd bbyy:: M Muurrrraayy G Gaarrddee,, A Auugguusstt 22000033-- A Apprriill 22000044 D Drraafftt A A PPrreelliim miinnaarryy LLiisstt ooff K Kuunnddeeddjjnnjjeenngghhm mii PPllaanntt N Naam meess © ©M Muurrrraayy G Gaarrddee,, JJeerreem myy R Ruusssseellll--SSm miitthh & & LLooffttyy B Baarrddaayyaall N Naaddjjaam meerrrreekk aanndd N Noorrtthheerrnn LLaanndd C Coouunncciill C a r i n g f o r C o u n t r y Caring for Country PPrrooggrraam m IInnddiiggeennoouuss K Knnoow wlleeddggee R Reeccoorrddiinngg PPrroojjeecctt A Auugguusstt 22000033 K Kaabbuullw waarrnnaam myyoo A Arrnnhheem m LLaanndd PPllaatteeaauu A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 1 A preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names Introduction This list represents the collected names of plants in the Kundedjnjenghmi dialect of the Bininj Kunwok language. Kundedjnjenghmi is a language spoken on the Arnhem Land plateau by Aboriginal people living at Manmoyi, Kamarrkawarn, Marlkawo and Kabulwarnamyo communities. This is the first word list of Kundedjnjenghmi plant names1 and therefore it is a draft. Most of the information here was provided by Lofty Bardayal Nadjamerrek at Kabulwarnamyo during 2002 and 2003. Other consultants included Mary Kalkiwarra and Jack Djandjomerr. Some of the plants of the Arnhem Land plateau are endemic and will therefore not have names in other dialects of Bininj Kunwok. The most closely related dialect of Bininj Kunwok to Kundedjnjenghmi is Gundjeihmi. Both languages are spoken in places with similar geomorphology and flora and so Gundjeihmi dialect equivalents and synonyms frequently appear in the wordlist. Collecting the names of plants is the first step in gaining a better knowledge of the flora of a region. The way Kundedjnjenghmi plant nomenclature operates also tells us something of how people interact with plants. Some rare plants have names which are the same as more common plants of a similar appearance. Some plants were of little or no significance to Aboriginal people and are sometimes labelled ngeyyak ‘having no name’. A grass with no name for example will be called as such kundalk ngeyyak ‘grass with no name’. There are examples of such plants in this list also. Recording plant names in habitats which are extremely floristically rich is always a time consuming and tedious process. It is normal to expect mistakes in identification and this list will serve as a resource for further plant identification and clarification of existing problems. The plant names are in Standard Kunwinjku Orthography. This spelling system is explained below, so that English speakers interested in using the list will be able to correctly pronounce Kundedjnjneghmi words. The Kundedjnjenghmi to English lexicon is followed by a reversal A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 2 finder list based on linnaen/scientific names (very few of the plants of the region have common names). The Kunwinjku and Gun-djeihmi alphabets. Kunwinjku and Gun-djeihmi are sister dialects of the one language. There are a further four dialects which are also mutually intelligible in this dialect chain. There is no collective term which Aboriginal people use for all of these dialects but recently linguists in consultation with a group of Aboriginal people experienced in literacy work have accepted the invented term ‘Bininj Kunwok’ as a collective label for the dialect chain which includes Kunwinjku and Gun-djeihmi. Today Gun-djeihmi is associated with speakers who live in Kakadu National Park whilst Kunwinjku is a language of western Arnhem Land, now focused on Kunbarlanja (Oenpelli). Kunwinjku speakers are the traditional owners of land further to the east of Kunbarlanja but they moved westwards with the setting up of the mission at Kunbarlanja in the 1920s. Earlier, people were drawn westwards into the buffalo shooting camps around the East Alligator River. Kunwinjku has had a spelling system or orthography for almost 30 years. In the late 1980s, the linguist Nicholas Evans was engaged as a consultant to Parks Australia North to work on the Gun-djeihmi language. He originally used the Kunwinjku orthography for Gun-djeihmi as both dialects have exactly the same sound systems. However, some Gun-djeihmi speakers wanted to have a separate identity to Kunwinjku and so a variant orthography was designed for Gundjeihmi which now distinguishes it from Kunwinjku. In most cases the words in both dialects will be pronounced exactly the same but the words will be spelt differently because of the different orthographic rules. When learning a new language it is important to commence by learning the language’s own alphabet (if one exists). It is not appropriate to expect the letters of the English alphabet to always have the same sound values in the alphabet of the language being learned. Although both English and Kunwinjku/Gun-djeihmi use the roman alphabet, there are many sounds in one language which the other does not have and the same letters may represent different sounds in each of the languages. Linguists identify the inventory of individual sounds in a language and call these sounds phonemes. Each phoneme in an ideal alphabet would be consistently represented by the same symbol. Such an orthographic system is called a ‘phonemic alphabet’. 1 Actually, it’s the first list of anything in Kundedjnjenghmi. A dictionary of the language is presently in progress. A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 3 The English alphabet is no longer phonemic because changes in pronunciation over time have not been paralleled by spelling reform. So today in English, we have many different sounds represented by the same spellings: e.g. rough, cough, bough, through There are other inconsistencies which must be learnt such as the voiced and unvoiced values of the letter ‘s’ as in ‘poise’ [z] and ‘sing’ [s] ..... or the same sounds with different spellings. Consider the [ai] sound in the following words all spelt differently: light, site, die, fry, eye And the many silent sounds: knight, pneumonia, wrap, thorough, should etc. The Kunwinjku and Gun-djeihmi alphabets do not have this problem. Every time an orthographic symbol is used in a word, it has the same pronunciation. In other words, the language is written as it sounds. But you have to first learn the sound values of each letter or combinations of letters. A guide to pronunciation The alphabet in Kunwinjku looks like this: a, b, d, dj, rd, e, h, i, k, l, rl, m, n, ng, nj, rn, o, r, rr, u, w, y The Gun-djeihmi alphabet is identical except it includes the letter g. Combinations of vowels (a, e, i, o, u) and semi-vowels (such as w and y), called diphthongs, are different in the two dialects also. Vowels There are five vowels in Kunwinjku/Gun-djeihmi and so there are five symbols: a, e, i, o, u The first thing you should learn about the vowels is that the letter ‘a’ always makes the sound [a] as in about and never as cat, bat, rat, Jabiru etc. The letter ‘u’ always sounds like [u] in the English word put and never as in cup, pup etc. A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names a e i o u as in about as in bet as in tip as in dog as in put page 4 KW/Gdj ngabbard ‘father’ KW/Gdj yiderrehmeng ‘you moved over’ KW/Gdj yibiddi ‘you hand is there’ KW/Gdj bobo ‘goodbye’ KW/Gdj bukbuk ‘pheasant coucal’ English has many more vowel sounds than Kunwinjku and Gun-djeihmi, but only the five vowel letters are used in English which makes it very difficult for people learning English as a second language. In Kunwinjku and Gun-djeihmi, it is more consistent. Diphthongs Some sounds are made by combining vowel sounds with semi-vowels. In Kunwinjku these are written with a vowel followed by a semi-vowel (either w, or y), whereas in Gun-djeihmi they are written with two vowels. The sounds are identical in each dialect, but written differently: Kunwinjku Gun-djeihmi ay ai as in (KW)mayh/ (Gdj) maih ‘animal’ ey ei as in (KW) Kundjeyhmi (Gdj) Gun-djeihmi oy oi as in (KW) doydoy (Gdj) doidoi ‘father-in-law’ uy ui as in (KW) ngun-djuymeng (Gdj) gun-djuimeng ‘he pinched you’ aw au as in (KW) baw! (Gdj) bau! ‘be quiet’ ew eu as in (KW) mandjewk (Gdj) an-djeuk ‘rain’ iw iu as in (KW) kundiw (Gdj) gun-diu ‘liver’ ow ou as in (KW) karri-djowkke (Gdj) garri-djoukke ‘let’s cross (the river)’ Consonants b as in ‘bed’ (note, at the start of a syllable, Kunwinjku/Gun-djeihmi‘b’ will sound like English ‘b’. At the end of a syllable or word, it will sound like English ‘p’. As there is no distinction phonemically between ‘b’ and ‘p’ in Kunwinjku/Gun-djeihmi, there is no need to have the two different letters. Only ‘b’ is necessary. d as in ‘dog’ (note, at the start of a syllable, Kunwinjku/Gun-djeihmi‘d’ will sound like English ‘d’. At the end of a syllable or word, it will sound like English ‘t’. As there is no A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 5 distinction phonemically between ‘d’ and ‘t’ in Kunwinjku/Gun-djeihmi, there is no need to have the two different letters. Only ‘d’ is necessary. g/k Note that the letter ‘g’ exists in the Gun-djeihmi alphabet but not in the Kunwinjku alphabet. Why? There is no phonemic difference between ‘g’ and ‘k’ in Kunwinjku and Gundjeihmi. [g] is called a voiced velar stop. That means the sound is produced in the velum and you use your voice box to sound it. [k] is an unvoiced velar stop. It is produced also in the velum but no voicing. It is the release of air which makes the [k] sound. In English these two sounds [g] and [k] are separate phonemes (written by linguists as /g/ and /k/). The test for a phoneme used by linguists is to find two words which are identical in every respect except for one sound. Depending on which of the two differing sounds is used, the word will change in meaning. Consider the words ‘gill’ and ‘kill’ in English. It is clear that there are two distinct phones /g/ and /k/ in English. But in Bininj Kunwok this is not the case. Both the [g] and [k] sounds count as one sound to the ears of Kunwinjku and Gun-djeihmi speakers. However, the /k/ phoneme can sound like [g] at the start of a word or syllable but it sounds like [k] at the end of a word or syllable. Whilst there is no need to distinguish this orthographically, the Gun-djeihmi speech community wanted to do this to make the words easier to pronounce for the many tourists in Kakadu National Park who will never have the time to learn the Gun-djeihmi alphabet, but would be unthinkingly applying their European language knowledge to the pronunciation of Gun-djeihmi words. So in Kunwinjku, /k/ sounds like English ‘g’ at the start of words and syllables but like English ‘k’ at the end of words/syllables. e.g. Gun-djeihmi ‘g’ is like English ‘g’ but in Gun-djeihmi, use ‘g’ at the start of syllables and ‘k’ at the end of syllables/words, e.g. (Gdj) gugak ‘night’, but in Kunwinjku kukak. Note that in Kunwinjku and Gun-djeihmi you will also see the letter ‘g’ as part of the digraph ‘ng’ (i.e. a velar nasal phoneme represented in the alphabet by two symbols fused together). Don’t think of this sound (discussed below) as n+g but as a single sound on its own (as in sing). In Gun-djeihmi where one syllable finishes in ‘n’ and the next starts with ‘g’, it becomes necessary to distinguish this sequence from the ‘ng’ digraph by placing a stop (.) between the A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 6 two letters. E.g. (Gdj) ga-man.gan ‘she/he falls down’. In Kunwinjku this problem does not exist because there is no letter ‘g’ used, only the ‘k’, thus ka-mankan ‘she/he falls down’. dj This sound is also voiced at the beginning of words/syllables but not very clearly at the end of words/syllables. It is a bit different to the voiced English sound ‘j’ and also not quite like unvoiced ‘ch’. It is made by putting the middle part of the tongue up against the palate so that the tip of the tongue is behind the teeth. m, n, ng and nj (the other nasal sound ‘rn’ is included in the section below) Nasal sounds. m and n are similar to the English equivalents. ‘ng’ is as in English ‘sing’ but the sound often comes at the start of Kunwinjku words but less often in Gun-djeihmi (e.g. ngaye ‘I/me’, cf. Gundjeihmi aye ‘I/me’). The ‘nj’ palatal nasal can also appear at the start or end of syllables and also in between. E.g. nja! ‘here take it!’, manj ‘hang on’ nga-kinje (Gdj = nga-ginje). This sound also occurs at the end of the second syllable in Kunwinjku [= Kun-winj-ku]. Because English speakers do not have this sound at the end of syllables, we tend to approximate the nearest equivalent in English such as ‘ng’ which explains why the first transcriptions of this language name were written as Gunwinggu instead of the correct Gunwinjgu (the latter is the Gun-djeihmi spelling for (KW) ‘Kunwinjku’). retroflexed sounds rn, rl, rd These digraphs should also be thought as single sounds not r+n, r+l and r+d. You must learn to say these sounds correctly otherwise you can be misunderstood. Consider: kankan ‘you take me (e.g. in the car’) but karnkarn ‘skinny’. For the Australian English speaker, these sounds sound something like the American English pronunciations of darn, Carl, and card. r and rr These two sounds are frequently confused by English speaking learners of Bininj Kunwok. The first ‘r’ is the same as English ‘r’. kunred ‘place, home’ (Gdj = gun-red). The ‘rr’ is a trill, a bit like the sloppy pronunciation of ‘tt’ in ‘butter’. A good example of the confusion between these two sounds is the misspelling of the Gun-djeihmi language clan name ‘Mirarr’ which often gets written incorrectly as ‘Mirrar’ (but pronounced nonetheless by English speakers as ‘Mirar’ because the ‘rr’ sound does not exist in English). The remaining letters l, y, w are pronounced the same as in English. A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 7 Long and short stops. In Bininj Kunwok, the above consonants, b, d, k, and dj can occur in words as long stops as opposed to a short stop. Long stops only occur across syllable boundaries (which means they do not occur at the start or end of a syllable/word. When this happens, the letter is doubled. To the English speaking ear, the long b stop ‘bb’ sounds like ‘p’, the long ‘kk’ sounds like ‘k’, the long ‘dd’ sounds like ‘t’ and the long dj (written djdj) sounds a bit like English ‘ch’. A long rd stop (which is rare) is not written rdrd but just rdd.2 Some examples: ngabbard ‘father’ dedded ‘red-collared lorikeet’ makka ‘father’s mother, father’s mother’s brother’ yirridjdja ‘moiety name’ kundurddu (KW), ‘heart’ Abbreviations Parts of speech: v.i. v.t. n. adj. intransitive verb transitive verb noun adjective Dialects: KW Kunwinjku (Kunbarlanja to Liverpool River) Gdj Gun-djeihmi (Kakadu National Park) I Kuninjku (lower Mann and Liverpool River) E Kune (Cadell River) M Mayali (Manyallaluk, Pine Creek) Djnj Kundedjnjenghmi (Arnhem Land plateau) 2 The sounds rdd and rdrd would be almost impossible to distinguish and so only one of the pair is necessary i.e. rdd. A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 8 Kundedjnjenghmi to English Plant List albun n. kind of plant •Albun anme kakarrme karrimang bangkerreng, yiman ka-yime Balanda bobbo ngurrikarrme. Marsdenia viridifloria has a fruit which we get in the late wet. It’s like the that fruit you white people have, pawpaw. Marsdenia viridifloria dialect= Djnj anbabinjbabinj n. kind of fan-leaved palm tree (10-15m) Livistonia benthamii dialect= Djnj anbadbirri n. kind of rock country tree Melodorum rupestre dialect= Djnj anbak n. generic term for water weeds, especially fine algaeous water plants dialect= Djnj I, W= man-bak anbaddubal n. kind of plant unidentified anbalanjdjarr n. darwin woollybutt tree Eucalyptus miniata (long-barked variety). Short-barked variety is annerrekmi. ‘Long fibrous bark strips good for lighting fires. The bark of (m)annerrekmi however is not so useful. The onset of flowering taken as a sign for the start of wurrgeng, and as well, that the dry time is properly arrived. The seeds may be eaten raw.’ [JRS 253] dialect= Djnj, E, I syn.= andjalen, djerrnggolh W, Gdj = (m)andjalen anbalarra A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 9 n. kind of small to medium sized tree (4-12m) •Lambalk kangun kurrkno anbalarra, ngurrurdu mak kangun manme. The sugar-glider possum eats the sap of the Owenia vernicosa tree and emus eat the fruit. Owenia vernicosa, Owenia reticulata dialect= Djnj, W Gdj= anbarnadjdja, E= manngarnarrngh, I= manngarnarrh anbalindja n. kind of tree (7-15m) with edible purple-black fruit •Anbalindja karringun djabbo nuye duninj anekke anbalindja. The Vitex acuminata tree has edible fruits but they are really food for the northern quoll, those Vitex acuminata fruits. •Djabbo kangun anbalindja. Bininj karri-ngun, djabbo nuye duninj anekke anbalindjarr. The quoll eats the black plum. People eat it (too) but it really belongs to the quoll. Vitex acuminata syn.= andedjbang dialect= Djnj, Gdj anbamdjen n. kind of Acacia tree Acacia torulosa dialect= Gdj Djnj= anmardamarda, anmorrbo anbamo bamano n. seed pod of a tree or shrub syn.= bamono dialect= Djnj anbardbard n. two kinds of Grevillea trees Grevillea heliosperma, Grevillea decurrens dialect= Djnj anbardderre n. kind of tree (7-15m) with pendulous branchlets and green-yellow inflorescences which appear Terminalia grandiflora •Yikabeh burluddak arri-kornmang arri-djedme arri-lowkmang. Bardderre, anbardderre kunukka ka-rri. Sometimes we make spear-thrower handles from stringybark or we carve them from strips of wood taken from Terminalia grandiflora trees. •Bararrkno arrimarnbuni dadken, anbardderre anyahwurd arribakkeyi arrimarnbuni. A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 10 We used to make axe handles from Terminalia grandiflora, breaking off a small piece and working it. •Anbardderre anworrkuyengkuyeng. The Terminalia grandiflora tree has very long leaves. Terminalia grandiflora dialect= Djnj anbarlbbirr n. kind of gardenia tree with fruit that has an edible skin Gardenia megasperma dialect= Djnj E= manbirlhbirlh, I, W= manbarlbinj anbarnayalak n. turkey bush Calytrix exstipulata, Calytrix arborescens syn.= anbarndarr Djnj, Gdj, I, E anbarndarr n. turkey bush Calytrix exstipulata, Calytrix arborescens syn.= anbarnayalak Djnj, Gdj, I, E anbarnkirrk n. fruit of the Terminalia carpentariae tree dialect= Djnj anbarnko n. fern-leaved grevillea Grevillea pteridifolia anbarrel anbarrelk n. kind of Acacia tree •Anbarrel anbang marrek arri-baye kan-dangbun. The Acacia platycarpa tree is poisonous, we don’t bite it as it irritates the mouth. Acacia platycarpa dialect= Djnj Gdj= anbarrkkala anbarrelk A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 11 see anbarrel anbarrkkala n. kind of Acacia tree Acacia platycarpa dialect= Gdj Djnj= anbarrel anbarrkkileng n. red ash tree Alphitonia excelsa syn.= ande(r) dialect= Djnj anbedjdja n. quinine tree Petalostigma pubescens I= anbedde anbedje n. generic term for sorghum grasses known as ‘spear grass’, but also specifically the yirridjdja moiety variety which dries out and falls down before the duwa moiety variety known as mardadubba. •Anbedje anbu duwa ka-bardbakme werrk, wanjh mardadubba-wali ka-bardbakme, anbu yirridjdja. The duwa moiety sorghum grass falls down first and then the yirridjdja spear grass falls down afterwards. anbenj n. kind of small tree (3-7m) which is used for fire-stick drills •Anbenj kundarleh karribordebme, meyak. The Wrightia pubescens tree is a firestick drill tree we use to make fire, it has no edible parts. dialect= Djnj, Gdj anbernbern n. kind of Eucalyptus tree Eucalyptus alba dialect= Djnj syn.= ankorlokkorlo [Tony- alba is not ankorlokkorlo, which is narrower] anbiddengdeng n. kind of plant Calycopeplus casuarinoides?? A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 12 dialect= Gdj Djnj= manjalkmanjalk anbidkawang n. kind of plant Aneilema siliculosum dialect= Djnj anbikkurrudj n. 1. purple plum tree which grows close to water’s edge and is eaten by pig-nosed turtles •Anbikkurrudj yiman andudjmi, warradjan kangun. The purple plum is similar to the green plum (Buchanania obovata) and pig-nosed turtles (Carettochelys insculpta)eat it. Buchanania arborescens 2. small tree up to 10m high, grows along freshwater streams and has edible red fruit Terminalia erythrocarpa dialect= Djnj, Gdj anbindjarran n. kind of tree (5-15m) which grows in monsoon vine forest habitats and has a poisonous black fruit. Cryptocarya cunninghamii dialect= Gdj Djnj= ankurddu anbinik n. anbinik tree, large monsoon forest tree (15-30m) which grows only in the sandstone escarpment country of western Arnhem Land and the Alligator Rivers region. The Bininj Kunwok name is now often used as the common name in English. •Anngarre anbinik. A forest of anbinik trees. Allosyncarpia ternata dialect= Djnj, Gdj I, W= manbinik anbirdarrbirdarr n. kind of Acacia Acacia plectocarpa dialect= Djnj anbirdubbirdu n. kind of paperbark tree •Anbirdubbirdu andulkbuyika kunkurlahbuyika kunkodyak anworrbalabala. The anbirdubbirdu tree is a different kind of Melaleuca, it has no (thick) paperbark and it has A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 13 broad leaves. possibly Melaleuca dealbata??, Melaleuca nervosa?? anbirlahbirlang n. peanut tree •Anbilahbilang mimno kangalanjhbame. The seeds of the peanut tree are brightly coloured (i.e. red). Sterculia quadrifida dialect= Djnj Gdj= an.garralarlhmanj, an.gogo, I= mankongko, E= birlanghbirlangh anbirlemanjwarre n. kind of tree 2-5m, with glossy black edible fruits Bridelia tomentosa dialect= Djnj Gdj= anngawokngawok anbirlimanjyak n. kind of tree (5-10m) •Anbirlimanjyak meyak djal kundulk. The anbirlimanjyak is just a tree, it doesn’t provide any food. Denhamia obscura dialect= Djnj anbirlmo n. branch, typically a paperbark, with a cup shaped depression in it. dialect= Djnj anbirndalbirndal variant: birndalbirndal n. kind of water lily with erect fleshy leaves. Children make whistling noises by blowing into the tubular leaves. This whistling is said to attract snakes. Philydrum lanuginosum 2. kind of waterlily •Dedjkorrkdedjkorrk ka-worrbidbidbun birndalbirndal. The jesus lily trotter walks across the waterlily leaves. Nymphoides sp. anbiruk n. medium sized tree (10-13m) which has an irritating sap •Anbiruk karriyayme bu karrikarrme. The Blepharocarya depauperata tree causes irritation/itchiness if we touch it. Blepharocarya depauperata dialect= Djnj A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 14 anbirrbbirr n. kind of shrub (1.5-5m) with pointed narrow leaves growing in clusters along stems with flowers which provide nectar for honey bees •Anbirrbbirr karrahkendong ankung. The anbirrbbirr tree fills up the honey hives (with nectar collected by bees). •Anbirrbbirr anwarre, kunwurr kanwon. Kurorrbo ka-di. Yiman anbarndarr la worrbuyika, ankobuyika. The Verticordia cunninghamii shrub has no edible parts. It causes diarrhoea. It grows on alluvial flats/open woodland. It is similar to turkey bush but has different leaves and flowers. Verticordia cunninghamii dialect= Djnj 2. small woody white-flowering Calytrix shrub of sandstone habitats, however, this is possibly a common misidentification. Likewise Acacia platycarpa is sometimes misidentified as anbirrbbirr Calytrix achaeta dialect= Djnj anbirrkul n. kind of Eucalyptus tree Eucalyptus confertiflora anbiyarrng n. kind of tree that grows in the flat stone habitats of the sandstone country •Anbiyarrng kuwardde, kudjamburdda karri. The Cochlospermum spp. trees grow on expanses of rock in the stone country. Cochlospermum gregorii, Cochlospermum gillivraei anbodjdjamiri bodjdjamiri n. 1. kind of Acacia shrub in two forms; a prostrate form which scrambles over the ground and an erect form 1-2m. The prostrate form is fire resistant and is often found around the margins of cypress pine groves. Anbodjdjamiri is the prostrate form and anminem is the erect form. Acacia sublanata 2. Acacia linerioides dialect= Djnj anbodjub n. kind of rock country spinifex (note that this name is a synonym for ankarrarndjalhkarrarndjal) Triodia sp.?[presently unidentified] dialect= Djnj syn.= ankarrarndjalhkarrarndjal anbohmi A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 15 n. 1. kind of vine which grows into the canopy of trees in jungle-thickets or drier sandstone thickets Parsonsia velutina 2. kind of plant possibly Tylophora benthamii? anbongka n. kind of acacia tree •Anbongka barrk ka-ngun mimno bu ka-bamobarrbarrhme. The black wallaroo eats the seeds of Acacia latescens when the seed pods crack open. syn.= anmurrukurl Acacia latescens dialect= Djnj anbordokorr n. stringybark, this name is a synonym for the name an-burluddak and is used by most dialects Eucalyptus tetradonta dialect= Djnj, I, Gdj Gdj synonym= an-rebel (m)an-burluddak, man-buludjurri anbornde n. banyan fig tree Ficus virens anbowngbow var=anbowngbowng n. kind of small tree (3-5m) with wet season pinkish fruit Syzygium eucalyptoides ssp. eucalyptoides Anbowngbow kuwarddewaken, karri-kukngun ka-rohrok djarduk, man-kukmanjmak. anboyalkkarrngkarrngh n. kind of plant (unidentified) anboyberre n. kind of large tree (to 30m) found along banks of freshwater streams and with an edible fruit which appears in the wet season Syzygium forte (and also possibly Syzygium minutuliflorum) dialect= Djnj, Gdj anbudbud n. A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 16 kurrajong tree Brachychiton diversifolius anbudj n. kind of tree (10-15m) •Anbudj karri Djalbangurrk, Maburrinj Kodwolewole makih. The anbudj tree grows in the clan regions of Djalbangurrk, Maburrinj and maybe Kodwolewole. Lophostemon grandiflorus syn.= anbandad dialect= Djnj anbularl n. numerous shrubs of the Pityrodia genus, the leaves of which are eaten by alyurr Leichhardt’s grasshopper •Kure anbularl alyurr kabarnhbarndi kakongun. Leichhardt’s grasshopper sits in Pityrodia shrubs and eats the flowers. Pityrodia jamesii, Pityrodia pungens, Pityrodia ternifolia dialect= Djnj 2. small woody shrub (1-2m) of sandstone habitats •Anbularl kandengedjurrudjudme. The anbularl shrub spikes our feet (when we walk on the dead leaves). Verticordia decussata dialect= Djnj anbulembulem n. a kind of perennial grass with small yellow flowers Eriachne triseta ankonomkuyeng n. kind of grass Aristeda sp. dialect= Djnj anbul(ng)kung n. kind of fern, the edible rhizome of which is pounded into a dry mash and mixed with honey Blechnum indicum dialect= Djnj anbulngbulng n. kind of low growing common Acacia shrub to 1 metre Acacia gonocarpa syn.= andjanjdjanj dialect= Djnj A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 17 Gdj= andjanjdjanj anbulu n. small to medium tree (4-10m) with multi-stamened yellow flowers Xanthostemon paradoxus anbunbarr n. herb used for flavouring meat cooked in ground ovens Corynotheca lateriflora dialect= Djnj I= manbunbarr anbundak n. kind of poisonous plant •Anbundak anbang. The anbundak plant is poisonous. [linnaen name??] anbune n. kind of Eucalyptus tree •Anbune anwerrkyahwurd, kukabo, rorrbono karrangen. The Eucalyptus polycarpa tree has a fine bark of small flakes and grows on alluvial flats. possibly Eucalyptus polycarpa anbuneh bunehno n. (cooked) rhizomes of the Nelumba ‘red lily’ •Bunehno barrikerribuni bakobkeyi wanjh barringuni. They would cook the rhizomes and they would become soft and they would eat them. dialect= Djnj anbuningkidj n. short kind of billy goat plum tree which are no more than a metre high. The tall version is called anmarlak. •Anbuningkidj, anmarlak kanjdji kayo. The anbuningkidj is a low growing billy goat plum tree. Terminalia ferdinandiana dialect= Djnj anburda n. kind of edible tuber available in bangkerreng ‘late wet season’ •Anburda arridong arribekmarnbun. We pound the Curculigo ensifolia tuber to make a mash. A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 18 Curculigo ensifolia dialect= Djnj, Gdj Gdj= anmulbirrk, andjay Djnj syn.= andjay anburddjimak n. kind of plant [linnaen name??] dialect= Djnj anburluddak n. stringybark Eucalyptus tetradonta dialect= Djnj Gdj= an-bordokorr, an-rebel (m)anbordokorr man-buludjurri anburnduburndu n. kind of shrub Tephrosia spp. dialect= Djnj anburrurnburrurn n. dodder laurel Cassytha filiformis anbuyali n. kind of Eucalypt manna, i.e. edible mealy flakes which fall from the leaves or are licked off the leaves ; contrasted with a smaller variety known as manjmin. dialect= Djnj Gdj= anbundjak andadjek n. fern-leaved grevillea Grevillea pteridifolia dialect= Djnj syn.= anbarnko I= mandadjek, E= manbongko andadjek anlulumi n. a fern-leaved grevillea which has curved over and fallen down in a large arc. dialect= Djnj A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names andak n. kind of small tree (3-5m) with edible green fruit Persoonia falcata andamed n. paste made from Nymphaea lily seeds. dialect= Djnj andangnud n. small to medium sized tree (3-10m) with edible black fruit Pouteria sericia dialect= Djnj andarl n. kind of paperbark tree Melaleuca viridiflora andarlkbang n. kind of sandstone country spinifex similar to ankarrarndalk unidentified dialect= Djnj andorok n. kind of Eucalyptus tree Eucalyptus foelscheana (not confirmed) andarrebulke n. kind of Eucalyptus tree Eucalyptus herbertiana andawk n. bush cucumber vine with an edible fruit available in the set season Cucumis melo andedjbang n. kind of tree (7-15m) with edible purple-black fruit Vitex acuminata anbalindja dialect= Djnj page 19 A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 20 andem n. edible corms of waterlilies •Yibengkan andem, dorrhno kudedjmad. You know those corms, those lumps in the Nymphaea sp. roots? dialect= Djnj ande(r) n. red ash tree Alphitonia excelsa syn.= anbarrkkileng dialect= Djnj andiddih n. kind of large tree (15-25) Canarium australianum dialect= Djnj andidjdjanku n. kind of yam which has toxins that must be processed before the tuber is edible •Andidjdjanku anbadjan. The Amorphophallus galbra is a large yam. Amorphophallus galbra dialect= Djnj andildil n. kind of scrambling creeper in rock country habitats. The leaves are thick and contain a milky sap. Hoya australia andinjhwern adj. 1. (of plants) having a toothed or serrated edge or surface 2. (of tree branches or trunks) having many lopped off or broken branches or branch stumps andirnku n. kind of cycad •Andirnku arringowkme anme kakarrme. The cycad has food, we grind it (the fruit). Cycas armstrongii andomorddomo n. kind of small tree in rock country •Anmorddomo yiman kayime anlombeng kuwarddewaken. A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 21 The Asteromyrtus magnifica tree is like a Asteromyrtus symphyocarpa tree that grows in the rock country. Asteromyrtus magnifica Melaleuca cornucopia dialect= Djnj andubirdahdubirdah n. kind of small leafless shrub (.5-1.5m) Pachynema complenatum dialect= Djnj andudjmi n. green plum tree, tall variety (the short variety is called anwodberr or anbuningkidj) Buchanania obovata andulk n. kind of acacia Acacia holosericea Andulk is also a generic term for those Acacias whose branches can be used to manufacture spear shafts. Others include Acacia species pelleta, seracaflora, torulosa and plectocarpa. andumuk n. 1. native cherry tree/shrub Exocarpus latifolius dialect= Djnj 2. kind of tree Santalum lanceolatum andumurluh n. kind of sandstone country bloodwood eucalyptus, similar to Eucalyptus polycarpa but different Eucalyptus ? •Andumurluh karrangen kurorrbo, anwerrkkimuk. The andumurluh stands in open country and has very thick (prominent) bark. dialect= Djnj andjabulhdjabulh n. wild tomato •Nuye djabulhdjabulh barrk djukerre kamimburdme dja ka-ngun. That’s his food, the black wallaroo, which it eats with its eyes closed. Solanum echinatum dialect= Djnj, Gdj I, E= mandjabulhdjabulh A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 22 andjadbirnalk n. kind of rock country spinifex similar to ankarne Triodia sp.? dialect= Djnj andjakurrkkurrk n. wild grape (a low growing and scrambling climber with edible black currant-like fruit) •Andjakurrkkurrk ngurrurdu ka-ngun, kudjewk. Emus eat the wild grape, in the wet season (when it fruits). Ampellocissus acetosa syn= anwak (a name for a number of plants with similar clustered fruits- Leea rubra, Melostoma sp. and Ampelocissus acetosa). dialect= Djnj syn.= andjalke Gdj = annunjek andjalbbirdo djalbbirdo n. kind of small tree (5-10m) with edible white fruit in late dry-early wet season. •Djalbbirdo kaworrbalabala. The Syzygium eucalyptoides tree has broad flat leaves. Syzygium eucalyptoides ssp. bleeseri, Syzygium fibrosum andjalen n. darwin woollybutt tree Eucalyptus miniata (long-barked variety). Short-barked variety is annerrekmi. ‘Long fibrous bark strips good for lighting fires. The bark of (m)annerrekmi however is not so useful. The onset of flowering taken as a sign for the start of wurrgeng [season], and as well, that the dry time is properly arrived. The seeds may be eaten raw.’ [JRS 253] syn.= djerrnggolh dialect= Gdj, Djnj, W I= anbalanjdjarr I, E= man-balanjdjarr andjalke n. wild grape (a low growing and scrambling climber with edible black currant-like fruit) Ampelocissus acetosa syn= anwak (a name for a number of plants with similar clustered fruits- Leea rubra, Melostoma sp. and Ampelocissus acetosa). dialect= Djnj syn= andjakurrkkurrk Gdj = annunjek andjalkkardbam A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 23 n. kind of plant •Andjalkkardbam namarnde nuye ankarnbubumi karohrok, bad nuye namarnde. Kukodj kakurrme namarnde. Minj karringeybun nuye ngeyno wardi kanbengbadjdje. The andjalkkardbam plant is also called ankarnbubumi, the same plant, but it belongs to the spirit being. It holds the plant in front of his head. We do not call the name of this plant by the spirit name otherwise it would attack our minds. •Barrk kangerrburren kure andjalkardbam. The black wallaroo rubs itself against the andjalkardbam tree. Platysace arnhemica dialect= Djnj andjambendord djambendord n. 1. sundew plant •Djambendord yiman dikkala, me-yak marrek kakarrme anme. The sundew is similar to Cartonema spicatum but it has no edible part. Drosera petiolaris 2. synonym sometimes used for the prostrate form of (an)dikkala, ‘Cartonema spicatum’ which has an edible tuber. This can cause some confusion as both varieties of Cartonema spicatum (the larger erect form and the prostrate form) have an edible tuber but the sundew does not. •Andjambendord arringun kaddum arridjalngun marrek arringolung. Arriwe mimno arridjaldarrkidngun. We eat the top part of the andjambendord, we just eat it without cooking it. We throw away the seeds and eat it as it is. Cartonema spicatum dialect= Djnj Gdj= anmardidjak andjamko n. generic name for a group of sandstone country grevilleas Grevillea angulata, Grevillea dryandri, Grevillea formosa andjamko kukurlkwaken n. kind of prostrate grevillea literally: ‘ground grevillea’ [as opposed to erect rock grevilleas] Grevillea goodii dialect= Djnj andjandadj n. sand (fan) palm Livistona humilis dialect= E Djnj= anmarrabbi A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 24 andjanek n. kind of edible tuber/small yam Typhonium sp. syn.= kubulurr andjankarr n. branched comb fern- a kind of delicate terrestrial fern (20-45cm high) •Andjankarr kakobun kamankan kayawoyhdangen kakolhdebebme. The andjankarr plant flowers and then falls down and sprouts new shoots and grows up again. Schizacea dichotoma dialect= Djnj andjanjdjanj n. kind of grevillea shrub Acacia gonocarpa anbulngbulng dialect= Djnj, Gdj andjardawok n. kind of tree possibly Diospyros calycantha andjarduk n. red bush apple tree Syzygium suborbiculare andjarawa n. kind of Acacia •Andjarawa kundulk andjewe, andulk bokenh. The andjarawa tree is similar to andjewe, they are a pair of similar trees. Acacia sericata dialect= Djnj, Gdj andjarirri n. firestick tree, a small (2-5m) shrub or tree used for fire drills Premna acuminata dialect= Djnj Gdj= andjakkorl; I, W= mandjakkorl andjarrbirlwarra n. A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 25 kind of Gardenia tree Gardenia megasperma • Andjarrbirlwarra, makka ka-kobun bad, kaluk yekke ka-dangen o maitbi kudjewk, ku-djewk ka-yawoyhkimukmen wanjh ka-rradjme kono ka-yakmen wanjh an-darrkid lam wanjh ka-mankan ka-ngun wanjh ka-ngun munguyh ngurrurdu ngalengarre. The Gardenia megasperma tree, it flowers, maybe in (late) wet season or early dry and it has a growth spurt in the wet season and when the flowers have finished it sets fruit and the fruit falls and is eaten continuously by emus. It is her food (for the emu). E= man-birlhbirlh, W= man-moyi man-badjan, man-moyi badjanno, I= man-barlbinj, all dialects also use the nickname man-moyi man-badjan ‘mother of green pums [Buchanania obovata]’ for this tree. andjarrarn n. kind of Eucalyptus tree •Andjarrarn malakakah. The andjarrarn tree is found in flat dry eucalypt country. Eucalypt sp. dialect= Djnj yirridjdja moiety dialect= djanorro andjarrawok n. kind of stone country plant Desmos wardianus dialect= Djnj syn.= ankardabad Gdj= ankardabad andjay n. kind of edible tuber available in bangkerreng ‘late wet season’ Curculigo ensifolia dialect= Djnj, Gdj Gdj syn.= anmulbirrk, anburda Djnj syn.= anburda andjedj n. kapok bush •Buluk dorrengh anbu andjedj, Lorrkkon Kunabibi karribulukmang. The kapok tree has down used for body decoration in the hollow log and Kunabibi ceremonies. Cochlospermum fraseri andjewe n. kind of Acacia tree A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 26 Acacia aulacocarpa dialect= Djnj, Gdj andjiladdjilad n. kind of small herbaceous plant with white flower Andjiladdjilad kudjewk ngalengman ka-kobun. Ankukwarre anbang. unidentified? Edit: see photo in Djnj plants 5 andjiliwirn n. plant unidentified? dialect= Djnj andjimdjim n. water pandanus tree Pandanus aquaticus andjimed n. 1. kind of stone country habitat small tree (5-8m) with fleshy 2-3cm globular edible fruit which appears in the dry season (Jul-Dec.). Black wallaroos also eat this fruit when it falls to the ground and the area under these trees is often cleared by black wallaroos searching for the fruit. •Anmamkorn, andjimed kangun barrk kabirribolkbirrhme kanjdji kabirriyawan barnemno. The black wallaroos eat the Ficus subpubarula and Planchonella pohlmaniana fruits and rake up the area under the trees as they search for the fruit. Planchonella pohlmaniana Djnj, Gdj 2. kind of tree Planchonella arnhemica dialect= Djnj Gdj= anbalmed andjinirrinj n. mistletoe •Bu arrinan yiman marrkidjbu, andjinirrinj karri ngalyod ngalengarre, ngaleng kurrulk kayo. Kabimulewan, mayh kayo ngarriyime wardi kanbun, kanngun. When we see it, a ‘clever man’ will see it, a mistletoe (which) belongs to the rainbow serpent, it is her plant and she lives inside that (particular) tree. He will tell (us) that she is there, we say that she lives there and we must beware otherwise she will kill us and consume us. Amyema sanguineum var. pulchrum dialect= Djnj A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 27 andjodmo n. 1. kind of shrub to 1.5m high with hairy stems and an edible sweet but dry red-brown berries Grewia retusifolia 2. another plant said to be a ‘kind of andjodmo Hibbertia lepidota dialect= Djnj andjoh n. kind of acacia Acacia difficilis andjola n. large variety of fruit from the andjalbbirdo tree. Ordinary and small sized fruit is just called andjalbbirdo Syzygium eucalyptoides ssp. bleeserii dialect= Djnj andjomdji n. kind of fire sensitive sandstone country shrub •Andjomdji andukkudukkurrh, yiman kayime andjumbak, yiman anyiwerr, ankudji ankudji karri. Andjomdji is a short shrub, similar to Calytrix brownii or another Calytrix, and it is not very common. Regelia punicea andjohmolon n. kind of stemless herb .5-1m high which grows from a perennial tuber Tacca leontopetaloides dialect= Djnj andjone n. kind of small tree (3-7m) Terminalia pterocarya dialect= Djnj, Gdj andjudbulk n. kind of Eucalyptus tree Eucalyptus jacobsiana •Andjudbulk ankung karrahkendong, yiman anbalanjdjarr ka-kukyime ankurlahrayek, kuwardde, kuberrk karrangen. Eucalyptus jacobsiana is a tree bees make honey from, similar to Eucalyptus miniata but the bark is stronger and it grows in rock country and in open forest. dialect= Djnj A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 28 andjulidjuli n. kind of acacia tree which grows in regolithic deposits on rocky platforms Acacia sp. [presently without a species name, referred to by botanists as Acacia sp.24] dialect= Djnj andjumara n. kind of Eucalyptus, presently unidentified dialect= Djnj andjumbak n. small woody white-flowering Calytrix shrub Calytrix brownii dialect= Djnj andjumbak kilehkilel n. small woody white-flowering Calytrix shrub which is smaller than Calytrix brownii and grows on rock platforms. Calytrix decusata dialect= Djnj andjungkurrk n. kind of gardenia tree •Andjungkurrk arridarme kamanjmakmen kun-kanj. We use andjungkurrk leaves to flavour meat and make it taste good. Gardenia fucata dialect= Djnj andjurlukkumarlba see: andjurlukkunmarlbam andjurlukkunmarlbam variant= andjurlukkumarlba n. kind of shrub or small tree (usually 2-3 m) which has edible dark purple berries Antidesma ghaesembilla syn= andjurlukkun dialect= Djnj andjurriyiddjurri n. white mangrove Avicennia marina Djnj? A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 29 andjuyh n. kind of Eucalyptus tree Eucalyptus bleeseri dialect= Djnj I= mankalarr ankamarlhkamarl n. kind of shrub (0.5-1m) with yellow flower in wet to mid dry season. Grows well in distrubed areas, by roadsides and in abundance after hot fires Cleome viscosa dialect= Djnj ankardabad n. kind of stone country plant •Ankardabad kuwardde karri anme kakarrme barrk djukerre kangun. The Desmos wardianus plant grows in the stone country and black wallaroos eat it’s fruit. Desmos wardianus dialect= Gdj, Djnj Djnj syn.= andjarrawok ankardadjirr n. large evergreen tree (12-20m) which grows along freshwater streams and has an edible white fruit in the wet season, is also used as an ichthycide •Ankardadjirr kurlahno arribun arringolung ka-njerreyhme ka-bangwayhme wanjh arri-djuhke djenj ka-rrowen. We pound the bark of Syzygium armstrongii, warm it over a fire and when it starts sizzling, the poison comes out and we put it in the water and the fish die. Syzygium armstrongii ankardid n. terrestrial clumping fern associated with sandy soils Platyzoma microphyllum dialect= Djnj I= manborlidjmanborlidj ankarlwarrk n. kind of Gardenia tree, with reddish trunk Gardenia resinosa dialect= Djnj ankarnbaldji n. kind of grass A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 30 Mnesithea rottboelioides dialect= Djnj ankarnbanj n. kind of palm tree Carpentaria acuminata Gdj, possibly also dialect= Djnj ankarnbirr n. kind of Acacia tree Acacia oncinocarpa •Ankarnbirr kakobun daluworro. The Acacia oncinocarpa flowers in the daluworro season. dialect= Djnj ankarnbukbuk n. kind of short herb with pompom inflorescence Spermacocce sp. may be referred to sometimes as ankodjmornmorn dialect= Djnj ankarndawalk n. coral tree Erythina variegata var. orientalis dialect= Djnj ankarne n. kind of rock country spinifex •Ankarne mani anbu kayawdingihdi. This is Triodia plectrachnoides here these small ones everywhere here. Note that there are two varieties of Triodia plechtrechnoides identified in Kundedjnjenghmi. Anyokkorol is considered a large variety whilst ankarne is a small equivalent. Triodia plectrachnoides dialect= Djnj ankarrarndalk n. kind of rock country spinifex Triodia microstachia dialect= Djnj ankarrarndalk anngarrewern n. a thicket of rock spinifex Triodia microstachia A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 31 dialect= Djnj ankarrarndjalhkarrarndjal n. kind of rock country spinifex •Ankarrarndjalhkarrarndjal yekkeken dalukorro kangun barrk, balemno kalno kamarnburren. Kuwarddebuldjdjarn karri darnki njilhmi yiman kayime Kumarrirnbang. In the cool dry season when the south-east winds blow, the black wallaroo eats the triodia grass and it increases their fat and bone marrow. It grows close to freshwater springs such as at Kumarrirnbang. Triodia sp.?[presently unidentified] dialect= Djnj syn.= anbodjub ankawang n. kind of plant Commelina ensifolia dialect= Djnj Gdj= anbidgalkberd ankawulkkiwulkki n. kind of perennial grass Aristida holathera dialect= Djnj ankindjek n. round yam/water yam/cheeky yam Dioscorea bulbifera dialect= Djnj I= manyawok ankirndih variant= kirndihno n. saplings used to construct a fence fish trap across a flowing watercourse •Kirndihno kundulk barri-warnamkani kunkalewobe. The fence posts used in a kunkalewobe fishtrap are called kirndihno. dialect= Djnj ankobinj n. kind of fern which grows on rocks Drynaria quercifolia, also Dicranopteris linearis kuluban djurdno dialect= Djnj A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 32 ankodjbang n. herbaceous water plant with edible nutty corms Aponogeton elongatus dialect= Djnj, Gdj Gdj syn. = anbidjoh ankodjmornmorn an abundant late wet/early dry season herb with round white or pink head inflorescence. This name is also used for a number of other similar wildflower herbs even with different coloured flowers. Borreria exserta, Gomphrena sp., Spermacocce spp. Djnj, I= mankodjmornmorn ankokbo n. kind of sandstone country cycad (presently undescribed?) •Arridong djornno arrimarnbun. We pound it and turn it into a mashed substance. Cycas sp. dialect= Djnj, Gdj ankole n. bamboo Bambusa arnhemica ankolh n. cocky apple tree Planchonia careya dialect= Djnj ankolomborr n. kind of sandstone country bloodwood Eucalyptus, presently unidentified Eucalyptus ? dialect= Djnj ankomborloh n. kind of paper-fruited bloodwood Eucalyptus tree species yirridjdja moiety djanorro Eucalyptus sp. (formerly Eucalyptus clavigera but presently a problem for botanical classification) ankong kongno n. (incorporable -kong-) A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 33 outer strips of bark from the stringybark tree, anburluddak/anbordokorr, ’Eucalyptus tetradonta’ syn.= madjdjul ankorl n. roots of Nymphaea waterlilies dialect= Djnj ankorlanglang [ankorlangrlang] n. 1. kind of eucalyptus tree Eucalyptus ptychocarpa dialect= Djnj 2. red-flowering variety of Eucalyptus setosa (which may also have white or pink flowers, but only the red flowering variety is called ankorlanglang ). ankorlokkorlo n. kind of eucalyptus tree Eucalyptus papuaensis? dialect= Djnj status not clear ankorakkora n. small purple flowering herb •Ankorakkora nin kangun. The double-barred finch eats (the seeds of) ankorakkora. Solemostemon scutellarioides ankorrko n. silver-leaved paperbark tree Melaleuca argentea ankorrwan n. white currant tree •Ankorrwan kure kayawal karri, Birulk, Muraba, dulumno, yirridjdja. The white currant tree is found where long yams grow at Birulk in the Muraba hill country in yirridjdja moiety country. Flueggea virosa anngalele ankudda n. kind of small tree, the leaves are highly desired by various kangaroos such as euros •Ankurdda, kalkberd kangun kunworr. A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 34 The euro eats the leaves of the ankurdda tree. Pavetta brownii dialect= Djnj ankudjed n. edible seeds of pandanus fruit. These must be extracted with some difficulty from the wedgeshaped woody clusters of the composite fruit heads. dialect= Djnj I= korrmo ankukbam n. kind of edible small yam/tuber •Ankukbam kukabo karri. Triglochin procerum dialect= Djnj syn.= birrkarn ankulunduh n. A flood plain Melaleuca which has some similarities to M. nervosa, although the latter often has more brown to greyish bark. Melaleuca acacioides grows in more semi-saline situations (e.g. back of tidal flats). The tree gives off a strongish odour like the smell of flying fox. Melaleuca acacioides dialect= Djnj ankulurrudj n. short variety/growth stage of the sand palm known as marrabbi Livistona humilis dialect= Djnj ankumbid n. kind of tree •Ankumbid marrek konda karri, Maranboy karri. Barlkkan kabarrimarnbun. Ankumbid is not found here (i.e. on the northern Arnhem Land plateau), but at Maranboy (area). They use it to make boomerangs. unidentified, possibly an Acacia. ankunjngukbarrk n. a kind of Pityrodia shrub which is used for making firestick drills •Ankunjngukbarrk arrimarnbuni kundarleh. We used to make firestick drills from the Pityrodia sp. shrub. Pityrodia sp. dialect= Djnj ankurddu A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 35 n. kind of tree (5-15m) which grows in monsoon vine forest habitats and has a poisonous black fruit. •Ankurddu anbang anekke. The Cryptocarya cunninghamii tree is poisonous. Cryptocarya cunninghamii dialect= Djnj Gdj= anbindjarran ankurladj n. spike rush with edible corms •Bamurru lamno kangun ankurladj, bininj warridj. Magpie geese eat the corms and so do people. Eleocharis dulcis dialect= Djnj ankurlahbang n. kind of plant •Marlkawo kamirnderri ankurlahbang, karrikarung karringolung karrikurlahwe. At Marlkawo there are lots of ankurlahbang plants and we dig them up and roast them and remove the skin. Austrodolichos errabundus, Austrodolichos sp. ankurlahbirmo adj. having hard skin (of fruit in this case) syn.= ankurlahrayek ankurlkurlh n. kind of paperbark tree Melaleuca nervosa ankurndalh n. kind of medium sized tree (7-12m) with edible black berries available late dry to wet season Vitex glabrata dialect= Djnj, Gdj ankurndilinj n. medium tree with long drooping branches, grows near streams in rock country •Ankurndilinj kunkurra kabun kaworlhme kunmalaworr. The Leptospermum tree branches sway in the breeze. Leptospermum spp. There is only one species of Leptospermum in the Northern Territory. A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names ankurndjilk n. a kind of grass sometimes referred to as ‘bush sugar cane’ Heteropogon triticeus dialect= Djnj I= mayadjdja GDj= djilidjili ankurrudjumuk n. small tree, the roots are used to extract a yellow dye Pogonolobus reticulatus dialect= Djnj ankuybuk n. banksia tree Banksia dentata anlarr n. sandpaper fig Ficus scobina dialect= Gdj, Djnj Djnj syn.= anyarrngeyarrnge, I= manyarrngeyarrnge anlarrbbe n. kind of acacia Acacia seracaflora Known generically as andulk. anlarrh n. cypress pine Callitris intratropica anleklek n. kind of tree used to treat skin infections such as scabies •Anleklek anbang dorrengh. The Opelia amentacea tree has poison. Opelia amentacea anlerrelerre n. leafless shrub 1-2m high with yellow pea flowers •Ngurrurdu kakongun anlerrlerr. Emus eat the flowers of anlerrelerre. Bossiaea bossaeoides page 36 A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 37 anlombeng n. kind of multi-stemmed tree 4-10m high (previously classified as a Melaleuca), the flowers of which are a source of nectar for honey bees. •Anlombeng ankung karrahkendong. The anlombeng tree fills up the honey hives. Asteromyrtus symphyocarpa dialect= Djnj I= manlombeng anlorlbbanlorlbban n. kind of short shrub with flowers that bees of the lorlbban hive type use to make honey •Anlorlbbanlorlbban bodno kanan ka-warrengmarren “warreng ngarduk, warreng ngarduk”, makka “warreng ngarduk” kabenkaybun kabandarhme. The lorlbban honey bees see the Micraira sp. shrub and curse it to stop other bees coming near it (and taking the nectar), they say “curse you, this is mine, curse you this is mine”, and they refuse to share it with anyone. syn.= lorlbban kawarrengmarren [lit: ‘it curses the lorlbban honey] Micraira sp. dialect= Djnj anmalakaka n. kind of acacia tree with flowers of creamy globular heads (in May) and very rough highly fissured dark brown to black bark Acacia mimula syn.= andjarrarn Gdj= andjarrarn anmamkorn n. kind of fig tree, food of many rock kangaroos such as nabarlek, badbong and the rock ringtail possum djorrkkun •Anmamkorn nabarlek, badbong, djorrkkun kangun. The Ficus subpubarula is eaten by nabarleks, short-eared rock wallabies and rock ringtail possums. Ficus subpubarula anmamnernemi variant: anmamnenemi n. small whisly shrub with compound leaves and yellow flowers Gompholobium subulata anmanarlinj n. kind of fig tree with edible fruit Ficus racemosa A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 38 anmanewarn n. kind of tree Brachychiton megaphyllus syn.= anwarnwarn anmangalerrek n. kind of grass used to make necklaces Leptocarpus spathaceus dialect= Djnj I= mangalerrek anmangalorrbbo n. kind of grass •Anmangalorrbbo yiman kayime mangalerrek dja kukbuyika, mangalerrek ankimuk. Anmangalorrbbo anyahwurd mani. The Lepyrodia spp. grass is similar to Leptocarpus spathaceus but it is different in that the latter is larger. Lepyrodia spp. grass is this smaller one here. Lepyrodia spp. dialect= Djnj anmardamarda n. kind of Acacia tree Acacia torulosa syn.= anmorrbo dialect= Djnj anmardawkmardawk n. kind of perennial grass Eriachne sp. dialect= Djnj anmardba n. kind of Eucalyptus tree Eucalyptus phoenicea anmarlak n. billy goat plum Terminalia ferdinandiana dialect= Djnj, W I= mandjiribidj A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 39 anmarnanj n. red-flowered kurrajong Brachychiton paradoxum dialect= Djnj, W = manmarnanj anmarnawan n. kind of small shrub (1-5m high), common near Kabulwarnamyo outstation although it rarely grows more than 2m high in this region •Kalara Birridjowkkeng karri-ngalke anmarnawan. We can find the Croton arnhemicus tree at Cahill’s Crossing. dialect= Gdj Djnj= anwaddanmerre Croton arnhemicus anmarndengabek n. sparse tree up to 6m with long pinnate leaves •Anmarndengabek kundarleh arrimarnbun yendeno. We make firestick drill from the branches of Dolichandrone filiformis. Dolichandrone filiformis dialect= Djnj anmarninj n. Sandstone spreading shrub 2-3m high. This plant is fire sensitive and grows in rock country forming extensive groves where fire has not been able to affect it. Flowers are pink from the start of the wet season (December) through to early dry (May). There is no agreed upon name amongst Bininj for this plant. Sometimes it is referred to as anmirninj, anmarninj or kundulk ngeyyak ‘plant with no name’. Lithomyrtus sp. (formerly Myrtella sp.) anmarredondolem n. large (5-15m) monsoon vine-forest tree associated with permanent freshwater streams •Anmarredondolem kukabo karri. The Aidia racemosa plant grows near creeks. Aidia racemosa. Also known as Aidia cochinchinensis. dialect= Djnj Gdj= djirdu, mulunjmulunj syn= kabirlekan anmarrewahwa n. red lily Nelumba nucifera dialect= Gdj Djnj= wurrmarninj A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 40 anmayikmud variant= mayikmud n. kind of grass •Anmayikmud djurrno kakarrme kandadje. Kunj nganabbarru marrek kangun andjurrbang. The anmayikmud grass has a sharp blade that can cut you. kangaroos and buffaloes don’t eat it because of the dangerous sharp edge. Scleria lingulata, Lycopodium cernuum dialect= Djnj anmerlemerleh n. kind of slender prostrate herb and yellow peaflowers, grows in the sandstone country. Zornia nervata anminem n. kind of Acacia tree •Anminem kure ankung karrahkendong kayukkurrme kamarnbun ankung. The Acacia sublanata tree fills up the honey hives, they (the bees) put liquid honey (in the hives) and make honey. Acacia sublanata syn.= (an)bodjdjamiri dialect= Djnj, Gdj anminjminj n. perrenial prostrate trailing herb •Ngurrurdu anme nuye, anminjminj. The Hibbertia herb is food for emus. Hibbertia sp. dialect= Djnj anminjmo n. 1. kind of plant •Anminjmo nabiwo ankung karri. The Memecylon arnhemensis plant has nabiwo honey in it (i.e. its flowers). Memecylon arnhemensis 2. kind of Acacia •Anminjmo anmarninj karohrok, kono yelo kakarrme. The Acacia mountfordiae shrub is similar to anmarninj but has yellow flowers. Acacia mountfordiae anminjmo anyahwurd n. kind of plant similar to Memecylon arnhemensis but smaller. possibly Canthium sp.? A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 41 anmobban n. kind of small to medium sized tree (5-15m) with edible dry season fruits Terminalia carpentariae anmodjdje n. kind of wetland rush. •Anmodjdje karri Kunrorrekalurlhdi, marrek karri kuwardde, kure kabbal karri. The Eleocharis sphacelata rush grows at Kunrorrekalurlhdi (near Marrkolidjban), it doesn’t grow in the stone country, but on the plains. Eleocharis sphacelata dialect= Djnj anmolorrk n. kind of shrub or small tree (1.5-4m) which grows in sandstone vine forest •Anmolorrk kuwarddelungurr, kukurlk karri. The Clerodendrum floribundum tree grows in the ground in sheltered rocky gorges. Clerodendrum floribundum syn.= andjaridi dialect= Djnj, Gdj anmonjalhmonjalh anmonjalnghmonjalngh n. 1. generic term for a number of hibiscus with pinkish-purple flowers or other similar herbs with similar flowers Hibiscus arnhemicus, Abelmoschus moschatus 2. slender herb up to 1m high with pink flowers on long inflorescences (up to 35cm long), associated with permanent freshwater streams Coleus scutellarioides •Anmonjalhmonjalh kuwardde, kungarre, njilhmi kure Karredjdjurle, Djorlok darnki. The Coleus herb grows in the rock country, in vine forests and at freshwater springs such as Karredjdjurle near Djorlok. anmorakanbak n. kind of sandstone country plant unidentified dialect= Djnj anmoroworr n. kind of woody shrub (between 1-2m) •Anmoroworr ankung nungan nuye. The Petelostigma quadriloculare shrub is a honey plant (i.e. bees collect pollen from it). Petalostigma quadriloculare A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 42 dialect= Djnj anmorrbo n. kind of Acacia tree Acacia torulosa syn.= anmardamarda dialect= Djnj anmorrng n. kind of rambling vine which climbs up many metres Smilax australis anmorrodondolem Djnj, Gdj anmorrodondolem n. kind of rambling vine which climbs up many metres •Anmorrodondolem kabirri-we kuwukkukah djenj kangun bamrdek warridj. They throw Smilax australis berries into the water and fish eat them and so do northern snapping turtles (Elseya dentata). Smilax australis syn.= anmorrng dialect= Djnj Gdj= anmorrng anmulbirrk n. kind of edible tuber available in bangkerreng ‘late wet season’ Curculigo ensifolia dialect= Gdj Djdj= anburda, andjay anmurlmu n. kind of paperbark tree Melaleuca cajaputi, Melaleuca leucadendra syn.= mamomo dialect= Djnj anmurlurdum n. kind of Acacia tree •Anmurlurdum kamirnderri. There are many Acacia plectocarpa trees (here). Acacia plectocarpa dialect= Gdj, Djnj Djnj syn.= anbirdarrbirdarr A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 43 anmurrukurl n. kind of acacia tree syn.= anbongka Acacia latescens dialect= Djnj anmurrulak n. kind of acacia tree Acacia dimidiata dialect= Djnj annunjek n. wild grape (a low growing and scrambling climber with edible black currant-like fruit) Ampelocissus acetosa syn.= anwak (anwak is a name for a number of plants with similar clustered fruits- Leea rubra, Melostoma sp. and Ampelocissus acetosa). dialect= Gdj Djnj= andjalke anngabarrak n. kind of bloodwood Eucalytpus tree, variable-barked bloodwood or small-fruited bloodwood formerly Eucalyptus dichromophloia, but non-Aboriginal taxonomy is presently in some confusion dialect= Djnj anngaldjekmino n. seeds of the black wattle Acacia auriculiformis dialect= Djnj anngalele n. white currant tree Flueggea virosa ankorrwan anngalemerrk variant anngelemerrk n. kind of plant Cynanchum pedunculatum Djnj, Gdj anngalng n. kind of acacia, not common on the Arnhem Land plateau (Kundedjnjenghmi country) A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 44 Acacia auriculiformis dialect= I, Djnj Gdj= galmang anngarnarrngh n. kind of small to medium sized tree (4-12m) Owenia vernicosa Djnj (but rarely used) syn.= anbalarra (more commonly used) Gdj= anbarnadjdja E= manngarnarrngh I= manngarnarrh anngarradjberl variant:ngarrdjberl n. various kinds of prostrate herbs with scrambling stems and delicate pink to purple flowers •Anngarradjberl meyak makka, kadjalkobokobun. The anngarradjberl herbs have no edible parts, they just have flowers. Comelina ensifolia, Scavola sp., Polymera ambigua dialect= Djnj anngarranjngarranj n. kind of perennial herb with edible roots Curcuma australasica anngawokngawok n. kind of tree 2-5m, with glossy black edible fruits Bridelia tomentosa dialect= Gdj, Djnj Djnj syn.= anbirlemanjwarre anngohngo n. rock pandanus Pandanus basedowii anngolbbon n. kind of Eucalyptus •Anngolbbon ankurlahrayek. The Eucalyptus jensenii tree has hard bark. Eucalyptus jensenii dialect= Djnj 2. may also refer to another tree, 8-15m high, common in monsoon vine forest and deep sand Lophopetalum arnhemicum dialect= Djnj anngukmanj A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 45 n. cheesefruit tree, 3-10m dense foliage Morinda citrifolia dialect= Djnj I, W= manngukmanj anrol n. wild rice Oryza rufipogon anwaddanmerre variant: waddanmerre n. kind of woody shrub averaging 1-2 metres, the leaves change to a red colour as they die and fall and were once used as a tobacco substitute. •Waddanmerre andarleh. The Croton arnhemicus shrub is used for fire-stick drills. anwak n. 1. a kind of erect spreading shrub (1-2m) with pink flowers and an edible black fruit with purple pulp Melastoma polyanthum 2. kind of erect spreading shrub with edible red to black berries Leea rubra •An-kodjbang kumekke ka-rri marrek ka-ngun bad ngalengman an-wak ka-djalngun Wakkewakken. An-me anek ka-djalngun. The Aponogeton elongatus plant is there but she doesn’t eat that food, she only eats Leea rubra/Melastoma polyanthum, that Wakkewakken honey spirit. That is the only food that she eats. anwarnbu n. small to medium sized tree (5-10m) in sandstone country in monsoon vine forests Xanthostemon psidioides anwarnwarn n. kind of tree Brachychiton megaphyllus syn.= anmanewarn anwinjhwinjh n. kind of Grevillea shrub Grevillea dryandri anwirdu A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 46 n. kind of tree (5-10m) with edible red berries which appear in kurrung ‘build-up’ season until early dry Carallia brachiata dialect= Djnj anwirndilng n. kind of grass, used as a dye for colouring pandanus fibre used in basket making Cyperas scariosus dialect= Djnj I= windilk ‘Haemodorum coccineum’ anwodberr n. green plum, short variety (the tall variety is called andudjmi Buchanania obovata anwohmi n. kind of herbaceous plant with an edible tuber •Anwohmi anme bininj dja kornobolo. People and agile wallabies eat the (tuber of) Ipomoea graminea •Anwohmi manu man-me yiman karohrok 'biddadda', ankukyawuyahwurd. The anwohmi plant has is edible with a tuber like a potato, but much smaller. Ipomoea graminea dialect= Djnj anwolbbon n. kind of small tree (2-5 metres) with long weeping willow type branches which grows near stream margins in the rock country Lophopetalum arnhemica anworrkuyengkuyeng adj. (of plants) elongated leaves anwurnguh n. kind of small tree/shrub (2-4m) with yellow flowers in late dry season Jacksonia dilatata dialect= Djnj anwurrbbu n. kind of tree which grows in monsoon vine thickets near permanent water •Anwurrbbu arridame kamanjmakmen. We use the Drypetes lasiogyna tree (leaves) to as a cooking herb to improve the flavour of food. A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 47 Drypetes lasiogyna dialect= Djnj anwurrben n. kind of tree 7-10m Lophostemon lactifolius dialect= Djnj anyahyay n. 1. generic term for the dead branches of various small trees (e.g. acacias) which make good kindling dialect= Djnj I, W, E= manyahyay 2. a kind of erect multi-stemmed shrub (up to 0.5m) Boronia grandisepala dialect= Djnj anyakngarra n. common woodland pandanus tree •Anyakngarra kanderrme. The pandanus (leaf) spikes us. Pandanus spiralis anyangalinjdji n. the flowers of the iron wood tree Anyangalinjdji andubang kono. anyangalinjdji is the name of ironwood flowers. Erythrophleum chlorostachys dialect= Djnj anyarrayan n. kind of Eucalyptus tree Eucalyptus clavigera dialect= Djnj anyarrngeyarrnge n. sandpaper fig Ficus scobina dialect= Djnj Gdj= anlarr [note: do not confuse this name with anlarrh ‘cypress pine’, note the glottal stop difference at the end of the word] anyawko n. A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 48 kind of Eucalyptus tree Eucalyptus tectifica anyilinjbirrk n. kind of large tree (12-20m) Xanthostemon eucalyptoides anyilk n. kind of grass used for paint brushes which create the fine lines of hatching infill in painting Cyperas javanicus anyiwerr n. kind of shrub Calytrix sp.?? dialect= Djnj anyokkorlomud n. kind of grass •Anyokkorlomud ankung arribarungi arridjuhkeyi arri-nguni ngurrurdi arrikarlkidnguni. We used to soak up and suck honey and emu cooking juices [with brushes made of] Alloteropsis semialata. Alloteropsis semialata dialect= Djnj anyokkorol n. kind of rock country spinifex •Anyokkorol anmirrhbang, kuwardde ngalengman. ‘The Triodia plechtrechnoides grasses have painful sharp spikes and it is a rock country plant’. Note that there are two varieties of Triodia plechtrechnoides identified in Kundedjnjenghmi. Anyokkorol is considered a large variety whilst ankarne is a small equivalent. Triodia plechtrechnoides anyuku n. kind of shrub or small tree (1-3m) found in sandstone country with black or dark purple edible berries. Antidesma parvifolium dialect= Djnj badjdjo n. small herbaceous plant with an edible tuber Microstema tuberosum A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 49 dialect= Djnj barddjubarr n. kind of twining vine with edible roots Vigna vexillata, Vigna lanceolata dialect= Djnj bak prefix: kunsee: kunbak bamobebme v.i. (of a plant) the appearance of a seed pod dialect= Djnj bamono n. seed pod of a tree or shrub syn.= anbamo dialect= Djnj bamowe v.t. (of a plant) to produce a seed pod •Kabamowe kono barradjmeng wanjh kabamobebme. When (a tree) produces a seed pod, it finishes flowering and then the seed pod appears. dialect= Djnj barddedde n. kind of climbing vine with tendrils on leaf tips Flagellaria indica dialect= Djnj I= manbarddedde bardmono n. stem of a plant, e.g. waterlily stems •Wayuk kandimarnema ngabardmongun. Give me some waterlily stems, I’ll eat them. dialect= Djnj barawalkno n. resin found on stems and leaves of various Triodia spinifex plants which is highly flammable syn.= anbodjub dialect= Djnj A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 50 baridjbarr n. kind of paperbark tree, Melaleuca leucadendra which grows on plain country. M. leucadendra which grow in springs and by the edge of watercourses are called anmurlmu. •Baridjbarr karri Kamarrkawarn, ankimuk. There are Melaleuca leucadendra paperbarks at Kamarrkawarn, they are very big trees. Melaleuca sp.? barrdjungka n. kind of waterlily Nymphaea sp. baywal n. small herbaceous plant with an edible tuber said to be a larger variety of Microstema tuberosum •Baywal, badjdjo ankimuk. The baywal plant is a big version of Microstema tuberosum [linnaen name??] dialect= Djnj berkmarnbun bekmarnbun v.t. mash a vegetable food such as tubers berkno bekno n. mashed edible vegetable such as mashed tuber bilbilk n. a vigorous fire which burns beneath the matted roots and flotsam of riverbeds, especially in paperbark forests dialect= Djnj bilinj n. kind of Eucalypt, possibly a bloodwood presently unidentified birdalbirdal n. kind of acacia good for attracting honey bees Acacia praelongata birlmanda n. A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 51 kind of Eucalyptus tree •Anbirlmanda Maranboy Bulmurn karri. Eucalyptus bigalerita is found around Bulman and Maranboy. Eucalyptus bigalerita dialect= Djnj birriyalang n. kind of paperbark tree found on plain country. The same tree in riverine environments is called anmurlmu Melaleuca leucadendra (plain country habitat only) syn.= baridjbarr dialect= Djnj birrkarn n. kind of edible small yam/tuber Triglochin procerum dialect= Djnj syn.= ankukbam biyonbiyon n. kind of plant Mitrasacme spp. dialect= Djnj bolbbolbbinj n. kind of grass used as a red-brown dye in basket making •Windilk kaworrbalabala bolbbolbbinj worrdjokko. The Haemodorum coccineum plant has flat leaves, the bolbbolbbinj plant has narrow/fine leaves. syn.= durda Haemodorum brevicaule dialect= Djnj bordokorr prefix: mann. stringybark Eucalyptus tetradonta Djnj, Gdj syn.= anburluddak I= man-burluddak borrelk n. 1. kind of Acacia tree A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 52 Acacia humifusa dialect= Djnj Gdj= anmayhbalen (anmaihbalen in Gundjeihmi orthography) 2. possibly also Acacia platycarpa dialect= Djnj bunehno see anbuneh darleh kunn. 1. firestick drill 2. any plant which can be used to make a firestick drill dialect= Djnj dermi n. generic term for seeds of various acacia, grevillea and eucalyptus trees such as Grevillea pteridifolia, Grevillea heliosperma, Acacia oncinocarpa, Acacia torulosa, Acacia dimidiata Eucalyptus tetradonta. dialect= Djnj dikkala anbadjan n. small herbaceous plant with an edible tuber •Dikkala anbadjan, kunumeleng kakolhdebebme, yekke karri-karung karri-wilkdeng. The Cartonema spicatum tuber sprouts in the early wet season and we dig them up in the dry season. Cartonema spicatum dord n. kind of grass •Dord Kunbarlanja karri kabbal, kawardde kayakki. The Cyperas digitalis grass grows near Kunbarlanja on the plains and not in the rock country. Cyperas digitalis dialect= Djnj dorrhno n. corms or small tubers produced by various plants •Wayuk kakarrme dorrhno kudedjmad. Nymphaea spp. waterlilies have corms in their roots. dialect= Djnj dubirdah n. kind of plant A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 53 Polymeria ambigua (?) dialect= Djnj djalamardi n. tree orchid Dendrobium affine dialect= Djnj djamadobdob n. edible seeds of the woolybutt tree, Eucalyptus miniata dialect= Djnj djamandarr n. kind of taro, roasted overnight to remove toxins Colocasia esculenta Djnj, E djankarr n. kind of shrub •Kunkare barri-wungmi djankarr dabbarrabbolk. A long time ago, the old people used to smoke (leaves of) Striga curviflora. Striga curviflora djankele n. kind of fan palm which grows in sandstone country Livistona inermis dialect= Djnj djanorro n. kind of paper-fruited bloodwood Eucalyptus tree species yirridjdja moiety ankomborloh Eucalyptus sp. (formerly Eucalyptus clavigera but presently a problem for botanical classification) djarralda n. kind of large monsoon vine-forest tree, the wood is used for making borndok ‘woomeras’ Calophyllum sil dialect= Djnj djekmino n. generic term for seeds from most Acacias and other similar seed pod trees A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 54 dialect= Djnj djelamberd n. kind of plant that grows in rocky gullies •Djelamberd kuwarddewaken kulungulungurrh kuwarddedubbe. The Acanthus ilicifolius grows in rock country, in deep crevasses, in impenetrable rock country. Acanthus ilicifolius dialect= Djnj djendekno n. fruity pulp, the flesh of a fruit dialect= Djnj djilarddjilard n. lily Crinum angustifolium, Crinum uniflorum dialect= Djnj djinhno n. (of plants) thorn, spike •Yinahnarrimen kadjinh wardi ngunderrme! Look out, it has thorns, it might spike you! djornno n. the pulverised mash of vegetable food which must be ground as part of its preparation •Arridong djornno arrimarnbun. We pound it and turn it into a mashed substance. djorrkkundedjmilrduk n. two kinds of sandstone country fig trees Ficus platypoda, Ficus leucotrichna dialect= Djnj E= djorrkkundedjmilrdukno, I= djorrkkundedjmildungh 2. kind of woody climber or scrambling shrub 1-5m high which grows in monsoon vine forests and sandstone rock habitats Alyxia spicata Djnj, Gdj kabirlekan n. kind of tree (5-15m) with edible red berries, grows in monsoon vine thickets Aidia racemosa (also known as Aidia cochinchinensis) A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 55 kalawan mayawu n. prostrate herb with vine-like stems and pinkish-purple flowers Polymeria ambigua, but may also include Hibiscus menzeliae which has a similar large pink flower dialect= Djnj Gdj= galawan, (or synonym) mayawu 2. slender shrub up to 1.5m with purple-pink flower Osbeckia australiana 3. kind of trailing vine, with named small and large leaf varieties. •Kalawan mayawu anworryahwurd, karrbilk anworrbalabala. Kalawan mayawu is the small leafed variety and karrbilk has wide leaves. Ipomea gracilis kamarn n. kind of yam which has toxins that must be processed before the tuber is edible •Kamarn arringun anme manu yiman andidjdjanku rerri. The kamarn yam is edible and is similar to the Amorphophallus galbra yam. Amorphophallus paeoniifolius kanbelarridj n. cockroach bush •Kanbelarridj kadarlehme karayekmen kebno arridjeddjedme borndok-ken arriyami kunj. The cockroach bush dries out and becomes hard. We fashion the nose peg for spear throwers from it in order to spear kangaroos. Templetonia hookerii syn.= milnjirr kandirrikkal n. wild orange tree Capparis umbonata dialect= Djnj kankangehken n. a prostrate herb with perrenial root stock Stemona australiana dialect= Djnj karnbaldje n. kind of plant (unidentified), grows in monsoon jungles •Karnbaldje kungarre yiman kayime ankabo kuwukku karri. The karnbaldje plant grows in jungles such as in freshwater streams. A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 56 karrbilk n. kind of trailing vine, with named small and large leaf varieties. •Kalawan mayawo anworryahwurd, karrbilk anworrbalabala. Kalawan mayawo is the small leafed variety and karrbilk has wide leaves. Ipomea gracilis kayawal n. long yam Dioscorea transversa dialect= Djnj W, I, E= karrbarda kirriwukkirriwuk n. crab’s eye vine Abrus precatorius dialect= Djnj, Gdj konguyno kun-konguy n. (incorporable) flowers, especially those of paperbarks, eucalypts and other trees which attract honey bees, flying foxes and other flower-eating animals kono, nguyno dialect= Djnj I= nguyno E= kono kordow n. kapok tree Bombax ceiba dialect= Djnj korono n. elongated winding shape e.g. a vine, long plant stem or the body of a snake kubulurr n. kind of edible tuber/small yam Typhonium sp. andjanek kuluban djurdno n. kinds of fern which grow on rocks Drynaria quercifolia, Dicranopteris linearis and Stenochlaena palustris ankobinj A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 57 dialect= Djnj kuluwuk n. kind of large tree (10-25m) which grows in monsoon vine thickets Ganophyllum falcatum kunbak n. generic name for many kinds of water weed includes for example Eriocaulon setaceum dialect= Djnj, I kundalk nin nuye n. kind of grass eaten by the double-barred finch Taeniopygia bichenovii. Eriachne obtusa dialect= Djnj kundalk ngeyyak n. 1. a kind of herbaceous plant which does not have a name in Bininj Kunwok, but some kangaroos eat it. Fimbristylis composita 2. kind of small herb (.5m) with white ‘lamb’s tail’ inflorescence Ptilotus sp. kundulk ngeyyak n. 1. kind of tree which does not have a name in Bininj Kunwok, thus the reference ‘no name’ Xyris spp. dialect= Djnj 2. a kind of grass which does not have a name in Bininj Kunwok, thus the reference ‘no name’, eaten by buffaloes, agile wallabies and euros Schizachyrium sp. dialect= Djnj kurlwirri n. giant fan palm (up to 20m) •Kurlwirri, kurlahno arringun murrngno arriwe. We eat the skin of the fruit of the giant fan palm and throw away the pit. Corypha elata kurrkno n. pith of palm trees which is edible dialect= Djnj kuybuk A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 58 n. banksia Banksia dentata dialect= Djnj larlhme v.I. action of a seed pod opening up mabbarra n. kind of paperbark tree •Mabbarr kabbal karri. The Melaleuca sp. tree grows on the plain country. Melaleuca nervosa. madjalkbadj n. kind of edible yam/small tuber Typhonium sp. kubulurr madjawarr n. 1. Cane-grass, shafts used as fish-spears. 2. This is also the name for the spears made from this cane (small spear, goose spear). Phragmites karka madjdjul n. outer strips of bark from the stringybark tree, anburluddak, ’Eucalyptus tetradonta’ ankong makkulurr n. kind of large tree 10-25m with edible fruit Maranthes corymbosa, Terminalia sericocarpa makolkol n. kind of hibiscus plant Hibiscus meraukensis malerrweb n. kind of plant Aeschynomene aspera, Aeschynomene indica Gdj Djnj= ? A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 59 mamomo n. kind of paperbark tree Melaleuca cajaputi anmurlmu Djnj, Gdj mamomo n. kind of paperbark tree Melaleuca cajuputi manjalkmanjalk n. kind of plant Calycopeplus casuarinoides?? dialect= Djnj Gdj = anbiddengdeng manjmin n. small variety of Eucalypt manna, i.e. flakes of edible ; contrasted with the larger variety known as anbuyali. mardadubba n. kind of sorghum grass (‘spear grass’) which is classified by patrimoiety as duwa and falls to the ground after drying later in the year. •Anbedje werrk kabardbakme, mardadubba yerre. The yirridjdja moiety sorgum grass falls down first and then the duwa moiety variety (falls later). mardebulhmardebulh n. kind of aquatic herb •Mardebulhmardebulh lam ka-karrme kanjdji ku-kurlk. Karridjeddjedme karringolung karri-dong wanjh ka-kobke berkno wanjh karri-ngun. The Nymphoides indica has a small tuber under the ground. We slice it up, roast it on the coals, pound it and then the mash becomes soft and we eat it. Nymphoides indica dialect= Djnj marebulu n. kind of waterlily Nymphaea macrosperma? marrabbi n. sand (fan) palm A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 60 •Marrabbi anbalabala worrno. The sand palm has flat/wide leaves (as opposed to other fan palms such as Livistona inermis) Livistona humilis dialect= Djnj marrunj n. gronophyllum palm Gronophyllum ramsayi dialect= Djnj mawurrumbulk n. 1. generic name for plants which can be used as an icthycide. An exception is the plant Cajanus sp. which although called mawurrumbulk is not used for fish poison because it is not effective. 2. kind of plant used as an icthycide e.g. Cajanus acutifolia, Distichostemon hispidulum dialect= Djnj mayamaya n. kind of grass •Nin kangun mayamaya. The double-barred finch eats (the seeds of) mayamaya. Panicum tricoides merrembi n. shrub with leaves that are used as icthycides •Merrembi arrimang djenj arrikolhbun ka-rrowen. We use the Tephrosia leaves to kill fish. •Merrembi ka-djarnabebme ka-djarnangun ka-rrowen djenj. The Tephrosia sp. has soapy suds which come out and when fish imbibe them, they die. Tephrosia sp. dialect= Djnj midjakkurr n. kind of small shrub either Philanthus sp. or Sauropus sp.? mileken n. taro •Mileken kukabo, kanjdji kukedjelk kure. Taro grows on the lower regions near water streams in cool places. Colocasia esculenta dialect= Djnj A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 61 milnjirr n. cockroach bush •Kanbelarridj kadarlehme karayekmen kebno arridjeddjedme borndok-ken arriyami kunj. Milnjirr kunngeybokenh. The cockroach bush dries out and becomes hard. We fashion the nose peg for spear throwers from it in order to spear kangaroos. There are two names, [kanbelarridj and] milnjirr. Templetonia hookerii syn.= kanbelarridj mirnidjokkolo n. kind of annual grass Setaria apiculata •Mirnidjokkolo mayhmayh nuye nin. The Setaria apiculata grass belongs to the double barred finch Taeniopygia bichenovii. dialect= Djnj mirninj anmirninj n. 1. kind of erect shrub 1-2m with sharp leaf tips and small yellow flowers Labichea nitida 2. sandstone spreading shrub 2-3m high. This plant is fire sensitive and grows in rock country forming extensive groves where fire has not been able to affect it. There is no agreed upon name amongst Bininj for this plant. Sometimes it is referred to as anmirninj, anmarninj or kundulk ngeyyak ‘plant with no name’. Lithomyrtus sp. (formerly Myrtella sp.) modjdje n. kind of spike rush Eleocharis sphacelata monjalnghmonjalngh n. kind of small yam Ipomea abrupta morlkalk n. kind of yam with toxins that must be removed before the tuber is edible ? Amorphophallus sp.? dialect= Djnj nabowirlih n. flowers of Melaleuca spp. such as M. leucadendra dialect= Djnj A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 62 nangarddemo n. kind of waterlily Nymphaea sp. nangarlminj n. miniature ground orchid with delicate white and mauve coloured flowers which appear in late dry to early wet seasons dialect= Djnj Gdj= nangarda narddo n. kind of tree (10-20m) in vine forests Myristica insipida dialect= Djnj identified from a photograph only and the identification is therefore suspect. Cupaniopsis anacardioides was also given the same name narddo. niniwirrih n. kind of plant •Niniwirrih ngurrurdu kangun, ankung karrahkendong. Emus eat the Daviesia reticulata shrub and bees fill their hives with honey from it. Daviesia reticulata ngabudjngamimidjidbilk n. kind of grass similar to the sandstone country spinifexes such as anyokkolomud. (unidentified) ngaldjinidjinirrinjken n. indirect name for ngalyod ‘the rainbow serpent’ because rainbow serpents are said to be associated with some mistletoe (i.e. andjinirrinj ) and only ‘clever men’ are able to determine whether or not a rainbow serpent lives in a tree which has a mistletoe. dialect= Djnj ngandjakorlhngandjakorlh andjakorlh-andjakorlh n. kind of grass •Andjakorlhandjakorlh duwa yiman mardadubba. The andjakorlhandjakorlh grass is of the duwa moiety like the duwa sorghum grass. unidentified dialect= Djnj nganjno n. A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 63 waterlily seed pod dialect= Djnj ngulurr variant= nguluno n. organic dried flotsam found in river beds and along the margins of watercourses. dialect= Djnj njalkkan n. tree orchid Cymbidium canaliculatum njilinjbirrk n. rock country shrub with flower associated with honey bees Hibbertia oblongata Djnj. rong anrong n. stems of Flagellaria indica which are cut off, the ends chewed to make a brush and then poked into honey hives with difficult access and the ends of the brushes are then sucked •Rong arri-berlbakkeyi arri-bayi arri-karlkiddjolowkkeyi. We would break off stems (of Flagellaria indica vine), chew the end and soak up the nectar. walanjarra n. kind of tree, Leichhardt tree Nauclea orientalis dialect= Djnj wayuk n. waterlily Nymphaea violacea womoro n. pandanus which grows in open forest, as opposed to water pandanus or rock pandanus. This is a vegetation habitat term rather than an individual plant name. miwomohwomoro grove of open forest pandanus. worrowme v.i. new shoots starting to grow on a plant A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 64 wularr n. kind of plant Dysoxylum acutangulum dialect= Djnj wulumu n. kind of sorghum grass (‘spear grass’) which is classified by patrimoiety as yirridjdja and dries out and falls down before the mardadubba sorghum grass of duwa moiety. wurrmarninj n. red lily •Wurrmarninj karri Wulk darnki Kunbarlanja. The Nelumba red lily grows at Wulk near Kunbarlanja. Nelumba nucifera dialect= Djnj Gdj= anmarrewahwa wurruhwayoh n. kind of perrenial spear grass •Wurruhwayoh ankung karrahkendong. The Sorghum plumosum is a honey plant (i.e. bees collect pollen from it). Sorghum plumosum yirridjdja dialect= Djnj Gdj= ngarddjarr wurrurrumi n. kind of climbing vine Tinospora smilacina dialect= Djnj, I Gdj= an.gukdenge yakkirrdjdja n. milkwood tree Alstonia actinophylla dialect= Djnj Gdj= andjenjdjok yende prefix: mann. (incorporable) 1. branch coming off main stem or trunk of a tree or plant •Nani yi-na bobbidj, la nga-bidbun wanjh nga-rradjeng wanjh nga-rradje nga-yendedadjke nga-yende-dadjke ka-mankan." "Ma ma ma," bidbom wanjh yende-dadjeng, A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 65 yende-dadjeng rowk 'wey bum' mankang. You see that honey hive there, well I'll climb up and cut it, I'll cut all the branches off and it'll fall down. "Yeah OK, OK." He climbed up and cut all the branches off; 'thud', it fell down. 2. branch or tributary of a watercourse. an-yendewern Lots of little tributaries or channels of a watercourse Djnj, I (m)an-kaboh(m)ankabo. yirralal n. kind of tree (5-15m) which grows in monsoon vine thickets and is generally restricted to the most western parts of Arnhem Land and the country of Gundjeihmi speakers. •Yirralal marrek konda karri, kure kabbal karri. The Elaeocarpus arnhemicus is not found here (on the highlands of the Arnhem Land plateau), it grows on the plains. Elaeocarpus arnhemicus dialect= Djnj yirrbbinj n. large monsoon forest tree (10-20m) and sometimes grows within anbinik forests. Polyalthea australis, Polyalthea nitidissima yirrkiyirrki n. carpentaria palm Carpentaria acuminata dialect= Djnj Gdj= an.garnbanj yong prefix: an-/ngann. edible radish-like bush tuber possibly either [Ipomoea abrupta or Decaschistia byrnesii]. •An-warddewaken, bad yinkad mimih ke kangun, kangun ngalekke mimih, an-yong, ngan-burre, nguddah, bulanj, yingeybun, karringeybun mak ngan-burre. It grows in the rock country but mimih eat it, that an-yong tuber, you Bulanj, you call it.... we also all call it ngan-burre. dialect= Djnj I= manburre A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 66 Scientific name to Kundedjnjenghmi Finder List Abelmoschus moschatus Abrus precatorius Acacia aulacocarpa Acacia auriculiformis Acacia difficilis Acacia dimidiata Acacia gonocarpa Acacia gonocarpa Acacia holosericea Acacia humifusa Acacia latescens Acacia latescens Acacia mimula Acacia mountfordiae Acacia oncinocarpa Acacia platycarpa Acacia platycarpa Acacia plectocarpa Acacia plectocarpa Acacia praelongata Acacia seracaflora Acacia sericata Acacia sp. Acacia sublanata Acacia sublanata Acacia torulosa Acacia torulosa Acacia torulosa Acanthus ilicifolius Aeschynomene aspera Aeschynomene indica Aidia cochinchinensis/racemosa Aidia racemosa/ cochinchinensis Allosyncarpia ternata Alloteropsis semialata Alphitonia excelsa Alphitonia excelsa Alstonia actinophylla Alyxia spicata Amorphophallus galbra Amorphophallus paeoniifolius anmonjalhmonjalh kirriwukkirriwuk andjewe anngalng andjoh anmurrulak anbulngbulng andjanjdjanj andulk borrelk anbongka anmurrkurl anmalakaka anminjmo ankarnbirr anbarrel anbarrkkala anbirdarrbirdarr anmurlurdum birdalbirdal anlarrbbe andjarawa andjulidjuli anbodjdjamiri anminem anbamdjen anmardamarda anmorrbo djelamberd malerrweb malerrweb anmarredondolem, kabirlekan kabirlekan, anmarredondolem anbinik anyokkolomud anbarrkkileng ande(r) yakkirrdjdja djorrkkundedjmilrduk andidjdjanku kamarn A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names Amorphophallus sp.? Ampelocissus acetosa Ampelocissus acetosa Ampelocissus acetosa Amyema sanguineum var. pulchrum Aneilema siliculosum Ankarnbirr kakobun daluworro Antidesma ghaesembilla Antidesma parvifolium Aponogeton elongatus Aristeda sp. Aristida holathera Asteromyrtus symphyocarpa Austrodolichos errabundus Austrodolichos sp. Avicennia marina Bambusa arnhemica Banksia dentata Banksia dentata Blechnum indicum Blepharocarya depauperata Bombax ceiba Boronia grandisepala Borreria exserta Bossiaea bossaeoides Brachychiton diversifolius Brachychiton megaphyllus Brachychiton megaphyllus Brachychiton paradoxum Bridelia tomentosa Bridelia tomentosa Buchanania arborescens Buchanania obovata Buchanania obovata Buchanania obovata Cajanus acutifolia Callitris intratropica Calophyllum sil Calycopeplus casuarinoides?? Calycopeplus casuarinoides?? Calytrix achaeta Calytrix arborescens page 67 morlkalk andjakurrkkurrk andjalke annunjek andjinirrinj anbidkawang ankarnbirr andjurlukkunmarlbam anyuku ankodjbang anbulembulem ankonomkuyeng ankawulkkiwulkki anlombeng anlombeng ankurlahbang andjurriyiddjurri ankole ankuybuk kuybuk anbulkung anbiruk kordow anyahyay ankodjmornmorn anlerrelerre anbudbud anmanewarn anwarnwarn anmarnanj anbirlemanjwarre anngawokngawok anbikkurrudj anbuningkidj andudjmi anwodberr mawurrumbulk anlarrh djarralda anbiddengdeng manjalkmanjalk anbirrbbirr anbarnayalak, anbarndarr A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names Calytrix brownii Calytrix exstipulata, Calytrix arborescens Calytrix exstipulata, Calytrix arborescens Calytrix sp.?? Canarium australianum Canthium sp.? possibly Capparis umbonata Carallia brachiata Carpentaria acuminata Carpentaria acuminata Cartonema spicatum Cartonema spicatum Cassytha filiformis Cleome viscosa Clerodendrum floribundum Cochlospermum fraseri Cochlospermum gillivraei Cochlospermum gregorii, Coleus scutellarioides Colocasia esculenta Colocasia esculenta Comelina ensifolia Commelina ensifolia Corynotheca lateriflora Corypha elata Crinum angustifolium, Crinum uniflorum Croton arnhemicus Cryptocarya cunninghamii Cryptocarya cunninghamii Cucumis melo Curculigo ensifolia Curculigo ensifolia Curculigo ensifolia Curcuma australasica Cycas armstrongii Cycas sp. (rock arnhem) Cymbidium canaliculatum Cynanchum pedunculatum Cyperas digitalis Cyperas javanicus Cyperas scariosus Daviesia reticulata andjumbak anbarnayalak anbarndarr anyiwerr andiddih anminjmo anyahwurd kandirrikkal anwirdu ankarnbanj yirrkiyirrki andjambendord dikkala anbadjan anburrurnburrurn ankamarlhkamarl anmolorrk andjedj anbiyarrng anbiyarrng anmonjalhmonjalh djamandarr mileken anngarradjberl ankawang anbunbarr kurlwirri djilarddjilard djilarddjilard anmarnawan anbindjarran ankurddu andawk anburda andjay anmulbirrk anngarranjngarranj andirnku ankokbo njalkkan anngelemerrk dord anyilk anwirndilng niniwirrih page 68 A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 69 Decaschistia byrnesii or Ipomoea abrupta anyong Dendrobium affine djalamardi Denhamia obscura anbirlimanjyak Desmos wardianus andjarrawok Desmos wardianus ankardabad Dicranopteris linearis ankobinj, kuluban djurdno Dioscorea bulbifera ankindjek Dioscorea transversa kayawal Diospyros calycantha possibly andjardawok Distichostemon hispidulum mawurrumbulk Dolichandrone filiformis anmarndengabek Drosera petiolaris andjambendord Drynaria quercifolia ankobinj, kuluban djurdno Drypetes lasiogyna anwurrbbu Dysoxylum acutangulum wularr Elaeocarpus arnhemicus yirralal Eleocharis dulcis ankurladj Eleocharis sphacelata anmodjdje Eleocharis sphacelata modjdje Eriachne obtusa kundalk nin nuye Eriachne sp. anmardawkmardawk Eriachne triseta anbulembulem Eriocaulon setaceum kunbak Erythina variegata var. orientalis ankarndawalk Erythrophleum chlorostachys anyangalinjdji Eucalypt sp. andjarrarn Eucalyptus ? andumurluh Eucalyptus ? ankolomborr Eucalyptus alba anbernbern Eucalyptus bigalerita birlmanda Eucalyptus bleeseri andjuyh Eucalyptus clavigera anyarrayan, ankomborloh, djanorro Eucalyptus confertiflora anbirrkul Eucalyptus dichromophloia (formerly), but non-Aboriginal taxonomy is presently in some confusion anngabarrak Eucalyptus foelscheana (not confirmed) andorok Eucalyptus herbertiana andarrebulke Eucalyptus jacobsiana andjudbulk Eucalyptus jensenii anngolbbon Eucalyptus miniata (long-barked variety). anbalanjdjarr Eucalyptus miniata (long-barked variety). andjalen Eucalyptus phoenicea anmardba Eucalyptus polycarpa, possibly anbune A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 70 Eucalyptus ptychocarpa ankorlanglang Eucalyptus sp. (formerly <Eucalyptus clavigera> but presently a problem for botanical classification) ankomborloh Eucalyptus sp. (formerly <Eucalyptus clavigera> but presently a problem for botanical classification) djanorro Eucalyptus tectifica anyawko Eucalyptus tetradonta anburluddak Eucalyptus tetradonta bordokorr Exocarpus latifolius andumuk Ficus platypoda, Ficus leucotrichna djorrkkundedjmilrduk Ficus racemosa anmanarlinj Ficus scobina anlarr Ficus scobina anyarrngeyarrnge Ficus subpubarula anmamkorn Ficus virens anbornde Fimbristylis composita kundalk ngeyyak Flagellaria indica barddedde Flueggea virosa ankorrwan Flueggea virosa anngalele Ganophyllum falcatum kuluwuk Gardenia megasperma anbarlbbirr Gardenia resinosa ankarlwarrk Gardenia fucata andjungkurrk Gompholobium subulata anmamnernemi Gomphrena sp. ankodjmornmorn Grevillea angulata andjamko Grevillea decurrens anbardbard Grevillea dryandri anwinjhwinjh Grevillea dryandri, andjamko Grevillea formosa andjamko Grevillea goodii andjamko kukurlkwaken Grevillea heliosperma anbardbard Grevillea pteridifolia anbarnko Grevillea pteridifolia andadjek Grewia retusifolia andjodmo Gronophyllum ramsayi marrunj Haemodorum brevicaule bolbbolbbinj Heteropogon triticeus ankurndjilk Hibbertia lepidota andjodmo Hibbertia oblongata njilinjbirrk Hibbertia sp. anminjminj Hibiscus arnhemicus anmonjalhmonjalh Hibiscus menzeliae, Polymeria ambigua kalawan mayawu A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names Hibiscus meraukensis makolkol Hoya australia andildil Ipomea abrupta monjalnghmonjalngh Ipomea gracilis kalawan mayawu Ipomea gracilis karrbilk Ipomoea abrupta or Decaschistia byrnesii anyong Ipomoea graminea anwohmi Jacksonia dilatata anwurnguh Labichea nitida mirninj Leea rubra anwak Leptocarpus spathaceus anmangalerrek Livistona humilis andjandadj Livistona humilis ankulurrudj Livistona humilis marrabbi Livistona inermis djankele Livistonia benthamii anbabinjbabinj Lophopetalum arnhemicum anngolbbon Lophostemon grandiflorus anbudj Lophostemon lactifolius anwurrben Maranthes corymbosa makkulurr Marsdenia viridifloria albun Melaleuca argentea ankorrko Melaleuca cajaputi anmurlmu Melaleuca cajaputi mamomo Melaleuca cajuputi mamomo Melaleuca dealbata??, M. nervosa?? anbirdubbirdu Melaleuca leucadendra anmurlmu Melaleuca leucadendra(plain country habitat only) birriyalang Melaleuca nervosa ankurlkurlh Melaleuca nervosa. mabbarra Melaleuca nervosa??,M. dealbata?? anbirdubbirdu Melaleuca sp.? baridjbarr Melaleuca viridiflora andarl Melastoma polyanthum anwak Melodorum rupestre anbadbirri Memecylon arnhemensis anminjmo Micraira sp. anlorlbbanlorlbban Microstema tuberosum badjdjo Mitrasacme spp. biyonbiyon Mnesithea rottboelioides ankarnbaldji Morinda citrifolia anngukmanj Myristica insipida narddo Myrtella sp. anmirninj page 71 A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names Nauclea orientalis Nelumba nucifera Nelumba nucifera Nymphaea macrosperma? Nymphaea sp. Nymphaea sp. Nymphaea violacea Nymphoides indica Nymphoides sp. Opelia amentacea Oryza rufipogon Osbeckia australiana Owenia vernicosa Owenia vernicosa, Owenia reticulata Pachynema complenatum Pandanus aquaticus Pandanus basedowii Pandanus spiralis Panicum tricoides Parsonsia velutina Pavetta brownii Persoonia falcata Petalostigma pubescens Petalostigma quadriloculare Philanthus sp. or Sauropus sp.? Philydrum lanuginosum Pityrodia jamesii Pityrodia pungens Pityrodia sp. Pityrodia ternifolia Planchonella arnhemica Planchonella pohlmaniana Planchonia careya Platysace arnhemica Platyzoma microphyllum Pogonolobus reticulatus Polyalthea australis, Polyalthea nitidissima Polymera ambigua Polymeria ambigua (?) Polymeria ambigua, Hibiscus menzeliae Pouteria sericia Premna acuminata Ptilotus sp. walanjarra anmarrewahwa wurrmarninj marebulu barrdjungka nangarddemo wayuk mardebulhmardebulh anbirndalbirndal anleklek anrol kalawan mayawu anngarnarrngh anbalarra andubirdahdubirdah andjimdjim anngohngo anyakngarra mayamaya anbohmi ankudda andak anbedjdja anmoroworr midjakkurr anbirndalbirndal anbularl anbularl ankunjngukbarrk anbularl andjimed andjimed ankolh andjalkkardbam ankardid ankurrudjumuk yirrbbinj anngarradjberl dubirdah kalawan mayawu andangnud andjarirri kundalk ngeyyak page 72 A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names page 73 Regelia punicea andjomdji Santalum lanceolatum andumuk Sauropus sp. or Philanthus sp.? midjakkurr Scavola sp. anngarradjberl Schizacea dichotoma andjankarr Schizachyrium sp. kundulk ngeyyak Scleria lingulata, Lycopodium cernuum anmayikmud Setaria apiculata mirnidjokkolo Smilax australis anmorrng Smilax australis anmorrodondolem Solanum echinatum andjabulhdjabulh Solemostemon scutellarioides ankorakkora Sorghum plumosum wurr(u)hwayoh, wurrhkayhkoh Spermacocce sp. ankarnbukbuk Spermacocce spp. ankodjmornmorn Stemona australiana kankangehken Sterculia quadrifida anbirlahbirlang Striga curviflora djankarr Symplectrodia lanosa (and another species) anyokkorol Syzygium armstrongii ankardadjirr Syzygium eucalyptoides ssp. bleeseri, Syzygium fibrosum andjalbbirdo Syzygium eucalyptoides ssp. bleeserii andjola Syzygium eucalyptoides ssp. eucalyptoides anbongbow Syzygium fibrosum andjalbbirdo Syzygium forte (and also possibly Syzygium minutuliflorum) anboyberre Syzygium minutuliflorum anboyberre Syzygium suborbiculare andjarduk Tacca leontopetaloides andjomolon Tephrosia sp. merrembi Tephrosia spp. anburnduburndu Terminalia carpentariae anmobban Terminalia erythrocarpa anbikkurrudj Terminalia ferdinandiana anmarlak Terminalia grandiflora anbardderre Terminalia grandiflora anbardderre Terminalia pterocarya andjone Tinospora smilacina wurrurrumi Triglochin procerum birrkarn Triodia microstachia ankarrarndalk Triodia microstachia ankarrarndalk anngarrewern Triodia plectrachnoides ankarne Triodia sp.? andjadbirnalk Triodia sp.? ankarrarndjalhkarrarndjal A Preliminary List of Kundedjnjenghmi Plant Names Tylophora benthamii? possibly Typhonium sp. Typhonium sp. Typhonium sp. unidentified unidentified unidentified unidentified [spinifex sp.] unidentified unidentified unidentified unidentified unidentified unidentified unidentified unidentified, possibly an acacia. Verticordia cunninghamii Verticordia decussata Vigna vexillata, Vigna lanceolata Vitex acuminata Vitex acuminata Vitex glabrata Xanthostemon eucalyptoides Xanthostemon paradoxus Xanthostemon psidioides Xyris spp. Zornia nervata anbohmi andjanek kubulurr madjalkbadj anbaddubal anbundak anburddjimak andarlkbang andjiliwirn anmorakanbak anngalemerrk baywal bilinj ngabudjngamimidjidbilk ngandjakorlhngandjakorlh ankumbid anbirrbbirr anbularl barddjubarr anbalinjdja andedjbang ankurndalh anyilinjbirrk anbulu anwarnbu kundulk ngeyyak anmerlemerleh page 74