* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Keywords Biology B1 Metabolism All the chemical reactions going
Monoclonal antibody wikipedia , lookup
Biochemistry wikipedia , lookup
Chemical biology wikipedia , lookup
Cell theory wikipedia , lookup
Polyclonal B cell response wikipedia , lookup
Organ-on-a-chip wikipedia , lookup
Pharmacokinetics wikipedia , lookup
Introduction to evolution wikipedia , lookup
Drug discovery wikipedia , lookup
Soil microbiology wikipedia , lookup
Genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Triclocarban wikipedia , lookup
Precambrian body plans wikipedia , lookup
Acquired characteristic wikipedia , lookup
Evolution of metal ions in biological systems wikipedia , lookup
State switching wikipedia , lookup
Evolutionary history of life wikipedia , lookup
List of types of proteins wikipedia , lookup
History of biology wikipedia , lookup
Sexual reproduction wikipedia , lookup
History of genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Keywords Biology B1 Health and Disease Metabolism All the chemical reactions going on in cells. Metabolic rate How quickly all the reactions are going on in cells. Balanced diet Diet that has the right amount of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, water and fibre, and gives you enough energy. Deficiency disease Disease caused by not eating enough of a particular nutrient e.g. Scurvy from too little vitamin C. Obese Being very overweight. Statins Medicinal drugs that reduce the amount of cholesterol made by the body. Microorganism Small organisms, seen under a microscope e.g. bacteria and viruses. Pathogen A microorganism that can cause an infectious disease. Bacteria Single-celled microorganism, 1-5 μm long. They do not have DNA enclosed inside a nucleus. Virus Very infectious pathogen. Can only reproduce inside a host cell. Keywords Biology B1 Toxin Poison. Symptoms How you feel when you have a disease e.g. headache, nausea. Painkiller Drug that stops you feeling pain e.g. paracetamol. Antibiotic Chemical, usually made by fungi or bacteria, that can be used as medicine to kill other fungi or bacteria. Antibiotic resistance The ability some bacteria develop meaning that an antibiotic will not kill them anymore. Natural selection The survival of organisms better adapted to their environment. Immune system Your body’s system that fights infections, involving white blood cells and antibodies. Antibody Special protein in the body that can bind to a particular antigen and destroy a particular pathogen. Antigen Special protein on the surface of pathogenic cells. Bind matching antibodies during the immune response. Immunity After you have made antibodies to a pathogen, you are able to fight off the pathogen in future without getting ill. Keywords Biology B1 Immunisation Medical procedure that involves injecting dead or inactive pathogens into a patient to stimulate the body to create antibodies. Epidemic Sudden outbreak of a disease that affects many people within a country. Pandemic Epidemic that sweeps across continents or the whole world. Keywords Biology B1 Control of the Human Body Stimulus Change in the environment, such as a temperature change, that you respond to. Central nervous system (CNS) The brain and spinal cord. Receptor Cell or sense organ that detects stimuli. Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Nerves carrying information from sense organs in the body to the CNS, and from the CNS to effectors. Neurone Cell specialised to carry electrical impulses. Nerve cells. Reflex action Fast automatic response of the body to a potentially dangerous stimulus, coordinated by the spinal cord. Synapse Small gap between neurones, or between a neurone and effector. Effector Organ such as a gland or muscle that responds to a stimulus. Hormone Chemical made by a gland and carried in the blood to its target organ(s). Secrete Produce a hormone in special cells of a gland. Keywords Biology B1 Gland Structure inside an organism that makes a useful substance, often a hormone. Target organ Organ or part of the body that responds to a particular hormone. Ion Charged particle, e.g. Na+, K+, Mg+. Sex hormones Hormones produced in the sex organs (ovaries and testes). Oestrogen A female sex hormone involved in regulating the menstrual cycle. Progesterone A female sex hormone involved in maintaining the uterus lining. Menstrual cycle Monthly cycle in adult females. FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) A female sex hormone, involved in making eggs mature in the ovaries. LH A female sex hormone involved in triggering ovulation. Contraception A substance that prevents conception (getting pregnant). Keywords Biology B1 Ovulation Release of a mature egg from an ovary. In vitro fertilisation (IVF) Fertilisation carried out outside the body, so the egg and sperm join in a glass dish to form an embryo that is injected back into the women’s uterus. Controlling Plant Growth Tropism Plant growth response to a stimulus. Phototropic Plants response to the direction of light. Shoots grow towards it, and roots grow away from it. Auxin A plant hormone that causes shoots and roots to bend. Geotropic A plants response to the pull of gravity. Roots grow towards it, and sshoots grow away from it. Keywords Biology B1 Drugs Drug Chemical that alters the way your brain or body works. Addiction The body becomes dependent on a drug and will not function properly without it. Withdrawal symptoms If you are addicted to a drug, when you stop taking it you get unpleasant symptoms such as pain and tremors. Recreational drug A drug taken for pleasure with no medicinal purpose e.g. caffeine, nicotine, alcohol. Medicinal drug A drug used for medical purposes only, e.g. antibiotics, statins. Performance enhancing drugs A drug used illegally by some athletes to help improve their performance in competition e.g. steroids. Thalidomide Drug used as a sleeping pill and for morning sickness without clinical trials. It caused birth defects with thousands on new babies. Clinical trial Testing a drug to make sure it works and has no harmful side effects. Placebo Dummy pill or treatment with NO active drug in it. Double blind trial Clinical trial in which neither the patients nor the doctors know whether they are getting the real treatment or a placebo. Keywords Biology B1 Adaptation, Competition and Distribution Adaptation Feature of the body that helps an organism survive. Camouflage The colouring of an animal that allows it to blend in with its surroundings. Needles Plant adaptation of having reduced leaves with small surface area. Surface area The total amount of the surface of an organism or part of an organism. Spines Adaptation of a cactus to have leaves with reduced surface area and pointed ends. Extremophiles Organisms that can withstand extreme environmental conditions e.g. thermophiles can withstand extreme temperatures. Resource Something that an organism needs to survive e.g. food, space, water. Competition The struggle between organisms to get enough resources to survive. Population The number of organisms of a species in a given area. Distribution The location where species are found over the total area where they occur. E.g. woodlice have a high distribution under a log. Keywords Biology B1 Pollutant Substance put into the environment by human activity, which is not normally there. Living indicators Indicator species scientists have learnt to use to help measure pollution levels e.g. lichens. Non-living indicators Scientific equipment that enables pollution levels to be monitored e.g. pH meters. Indicator species Species that survive best at certain levels of pollution, and give an idea of the pollution level e.g. rat tailed maggot. Keywords Biology B1 Energy in Ecosystems Food chain A way of showing what organisms eat, showing the flow of energy from one organism to the next. Pyramid of biomass A way of showing the biomass of organisms at each link in the food chain. Energy The ability to do work in the body to maintain life. Efficiency Carrying out a process, such as producing food, with the minimum loss of energy. Microbe Microscopic organism such as bacteria or fungi. Decay A process by which microbes break down dead bodies or waste. Carbon cycle A process by which carbon moves between the living and non-living world and back again. Photosynthesis Chemical reaction in plants that builds glucose from carbon dioxide and water, using sunlight energy. Respiration Chemical reaction in living organisms that releases energy from glucose, producing water and carbon dioxide. Keywords Biology B1 Variation and Genetics Gene Segment of DNA that codes for a particular characteristic or protein. Chromosome Structure in a cell nucleus that consist of one molecule of DNA that has condensed. Sexual reproduction Reproduction involving the joining of gametes from two parents. Asexual reproduction Reproduction without gametes/sex cells, using mitosis. Gametes Sex cells e.g. sperm and egg. They have half the normal amount of chromosomes. Cuttings Taking part of a plant and making new plants by asexual reproduction. Clones Genetically identical organisms. Tissue culture Growing whole new plants from small groups of cells taken from one plant. Embryo transplant Method of cloning for animals. A fertilised embryo is split so up so each cell can develop into a new individual. Keywords Biology B1 Adult cell cloning Removing the nucleus from an unfertilised egg and replacing it with the nucleus from another cell taken from an adult organism. The new cell can develop into a new organism. Genetic engineering Changing an organism’s genes by inserting a gene from another organism. Enzyme Biological catalyst made of protein. They speed up chemical reactions in living organisms. DNA Chemical that carries the genetic code. Genetic modification Changing an organism’s genes to give it desirable characteristics. Herbicide Weedkiller. Fertiliser Chemical added to soil to improve mineral content and promote plant growth. Pesticide Chemical sprayed onto crop plants to kill pests such as insects. Yield The amount of useful product e.g. crop from plants. Keywords Biology B1 Classification and Evolution Classification Sorting organisms into groups (e.g. kingdoms) according to their characteristics. Kingdom Major subdivision in the classification of living organisms, e.g. plant kingdom. Evolution Gradual change in an organism over time. Mutation Change in the structure of a gene. This may results in a different characteristic being developed. Species Group of organisms that are similar and capable of producing fertile offspring. Darwin The scientist who came up with the theory of evolution through natural selection. Lamarck The scientist who believed in the inheritance of acquired characteristics e.g. the giraffes’ stretched neck.