Download Keywords Biology B1 Metabolism All the chemical reactions going

Keywords
Biology B1
Health and Disease
Metabolism
All the chemical reactions going on in
cells.
Metabolic rate
How quickly all the reactions are going on
in cells.
Balanced diet
Diet that has the right amount of proteins,
fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals,
water and fibre, and gives you enough
energy.
Deficiency disease
Disease caused by not eating enough of a
particular nutrient e.g. Scurvy from too
little vitamin C.
Obese
Being very overweight.
Statins
Medicinal drugs that reduce the amount
of cholesterol made by the body.
Microorganism
Small organisms, seen under a microscope
e.g. bacteria and viruses.
Pathogen
A microorganism that can cause an
infectious disease.
Bacteria
Single-celled microorganism, 1-5 μm long.
They do not have DNA enclosed inside a
nucleus.
Virus
Very infectious pathogen. Can only
reproduce inside a host cell.
Keywords
Biology B1
Toxin
Poison.
Symptoms
How you feel when you have a disease e.g.
headache, nausea.
Painkiller
Drug that stops you feeling pain e.g.
paracetamol.
Antibiotic
Chemical, usually made by fungi or
bacteria, that can be used as medicine to
kill other fungi or bacteria.
Antibiotic resistance
The ability some bacteria develop
meaning that an antibiotic will not kill
them anymore.
Natural selection
The survival of organisms better adapted
to their environment.
Immune system
Your body’s system that fights infections,
involving white blood cells and
antibodies.
Antibody
Special protein in the body that can bind
to a particular antigen and destroy a
particular pathogen.
Antigen
Special protein on the surface of
pathogenic cells. Bind matching
antibodies during the immune response.
Immunity
After you have made antibodies to a
pathogen, you are able to fight off the
pathogen in future without getting ill.
Keywords
Biology B1
Immunisation
Medical procedure that involves injecting
dead or inactive pathogens into a patient
to stimulate the body to create antibodies.
Epidemic
Sudden outbreak of a disease that affects
many people within a country.
Pandemic
Epidemic that sweeps across continents
or the whole world.
Keywords
Biology B1
Control of the Human Body
Stimulus
Change in the environment, such as a
temperature change, that you respond to.
Central nervous system (CNS)
The brain and spinal cord.
Receptor
Cell or sense organ that detects stimuli.
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Nerves carrying information from sense
organs in the body to the CNS, and from
the CNS to effectors.
Neurone
Cell specialised to carry electrical
impulses. Nerve cells.
Reflex action
Fast automatic response of the body to a
potentially dangerous stimulus,
coordinated by the spinal cord.
Synapse
Small gap between neurones, or between
a neurone and effector.
Effector
Organ such as a gland or muscle that
responds to a stimulus.
Hormone
Chemical made by a gland and carried in
the blood to its target organ(s).
Secrete
Produce a hormone in special cells of a
gland.
Keywords
Biology B1
Gland
Structure inside an organism that makes a
useful substance, often a hormone.
Target organ
Organ or part of the body that responds to
a particular hormone.
Ion
Charged particle, e.g. Na+, K+, Mg+.
Sex hormones
Hormones produced in the sex organs
(ovaries and testes).
Oestrogen
A female sex hormone involved in
regulating the menstrual cycle.
Progesterone
A female sex hormone involved in
maintaining the uterus lining.
Menstrual cycle
Monthly cycle in adult females.
FSH
(Follicle Stimulating Hormone)
A female sex hormone, involved in making
eggs mature in the ovaries.
LH
A female sex hormone involved in
triggering ovulation.
Contraception
A substance that prevents conception
(getting pregnant).
Keywords
Biology B1
Ovulation
Release of a mature egg from an ovary.
In vitro fertilisation (IVF)
Fertilisation carried out outside the body,
so the egg and sperm join in a glass dish to
form an embryo that is injected back into
the women’s uterus.
Controlling Plant Growth
Tropism
Plant growth response to a stimulus.
Phototropic
Plants response to the direction of light.
Shoots grow towards it, and roots grow
away from it.
Auxin
A plant hormone that causes shoots and
roots to bend.
Geotropic
A plants response to the pull of gravity.
Roots grow towards it, and sshoots grow
away from it.
Keywords
Biology B1
Drugs
Drug
Chemical that alters the way your brain or
body works.
Addiction
The body becomes dependent on a drug
and will not function properly without it.
Withdrawal symptoms
If you are addicted to a drug, when you
stop taking it you get unpleasant
symptoms such as pain and tremors.
Recreational drug
A drug taken for pleasure with no
medicinal purpose e.g. caffeine, nicotine,
alcohol.
Medicinal drug
A drug used for medical purposes only,
e.g. antibiotics, statins.
Performance enhancing drugs
A drug used illegally by some athletes to
help improve their performance in
competition e.g. steroids.
Thalidomide
Drug used as a sleeping pill and for
morning sickness without clinical trials. It
caused birth defects with thousands on
new babies.
Clinical trial
Testing a drug to make sure it works and
has no harmful side effects.
Placebo
Dummy pill or treatment with NO active
drug in it.
Double blind trial
Clinical trial in which neither the patients
nor the doctors know whether they are
getting the real treatment or a placebo.
Keywords
Biology B1
Adaptation, Competition and Distribution
Adaptation
Feature of the body that helps an
organism survive.
Camouflage
The colouring of an animal that allows it
to blend in with its surroundings.
Needles
Plant adaptation of having reduced leaves
with small surface area.
Surface area
The total amount of the surface of an
organism or part of an organism.
Spines
Adaptation of a cactus to have leaves with
reduced surface area and pointed ends.
Extremophiles
Organisms that can withstand extreme
environmental conditions e.g.
thermophiles can withstand extreme
temperatures.
Resource
Something that an organism needs to
survive e.g. food, space, water.
Competition
The struggle between organisms to get
enough resources to survive.
Population
The number of organisms of a species in a
given area.
Distribution
The location where species are found over
the total area where they occur. E.g.
woodlice have a high distribution under a
log.
Keywords
Biology B1
Pollutant
Substance put into the environment by
human activity, which is not normally
there.
Living indicators
Indicator species scientists have learnt to
use to help measure pollution levels e.g.
lichens.
Non-living indicators
Scientific equipment that enables
pollution levels to be monitored e.g. pH
meters.
Indicator species
Species that survive best at certain levels
of pollution, and give an idea of the
pollution level e.g. rat tailed maggot.
Keywords
Biology B1
Energy in Ecosystems
Food chain
A way of showing what organisms eat,
showing the flow of energy from one
organism to the next.
Pyramid of biomass
A way of showing the biomass of
organisms at each link in the food chain.
Energy
The ability to do work in the body to
maintain life.
Efficiency
Carrying out a process, such as producing
food, with the minimum loss of energy.
Microbe
Microscopic organism such as bacteria or
fungi.
Decay
A process by which microbes break down
dead bodies or waste.
Carbon cycle
A process by which carbon moves
between the living and non-living world
and back again.
Photosynthesis
Chemical reaction in plants that builds
glucose from carbon dioxide and water,
using sunlight energy.
Respiration
Chemical reaction in living organisms that
releases energy from glucose, producing
water and carbon dioxide.
Keywords
Biology B1
Variation and Genetics
Gene
Segment of DNA that codes for a
particular characteristic or protein.
Chromosome
Structure in a cell nucleus that consist of
one molecule of DNA that has condensed.
Sexual reproduction
Reproduction involving the joining of
gametes from two parents.
Asexual reproduction
Reproduction without gametes/sex cells,
using mitosis.
Gametes
Sex cells e.g. sperm and egg. They have
half the normal amount of chromosomes.
Cuttings
Taking part of a plant and making new
plants by asexual reproduction.
Clones
Genetically identical organisms.
Tissue culture
Growing whole new plants from small
groups of cells taken from one plant.
Embryo transplant
Method of cloning for animals. A fertilised
embryo is split so up so each cell can
develop into a new individual.
Keywords
Biology B1
Adult cell cloning
Removing the nucleus from an
unfertilised egg and replacing it with the
nucleus from another cell taken from an
adult organism. The new cell can develop
into a new organism.
Genetic engineering
Changing an organism’s genes by
inserting a gene from another organism.
Enzyme
Biological catalyst made of protein. They
speed up chemical reactions in living
organisms.
DNA
Chemical that carries the genetic code.
Genetic modification
Changing an organism’s genes to give it
desirable characteristics.
Herbicide
Weedkiller.
Fertiliser
Chemical added to soil to improve mineral
content and promote plant growth.
Pesticide
Chemical sprayed onto crop plants to kill
pests such as insects.
Yield
The amount of useful product e.g. crop
from plants.
Keywords
Biology B1
Classification and Evolution
Classification
Sorting organisms into groups (e.g.
kingdoms) according to their
characteristics.
Kingdom
Major subdivision in the classification of
living organisms, e.g. plant kingdom.
Evolution
Gradual change in an organism over time.
Mutation
Change in the structure of a gene. This
may results in a different characteristic
being developed.
Species
Group of organisms that are similar and
capable of producing fertile offspring.
Darwin
The scientist who came up with the
theory of evolution through natural
selection.
Lamarck
The scientist who believed in the
inheritance of acquired characteristics e.g.
the giraffes’ stretched neck.