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Supplemental
Worksheets
Name
Date
Class
Quick Vocabulary
Lesson 1
Lesson 2
abiotic factor nonliving part of an
commensalism symbiotic
ecosystem
atmosphere the whole mass of air
surrounding Earth
biotic factor living or once-living
things in an ecosystem
community all the populations living
in the same area at the same time
ecosystem all the living things and
nonliving things in a given area
habitat place within an ecosystem
that provides food, water, shelter,
and other biotic and abiotic factors
an organism needs to survive and
reproduce
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
population all the organisms of the
same species that live in the same
area at the same time
population density size of a
population compared to the
amount of space available
relationship in which one
organism benefits but the other
neither benefits nor is harmed
competition demand for resources,
such as food, water, and shelter, in
short supply in a community
mutualism symbiotic relationship in
which both organisms benefit
niche way a species interacts with
abiotic and biotic factors to obtain
food, find shelter, and fulfill other
needs
overpopulation when a population
becomes so large that it causes
damage to the environment
parasitism symbiotic relationship in
which one organism benefits while
the other is harmed
predation act of one organism, a
predator, feeding on another
organism, its prey
symbiosis close, long-term relationship
between two species that usually
involves an exchange of food or
energy
Interactions of Life
3
Name
Date
Class
Quick Vocabulary
Lesson 3
consumer organism that cannot
make its own food; obtains food by
eating producers or other
consumers
food chain model that shows how
energy flows in an ecosystem
through feeding relationships
food web model of energy transfer
that can show how the food chains
in a community are interconnected
producer organism that uses an
outside energy source, such as the
Sun, and produces its own food
transfer to pass from one to another
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4
Interactions of Life
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Outline
LESSON 1
Ecosystems
A. What is an ecosystem?
1. All the living things and nonliving things in a given area form
a(n)
2.
.
factors are the nonliving parts of an ecosystem; they
provide
that organisms need to survive and reproduce.
a. Sunlight is an important
factor because it supplies
for photosynthesis; this process results in the
production of
.
b. Sunlight also provides warmth affecting an
ecosystem’s
.
c. The atmosphere includes
that living things need,
including
dioxide.
d.
, oxygen, and
is an abiotic factor that is essential for all life
processes that take place in cells, such as photosynthesis and
e. Soil is a(n)
factor that includes a biotic part called
, which is made up of decayed remains of plants and
animals; soil that is
3.
usually has a high humus content.
factors are the living or once-living things in an
ecosystem.
B. Habitats
1. The place within an ecosystem that provides food, water, shelter, and other biotic
and abiotic factors an organism needs to survive and reproduce is the
organism’s
.
2. Animals have a variety of
depending on time of day,
season, or availability of specific resources.
3. Plants have habitats that depend on
factors, such as
amount of water or sunlight that is usually available.
10
Interactions of Life
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
respiration.
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Outline continued
4.
can disappear if there is a significant change in
biotic or abiotic
in an ecosystem; wildfires,
, and flooding are examples of changes that can
habitats.
C. Populations
1. The group that includes all the organisms of the same species that live in the same
area at the same time is known as a(n)
; for example,
all the grass in a vacant lot forms a plant
2. A(n)
.
is made up of all the populations living in
the same area at the same time; for example,
dandelions, and grasses are part of a vacant-lot community.
of pigeons,
3. Overcrowding affects the size of a population because it leads to
and
.
a. The size of a population compared to the amount of space available is called the
; it is calculated by dividing the number of
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
in the population by unit area or volume of space
where the population lives.
b. If a place has a(n)
population density, organisms
often live so close together that they aren’t able to get all the
they need to survive; this also allows
to spread more easily, decreasing organisms’ survival.
4. Populations increase when the number of
the number of
is larger than
.
5. Changes in the biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem can force organisms to
die out or to
Interactions of Life
.
11
Name
Date
Class
Content Practice A
LESSON 1
Ecosystems
Directions: Complete the crossword puzzle with the correct terms from the word bank.
abiotic factor
biotic factor
community
ecosystem
habitat
population density
1
2
3
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4
5
6
Across
3. all the living and nonliving things in
Down
1. all the populations living in an
the environment in a given area
ecosystem at the same time
4. the area within an ecosystem that
provides food, water, shelter, and other
biotic and abiotic factors an organism
needs to survive and reproduce
2. the size of a population compared to
the amount of space available
5. a living or once-living thing in an
ecosystem
6. a nonliving part of an ecosystem
Interactions of Life
13
Name
Date
Class
Content Practice B
LESSON 1
Ecosystems
Directions: Answer each question in the space provided.
Question
Answer
1. How does a population differ from
a community?
2. What is population density?
3. What formula is used to calculate
population density?
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. An area measuring 5 m2 contains
50 earthworms. What is the
population density of the
earthworms?
5. How does high population density
affect resource availability?
6. How does high population density
affect the health of organisms?
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Interactions of Life
Name
Date
Math Skills
Class
LESSON 1
Use a Formula
A population is the number of organisms of the same species that live in an ecosystem at
the same time. When investigating how populations live in an ecosystem, an important
measure is population density. Population density is the size of the population compared to
the amount of space available. To calculate population density, divide the number of
individuals by the unit area or volume of space.
number of individuals
population density = _______________________
unit area or volume of space
Population density is measured in individuals per 1 unit area or volume.
A 100-L aquarium contains 120 small snails. What is the population density of the
aquarium?
Step 1 Identify the values given in the problem.
number of individuals = 120 snails
volume of space = 100 L
Step 2 Insert the known values into the formula and divide to solve.
120 snails
population density = _________
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
100 L
1.2 snails
population density = ________
1L
Practice
1. A 6.0 m2 area of land contains 32 small
poplar trees. What is the population
density of poplar trees?
2. What is the population density if
105 small aquatic plants are found in
a 56.0-L tank?
Interactions of Life
3. A 135-L aquarium contains 25 cichlids.
What is the population density?
4. Mika counted 25 weeds in a garden
that measures 5.0 m by 8.0 m. What is
the population density in weeds per
square meter?
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Name
Date
Class
Key Concept Builder
LESSON 1
Ecosystems
Key Concept How can you describe an ecosystem?
Directions: Answer each question in the space provided.
Question
Answer
1. What is an ecosystem?
2. What living things are found in your
ecosystem?
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
3. What nonliving things are found in
your ecosystem?
4. What is one example of an
interaction among living things and
nonliving things in your ecosystem?
Directions: Draw an ecosystem in the space provided. Then write a caption that describes the ecosystem.
Interactions of Life
17
Name
Date
Class
Key Concept Builder
LESSON 1
Ecosystems
Key Concept What are the similarities and differences between the abiotic and biotic parts
of an ecosystem?
Directions: On the line before each term, write A if the term represents an abiotic factor or B if the term represents
a biotic factor.
1.
bacteria
6.
water
2.
soil
7.
decayed animal matter
3.
fallen leaves
8.
animals
4.
plants
9.
atmosphere
5.
sunlight
Directions: Answer each question on the lines provided.
10. What are abiotic factors?
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
11. What are biotic factors?
12. How are abiotic factors and biotic factors alike? How are they different?
18
Interactions of Life
Name
Date
Key Concept Builder
Class
LESSON 1
Ecosystems
Key Concept In what ways can populations change?
Directions: On the line before each statement, write T if the statement is true or F if the statement is false. If the
statement is false, change the underlined word(s) to make it true. Write your changes on the lines provided.
1. Most populations remain the same over time.
2. Production of offspring increases the size of a population.
3. The death of individuals reduces population size.
4. If deaths outnumber births, the population grows.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
5. Changes in abiotic factors cannot cause organisms to move away or die out.
6. Changes in biotic factors can cause populations to change.
7. A drought is an example of a change in biotic factors in an ecosystem that can
affect the size of a population.
8. Fast-moving animals, such as mountain beavers, are more likely to escape to
another area following a forest fire or other rapid change in an ecosystem.
Interactions of Life
19
Name
Date
Class
Key Concept Builder
LESSON 1
Ecosystems
Key Concept In what ways can populations change?
Directions: Write the phrase from the word bank in the correct box. Some phrases may be used more than once.
changes in abiotic or biotic factors
death of individuals
Reduces Population Size
production of offspring
Increases Population Size
Directions: Answer each question on the lines provided.
you infer about population A?
2. The number of births in population B is less than the number of deaths. What can you
infer about population B?
3. The number of births in population C is equal to the number of deaths. What can you
infer about population C?
4. Give an example of a change in an abiotic factor or biotic factor that could affect the
size of a population. How can this factor change the size of a population?
20
Interactions of Life
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. The number of births in population A is greater than the number of deaths. What can
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Quiz A
LESSON 1
Ecosystems
Multiple Choice
Directions: On the line before each statement, write the letter of the correct answer.
1. Ecosystems that have similar climates and contain similar types of plants are
grouped together into
A. biomes.
B. populations.
C. communities.
2. A habitat is a
A. location.
B. time frame.
C. food source.
3. The spread of disease is more likely when population density
A. decreases.
B. increases.
C. remains stable.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Matching
Directions: On the line before each definition, write the letter of the term that matches it correctly. Each term
is used only once.
4. the number of individuals divided by the amount
of living space
5. all the populations living in an ecosystem at the
same time
6. nonliving things in an ecosystem
A. abiotic factors
B. biotic factors
C. community
D. population
E. population density
7. living things in an ecosystem
8. organisms of the same species living in an
ecosystem
Interactions of Life
25
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Quiz B
LESSON 1
Ecosystems
Short Answer
Directions: Respond to each statement on the lines provided.
1. Define biome in terms of ecosystems.
2. Describe what makes a habitat suitable for a specific organism.
3. Explain what types of pressures occur on a population when the density of that
population increases.
Directions: On the line before each definition, write the letter of the term that matches it correctly. Not all terms
are used.
4. the number of individuals divided by the amount
of living space
5. all the populations living in an ecosystem at the
same time
B. atmosphere
C. biotic factors
D. community
6. nonliving things in an ecosystem
E. habitat
7. living things in an ecosystem
F. humus
8. organisms of the same species living in an
G. population
ecosystem
26
A. abiotic factors
H. population density
Interactions of Life
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Matching
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Outline
LESSON 2
Relationships Within Ecosystems
A. Niches
1. A(n)
is the part of an ecosystem that provides an
organism with things it needs to live.
2. Usually many different
share a habitat.
3. The way a species interacts with abiotic and biotic factors to obtain food, find
shelter, and fulfill other needs is the
of that species.
4. Although two species might share a(n)
, no two species
ever share the same
.
B. Competition
1. The demand for resources such as food, water, and shelter that are in short supply
in a community describes
.
a. Members of the same or different
can compete for
the same resources such as food, water, or shelter.
b.
limits the size of a(n)
sometimes forcing members to leave an area if they are to survive.
,
occurs.
a. Individual organisms in an environment
for limited
resources, such as food.
b. If organisms facing limitations in their resources cannot move elsewhere, they
might be forced to live too close together, causing the environment to
become
.
c. Overpopulation is
because organisms eventually
move away,
, or die of
then the population
;
, and the resources in the
return to their normal levels.
C. Competing with Humans
1. Humans compete with other organisms for biotic and abiotic factors such
as
30
, living
, and water.
Interactions of Life
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2. When a population becomes so large that it causes damage to the environment,
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Outline continued
2. One example of human
with other species is diverting
to irrigate crops; another example is cutting down
that serve as shelter for migrating monarch butterflies.
D. Predation
1. An organism that hunts and kills other organisms for food is a(n)
; an organism that is hunted and eaten by another
organism is
.
2. The act of one organism, a predator, feeding on another organism, its prey, is
called
.
3. A close, long-term relationship between two species that usually involves an
exchange of food or energy is called
a.
.
is a symbiotic relationship in which both organisms
benefit.
is a symbiotic relationship in which one organism
benefits but the other neither benefits nor is harmed.
c.
is a symbiotic relationship in which one organism
benefits while the other is harmed.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
b.
Interactions of Life
31
Name
Date
Class
Content Practice A
LESSON 2
Relationships Within Ecosystems
Directions: On the line before each definition, write the letter of the term that matches it correctly. Each term is
used only once.
1. the way a species interacts with abiotic and biotic
factors to obtain food, find shelter, and fulfill
other needs
A. commensalism
B. competition
C. mutualism
2. describes interactions between two or more
organisms that need the same abiotic or biotic
factor at the same time
3. occurs when a population becomes so large that it
causes damage to the environment
4. the act of one organism, a predator, feeding on
D. niche
E. overpopulation
F. parasitism
G. predation
H. symbiosis
another organism, its prey
5. a close, long-term relationship between two
species that usually involves an exchange of food
or energy
6. a symbiotic relationship in which both organisms
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
benefit
7. a symbiotic relationship in which one organism
benefits and the other does not benefit and is not
harmed
8. a symbiotic relationship in which one organism
benefits while the other is harmed
Interactions of Life
33
Name
Date
Class
Content Practice B
LESSON 2
Relationships Within Ecosystems
Population Size
Directions: Use the diagram to answer each question or respond to each statement on the lines provided.
Time
1. What does the black horizontal line on the graph represent?
2. What part of the graph shows overpopulation? Shade the area on the graph.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
3. What happens to resources when a species reaches overpopulation?
4. What can happen to a species when it reaches overpopulation?
5. Is overpopulation permanent? Explain.
34
Interactions of Life
Name
Date
Key Concept Builder
Class
LESSON 2
Relationships Within Ecosystems
Key Concept How does a niche differ from a habitat?
Directions: On the line before each statement, write the letter of the correct answer.
1. An area within an ecosystem that provides an organism with the resources it
needs for life is a(n)
A. niche.
B. habitat.
C. abiotic factor.
2. A habitat is usually
A. shared by many species.
B. inhabited by only one species.
C. shared by no more than two species.
3. The way a species interacts with abiotic and biotic factors to obtain food, find
shelter, and fulfill other needs is its
A. niche.
B. habitat.
C. ecosystem.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. Each species that shares a habitat has a
A. shared niche.
B. separate niche.
C. separate ecosystem.
5. A coral reef is an example of a
A. niche.
B. habitat.
C. parasite.
6. A filefish scraping algae from the coral to eat is an example of a
A. niche.
B. habitat.
C. parasite.
36
Interactions of Life
Name
Date
Key Concept Builder
Class
LESSON 2
Relationships Within Ecosystems
Key Concept How does a niche differ from a habitat?
Directions: Answer each question or respond to each statement on the lines provided.
1. What is a habitat?
2. What is a niche?
3. Are habitats and niches shared among species? Explain.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. Give an example of a habitat and a niche in your area.
Directions: Draw a habitat for an organism of your choice in the space provided. Show the organism’s niche.
Write a caption that describes your drawing.
Interactions of Life
37
Name
Date
Class
Key Concept Builder
LESSON 2
Relationships Within Ecosystems
Key Concept In what ways can organisms interact in an ecosystem?
Directions: Complete the concept map by placing the letter for the correct term, phrase, or statement from the
word bank in the space provided. Each term, phrase, or statement is used only once.
A. a close, long-term relationship between two species that usually involves obtaining food
and energy
B. Both organisms benefit.
C. commensalism
D. competition
E. One organism benefits but the other does not benefit and is not harmed.
F. parasitism
G. predation
Types
of interactions
Organisms
need the same
abiotic or biotic factor at
the same time.
A predator
feeds on a prey.
mutualism
One
organism benefits
while the other is
harmed.
38
Interactions of Life
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
symbiosis
Name
Date
Class
Key Concept Builder
LESSON 2
Relationships Within Ecosystems
Key Concept In what ways can organisms interact in an ecosystem?
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Directions: Label the type of symbiosis shown in each illustration. Then write a caption explaining the relationship
between the organisms shown in each illustration.
Type of symbiosis:
Type of symbiosis:
Type of symbiosis:
Caption:
Caption:
Caption:
Interactions of Life
39
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Quiz A
LESSON 2
Relationships Within Ecosystems
True or False
Directions: On the line before each statement, write T if the statement is true or F if the statement is false. If the
statement is false, change the underlined word to make it true. Write your changes on the lines provided.
1. Species share the same habitat, but not the same niche.
2. When overpopulation occurs, it causes damage to the environment.
3. Symbiosis is a close relationship between two communities.
Matching
Directions: On the line before each definition, write the letter of the term that matches it correctly. Each term is
used only once.
4. a relationship between two organisms in which
both organisms benefit
5. an interaction between two or more organisms
6. a relationship between two organisms in which
one organism benefits and the other organism is
not helped or harmed
B. competition
C. mutualism
D. parasitism
E. predation
7. a relationship between two organisms in which
one organism benefits and the other organism is
harmed
8. the act of one organism feeding on another
organism
42
Interactions of Life
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
that need the same resources
A. commensalism
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Quiz B
LESSON 2
Relationships Within Ecosystems
Short Answer
Directions: Respond to each statement on the lines provided.
1. Distinguish between a habitat and a niche.
2. Explain how you can tell when overpopulation occurs.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
3. Contrast symbiosis and predation.
Matching
Directions: On the line before each definition, write the letter of the term that matches it correctly. Not all terms
are used.
4. a relationship between two organisms in which
both organisms benefit
5. an interaction between two or more organisms
that need the same resources
6. a relationship between two organisms in which
one organism benefits and the other is not helped
or harmed.
A. commensalism
B. competition
C. mutualism
D. niche
E. overpopulation
F. parasitism
7. a relationship between two organisms in which
one organism benefits and the other organism is
harmed.
Interactions of Life
43
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Outline
LESSON 3
Matter and Energy in Ecosystems
A. Matter and Energy
1. Most of the
on Earth today has been here since our
planet formed.
2. Matter can neither be created nor
change
, but it can
.
3. As organisms grow, die, and
, matter cycles
through
4.
.
cannot be recycled, but it can change from one form to
another, as when the
to
energy in burning wood changes
and thermal energy.
B. Obtaining Energy
1. Every organism needs a constant supply of
to stay alive.
2. The energy that is used by most organisms on Earth comes from
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
the
.
a. Using the process of
energy,
produce
, some organisms use light
, and carbon dioxide to
.
b. Organisms that use an outside energy source such as the Sun to produce their
own food are called
c. The
.
in food is stored in the
bonds that hold the molecules in the food together.
d. When these bonds break during the process of
,
is released.
3. Organisms that cannot make their own food are called
;
there are four main kinds of consumers.
a.
are consumers that eat plants and other kinds of
producers; some examples are snails, deer, rabbits, and bees.
b.
are consumers that eat herbivores and other types of
consumers; some examples are cats, snakes, hawks, frogs, and spider.
Interactions of Life
47
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Outline continued
c.
are consumers that eat both producers and other
consumers; some examples are bears, robins, pigs, rats, and humans.
d.
are consumers that break down the bodies of dead
organisms; some examples are fungi, bacteria, wood lice, termites, and earthworms.
e. Decomposers help
matter.
C. Transferring Energy
1. Energy can be
from one organism to another in
ecosystems when one organism
another organism.
2. A(n)
is a model that shows how energy flows in an
ecosystem through feeding relationships.
a. A food chain always begins with a(n)
are the source of
community.
because they
for all other organisms in a
b. Energy moves in a food chain from producer to
or
omnivore and then to other omnivores and carnivores, and finally
to
c. The
.
in a food chain show the direction of the energy
3. A model of energy transfer that can show how the food chains in a
community are interconnected is called a(n)
48
.
Interactions of Life
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
transfer.
Name
Date
Content Practice A
Class
LESSON 3
Matter and Energy in Ecosystems
Directions: Circle the term or phrase in parentheses that correctly completes each sentence.
1. Matter can (change form/be created).
2. Some matter (disappears/cycles) through ecosystems as organisms grow, die, and
decompose.
3. Energy can be converted and (recycled/transferred).
4. (Photosynthesis/Cellular respiration) is the process during which some organisms
produce their own food.
5. (Nitrogen/Carbon dioxide) is used during photosynthesis, along with water and light
energy.
6. Organisms that use photosynthesis are called (producers/consumers).
hold food molecules together.
8. (Consumers/Producers) are organisms that cannot make their own food.
9. People eat plants and animals, so they are classified as (omnivores/carnivores).
10. Food chains and food webs are models used to show how (matter/energy) is transferred.
11. A food chain always begins with a (decomposer/producer).
12. To show all the interconnected feeding relationships in an ecosystem, you would use
a food (chain/web).
50
Interactions of Life
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
7. (Photosynthesis/Cellular respiration) is the process that breaks the chemical bonds that
Name
Date
Class
Content Practice B
LESSON 3
Matter and Energy in Ecosystems
Directions: Answer each question or respond to each statement in the space provided.
Question
Answer
1. Describe how matter moves
through ecosystems.
2. Describe how energy moves
through ecosystems.
3. How do producers get the energy
they need to maintain life?
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. How do consumers get the
energy they need to maintain life?
5. Compare an herbivore and a
carnivore.
6. Compare a carnivore and an
omnivore.
7. What role do decomposers have
in ecosystems?
8. Compare a food chain and a food
web.
Interactions of Life
51
Name
Date
Class
Language Arts Support
LESSON 3
Text-Analysis Activity: Classification
Learning the Skill
Suppose you are helping a friend organize the CDs in her music collection. Would you
organize the music alphabetically or by the name of the artist? Maybe you would group
CDs according to the type of music or based on how much your friend likes the different
albums.
Classification is the grouping of objects or concepts into categories. Classification involves
two parts: 1) identifying categories, and 2) sorting the objects or concepts into the categories.
Before classifying a set of objects, you must first analyze the objects’ characteristics, which
will help you decide how to group the objects. There can be multiple ways to classify the same
set of objects. In the example above, the music collection could be grouped alphabetically, by
type of music, or by how much your friend likes the music. Can you think of any other ways
that the music collection could be classified?
Practicing the Skill
Directions: Classify each set of terms into the given categories.
1. commensalism
competition
mutualism
Non-Symbiotic Relationships
birds
carnivores
Consumers
52
predation
Symbiotic Relationships
dandelions
grasses
trees
worms
Producers
Interactions of Life
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2. ants
parasitism
Name
Date
Language Arts Support
Class
LESSON 3
Text-Analysis Activity: Classification
Applying the Skill
Directions: Classify the terms below into three categories. One category is given. Fill in the two missing categories.
Then answer the question that follows.
air
bacteria
beaches
coral reefs
decayed plant matter
deserts
fallen leaves
forests grasslands
rivers
sunlight
temperature
trees
water
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Abiotic Factors
1. Explain why you chose these two categories. What was your rationale?
Interactions of Life
53
Name
Date
Class
Key Concept Builder
LESSON 3
Matter and Energy in Ecosystems
Key Concept How do matter and energy move through ecosystems?
Directions: On each line, write the term from the word bank that correctly completes each sentence. Each term
is used only once.
chemical energy
converted
created
cycles
destroyed
energy
form
matter
thermal energy
Almost all the (1.)
on Earth today has been here since the
planet formed. Matter can change (2.)
(3.)
or (4.)
(5.)
through ecosystems as organisms grow, die, and decompose.
Unlike matter, (6.)
(7.)
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
, but it cannot be
. Some matter
cannot be recycled. However, it can be
. For example, the (8.)
converts to light energy and (9.)
in a log
when the log burns.
Directions: Draw how matter moves through ecosystems in the space provided.
Interactions of Life
55
Name
Date
Class
Key Concept Builder
LESSON 3
Matter and Energy in Ecosystems
Key Concept How do organisms obtain energy?
Directions: Complete the chart with the correct terms from the word bank in the space provided. Each term is
used only once.
carnivore
decomposer
herbivore
omnivore
Types of Consumers
1.
Eats only plants and other producers.
2.
Eats herbivores and other consumers.
3.
Eats producers and consumers.
4.
Breaks down dead organisms.
Directions: Answer each question on the lines provided.
5. Where does most energy on Earth come from?
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6. What is a producer?
7. What happens during photosynthesis?
8. What happens during cellular respiration?
56
Interactions of Life
Name
Date
Class
Key Concept Builder
LESSON 3
Matter and Energy in Ecosystems
Key Concept What are the differences between a food chain and a food web?
Directions: On each line, write the term from the word bank that correctly completes each sentence. Each term
is used only once.
ecosystems
energy
energy transfer
food chain
food web
interconnected
models
omnivore
predator
prey
producer
transferred
1. Energy can be
from one organism to another.
2. Food chains and food webs are
used to describe energy
transfers.
3. A model that shows how energy flows in an ecosystem through feeding relationships
is a(n)
.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. A food chain always begins with a(n)
because these
organisms are the source of energy for the other organisms in a community.
5. In a food chain,
or
moves from producer to herbivore
, and then on to other consumers.
6. In a food chain, arrows show the directions of
.
7. Most
contain many food chains.
8. A(n)
is a more complex model of energy transfer that can
show how the food chains in a community are
9. In a typical food web, an arrow points from a(n)
a mouse to a(n)
Interactions of Life
.
such as
such as a cat.
57
Name
Date
Class
Key Concept Builder
LESSON 3
Matter and Energy in Ecosystems
Key Concept What are the differences between a food chain and a food web?
Directions: Use the diagram to answer each question on the lines provided.
Hawk
Berries
Butterfly
Pigeon
Insects
Mouse
Grass
Cat
2. Which organism is an omnivore? How do you know?
3. Which organisms would be affected if the producers disappeared? Explain.
58
Interactions of Life
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. Which organisms in the food web are producers?
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Quiz A
LESSON 3
Matter and Energy in Ecosystems
True or False
Directions: On the line before each or statement, write T if the statement is true or F if the statement is false. If
the statement is false, change the underlined word(s) to make it true. Write your changes on the lines provided.
1. Energy can be recycled through ecosystems as organisms grow, die, and
decompose.
2. Most of the energy used by organisms on Earth comes from the Sun.
3. A food chain is a model that shows how matter flows through an ecosystem.
Matching
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Directions: On the line before each definition, write the letter of the term that matches it correctly. Each term
is used only once.
4. eats producers and consumers
A. carnivore
5. eats only producers
B. decomposer
6. makes its own food
C. herbivore
7. eats dead organisms
D. omnivore
E. producer
8. eats consumers but not producers
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61
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Quiz B
LESSON 3
Matter and Energy in Ecosystems
Short Answer
Directions: Respond to each statement on the lines provided.
1. Compare and contrast how energy and matter move through ecosystems.
2. Explain why the Sun is the most important part of any food web.
3. Describe the role of the arrow in the diagram of a food chain or food web and explain
the significance of the direction in which it points.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Completion
Directions: On each line, write the term that correctly completes each sentence.
4. A(n)
eats producers and consumers.
5. A(n)
eats only producers.
6. A(n)
makes its own food.
7. A(n)
eats dead organisms.
8. A(n)
eats consumers but not producers.
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Interactions of Life
Lesson Outline for Teaching
Lesson 1: Ecosystems
A. What is an ecosystem?
1. All the living things and nonliving things in a given area form a(n) ecosystem.
organisms need to survive and reproduce.
2. Abiotic factors are the nonliving parts of an ecosystem; they provide resources that
a. Sunlight is an important abiotic factor because it supplies energy for photosynthesis;
this process results in the production of sugars.
b. Sunlight also provides warmth affecting an ecosystem’s temperature.
and carbon dioxide.
c. The atmosphere includes gases that living things need, including nitrogen, oxygen,
cells, such as photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
d. Water is an abiotic factor that is essential for all life processes that take place in
e. Soil is a(n) abiotic factor that includes a biotic part called humus, which is made
up of decayed remains of plants and animals; soil that is fertile usually has a high
humus content.
3. Biotic factors are the living or once-living things in an ecosystem.
B. Habitats
1. The place within an ecosystem that provides food, water, shelter, and other biotic
and abiotic factors an organism needs to survive and reproduce is the organism’s
habitat.
of specific resources.
2. Animals have a variety of habitats depending on time of day, season, or availability
sunlight that is usually available.
3. Plants have habitats that depend on abiotic factors, such as amount of water or
4. Habitats can disappear if there is a significant change in biotic or abiotic factors in
an ecosystem; wildfires, erosion, and flooding are examples of changes that can
destroy habitats.
Interactions of Life
2. A(n) community is made up of all the populations living in the same area at the
same time; for example, populations of pigeons, dandelions, and grasses are part of
a vacant-lot community.
1. The group that includes all the organisms of the same species that live in the same
area at the same time is known as a(n) population; for example, all the grass in a
vacant lot forms a plant population.
C. Populations
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Lesson Outline continued
3. Overcrowding affects the size of a population because it leads to stress and disease.
a. The size of a population compared to the amount of space available is called the
population density; it is calculated by dividing the number of individuals in the
population by unit area or volume of space where the population lives.
b. If a place has a(n) high population density, organisms often live so close together
that they aren’t able to get all the resources they need to survive; this also allows
disease to spread more easily, decreasing organisms’ survival.
4. Populations increase when the number of births is larger than the number of deaths.
out or to move away.
5. Changes in the biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem can force organisms to die
Discussion Question
Describe at least four abiotic factors in an ecosystem in your area; describe at least two
factors in the ecosystem that are both biotic and abiotic; name at least ten biotic factors in
the ecosystem and describe how the biotic factors are adapted to living in the ecosystem.
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T3
Abiotic factors that are common to all ecosystems: amount of sunlight, variation in
temperature, characteristics of the air, such as windiness and whether the air is polluted or
not; types and amount of water. Students should describe the soil and the types of shelter
that include both abiotic (rocks, caves, bodies of water) and biotic (trees, soil, nests).
Students can name ten organisms and describe one or more of each of their adaptations to
the ecosystem.
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Lesson Outline for Teaching
Lesson 2: Relationships Within Ecosystems
A. Niches
1. A(n) habitat is the part of an ecosystem that provides an organism with things it
needs to live.
2. Usually many different species share a habitat.
and fulfill other needs is the niche of that species.
3. The way a species interacts with abiotic and biotic factors to obtain food, find shelter,
4. Although two species might share a(n) habitat, no two species ever share the same
niche.
B. Competition
in a community describes competition.
1. The demand for resources such as food, water, and shelter that are in short supply
such as food, water, or shelter.
a. Members of the same or different populations can compete for the same resources
leave an area if they are to survive.
b. Competition limits the size of a(n) population, sometimes forcing members to
overpopulation occurs.
2. When a population becomes so large that it causes damage to the environment,
a. Individual organisms in an environment compete for limited resources, such as food.
b. If organisms facing limitations in their resources cannot move elsewhere, they
might be forced to live too close together, causing the environment to become
overpopulated.
c. Overpopulation is temporary because organisms eventually move away, starve, or
die of disease; then the population decreases, and the resources in the
environment return to their normal levels.
C. Competing with Humans
living space, and water.
1. Humans compete with other organisms for biotic and abiotic factors such as food,
2. One example of human competition with other species is diverting water to irrigate
crops; another example is cutting down trees that serve as shelter for migrating
monarch butterflies.
predation.
Interactions of Life
2. The act of one organism, a predator, feeding on another organism, its prey, is called
organism that is hunted and eaten by another organism is prey.
1. An organism that hunts and kills other organisms for food is a(n) predator; an
D. Predation
T4
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Lesson Outline continued
exchange of food or energy is called symbiosis.
3. A close, long-term relationship between two species that usually involves an
a. Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit.
the other does not benefit and is not harmed.
b. Commensalism is a symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits, but
other is harmed.
c. Parasitism is a symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits while the
Discussion Question
How are predators and parasites alike and different? Give an example of each.
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T5
Both predators and parasite harm another organism. Predators kill their prey, while parasites
often do not kill their hosts immediately—they need them to live. Predators include tigers,
hawks, and sharks. Parasites include fleas, ticks, and tapeworms.
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Lesson Outline for Teaching
Lesson 3: Matter and Energy in Ecosystems
A. Matter and Energy
1. Most of the matter on Earth today has been here since our planet formed.
2. Matter cannot be created or destroyed, but it can change form.
3. As organisms grow, die, and decompose, matter cycles through ecosystems.
the chemical energy in burning wood changes to light and thermal energy.
4. Energy cannot be recycled, but it can change from one form to another, as when
B. Obtaining Energy
1. Every organism needs a constant supply of energy to stay alive.
2. The energy that is used by most organisms on Earth comes from the Sun.
carbon dioxide to produce sugars.
a. Using the process of photosynthesis, some organisms use light energy, water, and
b. Organisms that use an outside energy source such as the Sun to produce their
own food are called producers.
the food together.
c. The energy in food is stored in the chemical bonds that hold the molecules in
released.
d. When these bonds break during the process of cellular respiration, energy is
main kinds of consumers.
3. Organisms that cannot make their own food are called consumers; there are four
examples are snails, deer, rabbits, and bees.
a. Herbivores are consumers that eat plants and other kinds of producers; some
examples are cats, snakes, hawks, frogs, and spider.
b. Carnivores are consumers that eat herbivores and other types of consumers; some
examples are bears, robins, pigs, rats, and humans.
c. Omnivores are consumers that eat producers and other consumers; some
examples are fungi, bacteria, wood lice, termites, and earthworms.
d. Decomposers are consumers that break down the bodies of dead organisms; some
e. Decomposers help recycle matter.
organism eats another organism.
Interactions of Life
1. Energy can be transferred from one organism to another in ecosystems when one
C. Transferring Energy
T6
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Lesson Outline continued
feeding relationships.
2. A(n) food chain is a model that shows how energy flows in an ecosystem through
energy for all other organisms in a community.
a. A food chain always begins with a(n) producer because they are the source of
to other omnivores and carnivores, and finally to decomposers.
b. Energy moves in a food chain from producer to herbivore or omnivore and then
c. The arrows in a food chain show the direction of the energy transfer.
interconnected is called a(n) food web.
3. A model of energy transfer that can show how the food chains in a community are
Discussion Question
Describe three or more food chains that exist in ecosystems near where you live. Discuss
how the food chains are interconnected to form one or more food webs.
4/13/10 9:33:16 PM
T7
Answers will vary, but each of the food chains should start with a producer such as grass at
its base, have several links, and end with a high-level consumer such as humans, coyotes,
bears, or other fairly large omnivores or hawks, eagles, sharks, mountain lions, wolves, or
other large carnivores.
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