Download A hormone is a chemical substance. It helps different parts of an

1. A hormone is a chemical substance. It helps different parts of an organism to function in
a coordinated way.
2. The endocrine system works with the nervous system to maintain homeostasis (balance)
in the body. The glands and organs regulate and control body functions such a growth
and development, absorption of nutrition, metabolism, fluid system, reproduction, and
reactions to injury.
3. Endocrine glands do not have ducts to carry hormones. They secrete their hormones
directly into the blood stream. Exocrine glands have ducts (sweat, sebaceous, mammary
glands) and glands that secrete digestive enzymes.
4. Pituitary: In the head (in the cranial cavity)
Thyroid: Front (in the neck on both sides of the larynx and trachea)
Pancreas: Stomach area (between the kidneys)
Islet of Langerhans: (within the pancreas)
Adrenal: Stomach area (above the kidneys)
Thymus: Front (below thyroid glands)
Ovaries: Below stomach (on each side of the uterus)
Testes: Crotch area behind the penis
5. Pituitary: Growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, andrenocorti-cotropic
hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone (for ova and sperm), Oxytocin (contraction of
uterus during birth), antidiuretic hormone (milk production).
Thyroid: Calcitonin, thyroxine, triiodothyronine (all tree stimulate metabolic rate and
promote growth).
Pancreas (islet of Langerhans): Insulin, glucagon (keep the blood sugar in the body in
balance)
Adrenal: Corticosteroids, steroids (assist body in times of stress, control metabolic rate)
Steroids (build muscle) corticoids (steroids), glucocorticoids (promote release
of glucose and provide energy in stress situations)
Thymus: Stimulate maturation of T-lymphocytes
Ovaries: Estrogen (maturation of eggs, growth of blood vessels in uterus)
Testes: Testosterone (maturation of sperm)
6. Pituitary: Bone and soft tissue (growth hormone)
Thyroid gland (thyroid-stimulating hormone)
Adrenal cortex (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
Gonads (follicle-stimulating hormone)
Follicle cells of ovaries and testes (luteinizing hormone)
Mammary glands (prolactin)
Melanocytes (melanocytes-stimulating hormone)
Kidney’s collecting ducts (antidiuretic hormone)
Uterus, mammary glands (Oxytocin)
Thyroid: Most cells (thyroxine, triiodothyronine)
Bone (Calcitonin)
Pancreas: General (Insulin)
Liver, adipose tissue (Glucagon)
Adrenal: Most cells (Cortisol)
Kidney tubules (Aldosterone)
Ovaries and Testes (Adrogens, estrogens, progestins)
Skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles, blood vessels, liver, adipose tissue
(Epinephrine and norepinephrine)
Thymus: General (Thymosin)
Ovaries: Most cells, reproductive structures (Estrogen)
Uterus, Breast (Progesterone)
Testes: General, reproductive structures (Testosterone)
7. Growth hormones:
Promote muscle tissue and long bone growth.
Thyroid-stimulating hormone:
Stimulate thyroid gland to produce hormones for
growth as well as other body functions.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone:
Stimulate secretion of steroids from adrenal cortex.
Help stressful situations.
Follicle-stimulating hormone:
Stimulate growth and hormone activities of testes
and ovaries.
Luteinizing hormone:
Promotes ovulation.
Prolactin:
Promotes growth of breast tissue and milk product.
Melanocytes-stimulating hormone: Increases skin pigmentation.
Antidiuretic hormone:
Responsible for water reabsorption in the kidneys
and its return to circulation.
Stimulates blood vessel constriction.
Oxytocin:
Causes contractions during child birth and milk
secretion.
Thyroxine, triiodothyronine:
Increases body cell metabolism and leads to normal
development of body system.
Calcitonin:
Regulates calcium levels in the blood.
Insulin:
Decreases blood sugar levels.
Takes glucose cells and stores as glycogen.
Glucagon:
Increases blood sugar by stimulating liver to release
stored glycogen to become glucose.
Cortisol:
Helps in carbohydrate metabolism.
Active during stress.
Depresses inflammatory and immune response.
Aldosterone:
Regulates sodium and water balance/blood volume
and pressure.
Adrogens, estrogens, progestins:
Influences secondary sex characteristics.
Epinephrine and norepinephrine:
Increased heart rate, glycogen breakdown, blood
glucose, and blood pressure.
Active during stress.
Thymosin:
Stimulates maturation of T-lymphocytes.
Estrogen:
Helps in development of secondary sex
characteristics in women.
Progesterone:
Prepares and maintain uterus during pregnancy.
Testosterone:
Helps in development of secondary sex
characteristics in men.
8. Feedback is when the body responds to increased or decreased levels of hormones in the
body in order to obtain homeostasis. Negative feedback is the decrease in stimulation
when stimulus is no more needed.
9. Positive feedback is stimulation to increase the hormone.
10. Anorexia:
Lack of appetite.
Exophthalmia:
Protrusion of eyeballs from their orbits.
Goiter:
Enlargement of thyroid gland(s) (not tumor)
Hirsutism:
Abnormal hairiness, especially in women.
Hypercalcemia:
Increase of calcium in blood.
Hyperglycemia:
Increase of glucose in blood.
Hyperkalemia:
Increase of potassium in blood.
Hypernatremia:
Increase of sodium in blood.
Hypocalcemia:
Deficiency of calcium in blood.
Hypoglycemia:
Deficiency of glucose in blood.
Hypokalemia:
Deficiency of potassium in blood.
Hyponatremia:
Deficiency of sodium in blood.
Paresthesia:
Abnormal touch sensation. (Tinkling)
Polydipsia:
Excessive thirst
Polyphagia:
Excessive appetite
Polyuria:
Excessive urination
Tetany:
Muscle spasms because of abnormal level
of calcium in blood.
11. Hypoglycemia: It is low glucose level that can happen when a person has a meal high in
carbohydrates (2-4 hours), has too little carbohydrates, or a person with diabetes uses too
much insulin compared to how much he /she eats. The signs and symptoms can be
sweating, anxiety, tremors, rapid breathing, fatigue and dizziness among other things.
There are diagnostics tests that can measure the levels of glucose. Recommend the patient
to follow a diet of small meals with simple carbohydrates.
12. Diabetes Mellitus: The disease is diagnosed when the pancreas not producing enough
insulin. The cause is not known but heredity is suspected. Fatigue and weight loss is
some of the signs and symptoms in addition to hyperglycemia, polyuria, polyphagia and
polydipsia. Blood or urine tests can diagnose the disease. Diet and therapy (exercise) are
prescribed in order to keep the disease in check. Also, urine and blood should be
monitored.
13. Diseases of the endocrine system is normally a result of underproduction (hyposecretion)
or overproduction (hypersecretion) of hormones.
14. An endocrinologist is a specialist who treats diseases of the endocrine system.
15. Hypothyroidism is when the thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones. It does
not produce T4. There can be different signs and symptoms such as fatigue, sluggishness,
increased sensitivity to cold, constipation, pale, dry skin, a puffy face, hoarse voice, an
elevated blood cholesterol level, and unexplained weight gain. Standard treatment for
hypothyroidism involves daily use of the synthetic thyroid hormone levothyroxine
(Levothroid, Synthroid, others).
Hyperthyroidism is a condition in which your thyroid gland produces too much of the
hormone thyroxine. Sudden weight loss, rapid heartbeat, increased appetite, nervousness,
tremor, sweating, and increased sensitivity to heat are some of the signs and symptoms.
Radioactive iodine, anti-thyroid medications, and beta-blockers are some medications
that may be prescribed to treat hyperthyroidism. Surgery may also be needed.
Gigantism is a condition where body tissue overgrowth before puberty because of
excessive production of growth hormones. Accelerated growth of long bones and delayed
mental and sexual development are some signs and symptoms. Radiation and surgery are
some treatment of gigantism.
Dwarfism is a condition where bone and body tissue do not grow because of lack of
growth hormone. Growth retardation sexual immaturity, and thyroid gland dysfunction
are signs and symptoms of the disease. To treat the disease replace the growth hormones.
16. Glycosylated Hemoglobin A1c test determine the average blood sugar over the past three
months. The red blood cells travel through the blood stream and pick up glucose. The
more glucose in the blood, the more the red blood cells (hemoglobin) pick up. This is
important for diabetes patients as they need to control their blood sugar at normal levels.
A test is recommended two to four times a year. The ranges for blood sugars are:
Under 6% Non-diabetic levels
6-7% Good Management of diabetes (Changes not needed)
7-8% Management of diabetes working (Changes may be needed to diet, exercise etc. if
too high levels are discovered with blood sugar readings).
8-10% Management of diabetes needs to be reviewed and changes made to diet, exercise
etc.
10% Continued monitoring of diabetes management and adjustments.